Business cultivation of greenery in a greenhouse all year round. Potential problems and solutions

The difficult financial situation in the country made it necessary to pay attention to agriculture. This is not only a way to feed a family, but also to earn money. Professional training requires significant financial investments, as well as experience and relevant skills. Therefore, growing greenery is considered an easy way to make money.

This type of activity is attractive because it requires relatively small financial investments. Entrepreneurs who have shared their personal experience of doing business in greenery claim that 65% can be achieved already at the start. The organization of a greenhouse on a small plot of land allows you to generate income all year round.

A green business is more profitable than growing vegetables and fruits, since these crops require significant labor and time inputs. The profitability of this type of activity is ensured by the low cost of planting materials. The first batch of goods is usually ready in 40 days, while, according to experts, up to 4 kg of products can be obtained from one square meter.

This type of business is also supported by its relevance. A fragrant bunch of greens is appropriate in the kitchen all year round. The abundance of catering establishments and the ready-made kitchen sector in grocery stores only plays into the hands of entrepreneurs.

In total, the business of growing greenery has a number of advantages, thanks to which it is the most preferred way for those who want to earn money from cultivating the land. Business on greenery requires little investment, works all year round, quickly and is always in demand.

Work plan

When thinking about a business on growing greenery, it is important to determine the scale of the activity and the goal. Some grow for their own needs, and only the surplus is sent for sale.

If there is land, then it remains to invest in the construction of a greenhouse, the purchase of planting material and fertilizers. It is impossible to reach the level of the main income, but the investment will pay off, and there is always fresh, environmentally friendly greens on the table. If there is a lot of land, then more investments will be required. Depending on the climatic zone, the work may be seasonal.

Growing and forcing green onions

The popularity of green onion cultivation is due to the unpretentiousness of the culture. It soon grows even on its own, and even more so using all kinds of modern technologies. In the warm season, there is no shortage of it, but in the cold season, demand remains as high, which affects the cost.

Growing green onions is easier to turn into, but you have to take into account all the subtleties and pitfalls. If you grow onions in large quantities, it is best to aim for year-round work. In the summer it can be planted in the field, and for the winter period you will have to organize greenhouses. In some cases, it is more profitable not to build, but to rent sites from farms. For growing onions, it is better to choose a plot with an area of 20 acres. In the spring, when the frost has passed, the onions are planted with seeds.

It is important to take into account that onion seeds are different for the head and for greens. From foreign suppliers, Japanese and Dutch cultures are often preferred. It is more profitable to purchase planting material from the manufacturer or to buy it in bulk. Thus, seeds can cost from 2 to 5 rubles per kg.

Bulbs are usually planted for the winter. This shortens the growing season, and the finished product has good taste.

Those who intend to build a greenhouse should pay attention to modern materials. It is better to use polycarbonate instead of traditional glass, as it is cheaper and better at keeping heat.

The climatic conditions of the region make significant adjustments to productivity. To minimize losses, you will have to use chemical protection products, fertilizers and chemicals. This helps to increase yields and create a presentable appearance.

Own production of green onions requires storage for the goods. For 100 sq. m of soil will have to organize a storage place of up to 30 sq. m. Large factories are renting industrial premises. If in winter, an area of up to 600 square meters is allocated for cultivation. m, then you will need the equipment of instantaneous water heaters for thermal irrigation, as well as lifts and ovens for heating.

For greater efficiency, commercial humus is more often used with included fertilizers and dressings. Lighting can be provided with fluorescent lamps, as well as ultraviolet lamps. Only in the presence of all these conditions can high quality green onions be grown all year round.

Useful area of 80 sq. m gives in the region of 400 kg of feathers. can cost from 10 to 60 rubles. It takes up to 21 days to grow onions. The process can be accelerated in half using aeroponics technology. However, the cost will cost up to 4 thousand rubles per sq. m, and it will pay off for several years. Aeroponic systems are recommended for use in large production areas.

The organization of a greenhouse business begins with determining:

what to grow
where to sell
what type of building to do

This area of business is constantly changing, new technologies appear, equipment becomes more expensive, so it is important to keep track of current processes all the time, and draw up a detailed business plan before starting work.

After assessing the general situation in the region in the greenhouse business, it is important to determine for yourself whether it will be a seasonal or permanent type of business. For the seasonal, the use of ordinary farm devices is suitable; for the year-round, you will need to equip industrial ones, with heating and lighting.

Even before starting work, it is important to think over sales routes and establish links with wholesalers, if you do not intend to sell products on your own in the market.

In the case of building a year-round greenhouse, you will have to obtain project documentation for it, including external networks. The document stipulates the specification for all equipment. Thus, you can find out exactly what the equipment will cost.

It is necessary to indicate where the greenhouse is located, what area it occupies and what exactly will grow there. You will also have to indicate the method of growing, be it hydroponics or aeroponics. You should also roughly know the amount of harvest per square meter per year, and the expected buyers.

Thinking over the purpose of a business project, it is important to take into account the demand in the nearest settlements. The ability to sell products in nearby cities significantly reduces.

According to the recommendations of experts, the cost of launching a greenhouse economy will also have to be calculated at the beginning. All expenses should be included in the overall result: from the purchase of equipment and seeds, to production costs. They inevitably happen, since all the nuances still cannot be foreseen, which means, according to experts, they must calculate the possible costs before the first income.

Entrepreneurs who have organized a greenhouse business recommend assessing the technical side of production before starting work. To do this, it is important to think over the degree of distance between communications from the proposed construction site of the greenhouse. All pipes will have to be pulled out at their own expense, so it is better to include the expense in the estimate.

It is necessary to find a place for the greenhouse, where it will be easy to organize access roads. Experts recommend or buy, although in this case it may be more profitable to purchase prefabricated greenhouses, with which you can move to any place if necessary.

When organizing heating, you should pay attention to the newest technology, since it can be effective, and in this case you will have to get rid of the old one. Experts also recommend postponing a certain amount for the introduction of new technologies that may appear after production is launched. Such a measure will make it possible to compete until the greenhouse pays for itself.

Crop types and profitability

Since different types of herbs are tasty and healthy seasoning, they are always in great demand. Greens are included in the traditional dishes of almost all peoples of the country, so they are always in demand:

parsley
Dill
spinach

These crops tolerate low temperatures typical of most regions of the country, which implies sowing them in open ground. Most often, parsley is grown from seeds. The technology is quite simple, it involves keeping the planting material in a humid environment for five days, and after germination, they are transferred to a colder room. There they have to spend another week.

After planting, they germinate faster and tolerate temperature changes better. According to the sowing rate for 10 sq. m requires up to 20 grams. Stacked at an obtuse angle to a shallow depth. The distance between the seeds is up to 5 cm. After planting, it is necessary to water abundantly, and the soil should be compacted.

With the organization of proper care, up to 6 kg can grow per square meter. In the cold season, a kilogram of parsley can be obtained from 180 rubles.

Dill is a little more difficult to grow. It is planted in beds in the furrows laid in advance. Seeds are spread to a depth of three centimeters. The sowing density corresponds to parsley, and tolerates temperature extremes worse. Below 15C it may not withstand. However, the harvest is rich. In winter, regardless of the region of sale, you can get from 200 rubles per kg.

Spinach can be planted in early spring. It is not recommended to put seeds deeper than one and a half centimeters. The first crop appears in a month. Resistance to extremes makes it possible to grow until autumn.

The business of growing greenery involves picking up early maturing and hardy varieties. If different crops are grown at the same time, the seeding order must be observed.

Underwater rocks

According to experts based on personal experience, green business should be done in the southern regions of the country. Climatic conditions in other regions and territories presuppose the creation of special conditions, which in turn entails significant material investments. The construction of capital greenhouses involves the laying of heating and lighting, which will be required more in the winter. In this case, regardless of the scale, the costs will not pay off.

Double glazed with stainless steel frame. They create the effect of a thermos, keeping the optimum temperature between 15 and 28ºC.

Glass is too fragile and expensive, and plastic wrap does not provide stable indoor temperatures. Industrial greenhouses are impressive in size (from 0.5 hectares and more). For beginner farmers it is worth building a structure of 100-120 sq. m, the greenhouse economy can be expanded in the future.

The shape of greenhouses for greenery can be different. In colder regions, pitched structures are most popular, providing good insolation and preventing snow from accumulating on the roof. The use of traditional ones is also possible. For growing in soil low structures are suitable, shelving greenhouses are more impressive in size.

Green business: advantages and disadvantages

Having decided to grow greenery on an industrial scale, it is important to know in advance about the pros and cons a similar enterprise.

Among the advantages of this business:

the ability to take several crops per year;
greenhouses are suitable for any green crops, from familiar to exotic;
high demand for fresh herbs;
in winter and early spring, the margin increases significantly and profitability increases;
cultivation by hydroponic, aeroponic or soil method is possible;
business suits even people inexperienced in agriculture;
greenhouses minimize the risk of low yields.

Despite the obvious advantages, the business also has some disadvantages:

high construction costs and;
in the summertime, there is high competition from the owners of household plots;
perishable product, which increases the percentage of rejects;
a large amount of fertilizers is required to increase the nutritional value of the soil;
to increase income, it is necessary to operate with large volumes of products and constantly increase them.

What is worth growing in greenhouses?

Experienced farmers believe that growing greenery is the most promising option greenhouse business. Green crops grow rapidly, and their palatability remains unchanged regardless of how they are grown.

Among cultures, the following are in special demand:

... For growing on greens, hybrid varieties that do not form bulbs are suitable. A variety of varieties are planted in greenhouses: batun, slug, chives. Plants are not too demanding on lighting, but need a large amount of complex mineral and organic fertilizers. Chives can be grown hydroponically or aeroponically.
... Very yielding, grows quickly and requires frequent cutting. Growing requires good moisture and light.
Parsley... For cultivation in greenhouses, ordinary leafy and curly parsley is used, which is in great demand in stores. Very demanding on soil nutrition, watering and lighting. Growth stops at low temperatures.
... Any varieties are suitable for growing, but the fast-growing Iceberg, oak-leaved, Frize are especially popular. Lettuce grows well in hydroponics, needs a lot of fertilizer and water.

A very promising direction is the cultivation of greenery in miniature plastic pots... These containers are placed in cassettes and can significantly extend the life of greenery on store shelves.

Dill, lettuce and parsley in pots attract attention and are readily sold out.

Cost price this method of growing almost equal to traditional, and the mark-ups for a similar type of product are significantly higher. In pots, you can grow not only the usual greens, but also a variety of spicy herbs: mint, lemon balm, anise, rosemary, thyme.

Greenhouse equipment

Industrial greenhouses most often use hydroponic technologies... They can significantly save space and reduce the cost of finished products. Plants are grown in liquid nutrient solutions, without the use of soil.

Hydroponic technologies significantly accelerate the growth of greenery, the plants have a beautiful appearance. Unlike vegetables, hydroponically grown greens do not taste watery.

Another option is soil cultivation in longlines... Racks with a nutrient substrate are installed along the walls of the greenhouses, into which seeds are sown. Rack growing makes it possible to save on heating, increasing the purely plants by 1 sq. m greenhouses.

Greenhouse equipped with a ventilation system and heating. Industrial greenhouses are heated using pipes laid underground. To reduce the cost of electric heating, innovative methods are actively used: biofuels, solar panels, the use of infrared cables. It is best to heat the structure in a combined way, using several methods at once.

An industrial greenhouse designed for soil cultivation should be equipped with a drip irrigation system... Lighting is also very important. There are not enough lamps under the ceiling, local lighting is needed for each tier of the rack.

For the organization of a continuous process, sowing in batches is recommended. This allows harvesting without overstocking. After harvest soil is mixed with fertilizers, is thoroughly loosened, watered and sown with a new batch of seeds.

Expenses, income and profitability: calculation rules

When calculating profitability it is important to take into account all expenses, both one-time and monthly. These include:

land lease;
registration of a legal entity;
construction and equipment of greenhouses;
purchase of planting material and fertilizers;
spending on electricity and water;
payment of taxes;
salary of hired personnel;
packaging and labeling;
transportation costs for the delivery of finished products.

Some items of expenditure may be excluded from the estimate. For instance, land owners will not be spent on rent, and small greenhouses do not need hired helpers, which excludes salary costs. Branded packaging is needed by large farms that have registered a trademark and sell them through retail chains.

According to the estimates of professionals, the cost of one polycarbonate greenhouse of 100,000 sq. m start at 100,000 rubles. 10,000 rubles will have to spend on seed, at least 15,000 rubles will be required for heating.

The profit depends on the chosen culture and the way of implementation. The most profitable option is to sell through retail stores or food service networks. In summer, a kilogram of greenery can cost from 80,000 rubles, in winter the price rises to 150,000 rubles. This growth is associated with a decrease in supply and a lack of competition from private subsidiary plots.

The profitability of the green business is not very high. According to various estimates, it ranges from 15 to 25%. An industrial greenhouse will pay off in 2-3 years, payback of a farm greenhouse medium size - 1.5-2 years... The profitability is much higher in regions with a warm climate.

In the northern regions, the cost of greenhouse greenery increases significantly, reducing profits. Well-established logistics, an increase in the sales network and a thoughtful approach to heating greenhouses will help reduce costs.

Growing greenery in a greenhouse as a business - uncomplicated but financially intensive process. A large initial investment is required to be successful. Even before the start of greenhouse construction it is worth considering a clear sales scheme and calculate all the upcoming costs. For starters, build one small greenhouse as a training option. If the process goes well, it will be possible to significantly expand your farm.

Useful video:

Greenhouse owners considering what to grow for maximum profit are advised to look for fresh greens. It is growing rapidly, is sold at a good mark-up, distribution channels are easy to find. In one small greenhouse, you can grow different varieties of lettuce and herbs, harvesting several times a year.

Gradually, the business can be expanded, which will allow the entrepreneur to confidently take his place in the market. So how to grow greens at home all year round?

Before embarking on the implementation of a business plan for growing greenery in a greenhouse, evaluate all the advantages of the project:

a wide variety of green crops can be grown in the greenhouse, depending on the needs of the market;
greens grow quickly, which allows you to take several crops a year;
the product is in demand, which allows you to find distribution channels;
both wholesale and retail sales are possible.

Despite the obvious advantages, small pitfalls may await a novice entrepreneur. You should know about them before starting work in order to correctly assess your strengths.

Growing greenery for sale at home as a business has a number of the following disadvantages:

seasonal nature of business, in summer demand decreases;
short shelf life and quick loss of presentation;
high cost of entering a business;
high heating costs.

Organize the lighting with fluorescent lamps mounted on the ceiling. Some types of greens are very demanding for light (dill, parsley), others calmly put up with its lack (green onions). You can grow plants in a soil or rack method. The second is ideal for greenery in pots, racks can significantly increase yields from 1 sq. m.
Don't forget the watering system. For large greenhouses, an automatic drip system is ideal, providing the optimal moisture regime, depending on the needs of a particular crop.
Consider a heating system. T The greenhouse can be heated with an infrared cable, an electric boiler, potbelly stoves and even bonfires that will pump warm air through the pipes. It is worth betting to save energy for biofuels. It is made from a mixture of horse, pig or cow dung and straw.

The mixture is collected in heaps, spilled with water and left for several days under a dense film. The over-matured mixture is laid out under the top layer of soil. Biofuel provides temperatures up to 15 degrees and works for at least 3 months.

In the cold season, you can additionally insulate the greenhouse by closing the passages between the ridges with roofing felt and spreading its sheets outside, along the entire perimeter of the greenhouse. Combining different heating methods will help maintain the desired temperature without overpaying for electricity.
Choose how you grow your greenery at home. It is best to sow seeds in the ground, the greens are juicy, they have a bright, characteristic taste for a particular variety. However, this method is quite expensive.

The cheapest option is to grow plants hydroponically in a liquid nutrient solution. The greens grow quickly and have a good presentation, but the palatability suffers greatly. An alternative option is to grow green crops in individual plastic mini-pots with a nutrient substrate.

How to sell products?

Greens grown in greenhouses can be sold at retail or handed over in bulk to shops and supermarkets.... Another sales channel is restaurants and cafes. To work with legal entities, a product certificate is required.

The difficulty of implementation lies in the short shelf life of the product. Cut greens quickly lose their freshness even when sealed.

A more promising option for retail sale is potted greens sold with them. In such a container, leafy salads, arugula, parsley, cilantro, dill, and mint are most often grown. Pots with herbs look very attractive, besides, the mark-up on them is much higher, and the sale period is longer.

Growing oyster mushrooms at home for beginners: technology and a business plan with calculations are contained

Even a child will say that greens are healthy, tasty and in demand by housewives throughout the year. And the vastness of the Internet is full of advice that you can make money quickly and easily from growing greenery. However, in fact, in order to grow greens in a greenhouse as a profitable business, and not fail at the first batch of "green vitamins", you need to carefully study a lot of nuances.

Green business: where to start

Greens are really present on the table in every home: fresh, dried or frozen, they complement the taste of any dish, and in the winter season it provides the body with much-needed vitamins. And women who watch their figure are your potential regular customers.

The most popular greens sell well regardless of the season.

Having started drawing up a business plan, as in a famous program, you must answer yourself a number of questions: "What?", "Where?" and when?".
So what to grow? As practice shows, the most loved by our fellow citizens are dill, green onions, parsley, basil, sorrel, cilantro, celery and lettuce. Other types of greenery also find their buyer, but you should not immediately set aside a huge territory for their cultivation - first check the laws of consumer demand on personal experience.
Where to grow? Of course, having only the beds, you will not be able to compete with the owners of greenhouses where greens are grown all year round. It is good if you can create the necessary microclimate in the greenhouse in order to get a crop regardless of the season.

You can change the range of your products depending on the season and fluctuations in customer demand.

When to grow? If the equipment and financial capabilities allow you to create heating and artificial light in the greenhouse, then do not stop the growing process all year round. Agree, New Year and Christmas holidays contribute to a significant increase in demand for fresh "green" products.

Growing greens for sale: myths and reality

To draw up a business plan that corresponds to reality, you need to abandon the illusions that various Internet publications instill in novice "agricultural businessmen".

Myth No. 1 "Growing greenery in your own greenhouse as a business does not require special investments"

Greenhouse for greenery must be equipped with heating, ventilation and lighting systems

Indeed, if you plant several beds, then the cost of buying seeds, watering and maintenance will be minimal. Then you can sell the surplus crop and recoup all the same minimum costs. If you grow large batches of high-quality (!) Greens all year round, then you will need:

greenhouse equipment (if you don't have one yet);
seeds;
fertilizers;
insecticides;
watering (it would be more correct to irrigate greens using the drip irrigation method);
utility costs: water, electricity - heating in the cold season;
transport for delivery of goods to the point of sale (fuel and depreciation costs).

Correlate all these indicators with the area of the greenhouse and you will receive the amount that you will need to successfully start a "green" business. When you understand how much money will be required to start, be sure to consider also the financial and time costs of the growing process per year.

Important! Do not forget about the so-called man-hours: will you be able to do the business on your own or will you need helpers (who probably also need to pay).

And when the economic justification (business plan) seems to be ready, then a thing that everyone forgets about at the initial stage comes up - the tax base.

Important! For wholesale trade, you must obtain the status of an entrepreneur, and in this case, you must take into account the tax base

It is unlikely that it will be possible to work with wholesale without the status of an entrepreneur.

Myth No. 2 "With 1 m 2 you can get 5 kg of fresh herbs"

When you have completed the first part of your business plan and figured out how much money you need to enter the green market, it's time to calculate your future income. You should be aware that not every type of greenery will give you the promised 5 kg per square meter, especially if you plant the plants correctly - namely, not too densely.

Greens must be planted correctly, following the recommendations for planting density

Next, you should find out the cost of 1 kg. Moreover, if you sell your goods yourself (without intermediaries), then you can focus on the retail price, and if you supply greens to points of sale as a wholesaler, then the price per kilogram will be wholesale (lower).
To put it simply, when your estimated income exceeds your expenses, your business will be successful. However, you should understand that the net profit will appear only after a certain number of months, when the "initial" investment will pay off.

Myth No. 3 "Growing greens does not require special knowledge"

Yes, growing greens is not as difficult as, for example, Dutch rose varieties. But you will need to take the time to delve deeper into the topic:

how to prepare seeds;
according to what scheme to plant;
how, when and how much to water;
what quality and temperature the water should be for irrigation;
how to prevent the appearance of pests;
how to treat plants for diseases;
how to provide proper lighting for each type of greenery;

An example of organizing the necessary lighting for greenery in a greenhouse

what microclimate to create for plants;
when to harvest;
and how to get it safe and sound to the point of sale.

If you are ready to answer all of these questions right now, then you really do not need additional preparation.

Basic rules for growing greens for sale

For growing for sale, choose greens that are early maturing and hardy.
It will be more profitable to buy seeds from wholesalers if your greenhouse area is large.
To prevent depletion of the soil, alternate planting different types of greenery in separate areas.
Fertilize the soil.
Before planting, sort the seeds and soak them in water, as is done with vegetable seeds (this will speed up their germination).
To constantly get a harvest, do not plant all the greens at once, but in stages: after 10-12 days a new batch.

Greenhouse prepared for planting different types of greenery

Arrangement of a greenhouse for growing greenery for sale

To calculate the profitability of a "green" business, it is important to take into account the region of your residence: in the southern part of the country the daylight hours are longer and there are no too severe frosts in winter, so the cost of heating and lighting greenhouses will be 3-3.5 times less than in central Russia. Therefore, sometimes in winter it is more profitable to grow greens in warm regions, so that later they can be imported to colder ones - transportation costs may turn out to be less than electricity costs.

A polycarbonate greenhouse is best for growing greenery for sale.

For growing greenery for sale all year round, a polycarbonate greenhouse with a metal frame is best suited. It's all about thermal insulation and the degree of light transmission:

A glass greenhouse does not retain heat well, therefore it will have to be heated continuously in winter (so the cost of growing greenery will increase several times). As for the summer period, glass is not capable of protecting plants from sunburn to the necessary extent. In addition, the construction of such a greenhouse itself is expensive. In terms of safety, shards from damaged glass can injure greenhouse workers.
Polyethylene greenhouses are generally very difficult to consider as an option for winter growing greenery. In the summer, the plants in such a greenhouse may have little light. But the construction of the greenhouse itself will cost you inexpensively.
A polycarbonate greenhouse keeps the temperature inside well, while letting in a sufficient amount of light from the outside. The construction cost is average (in comparison with the previous options).

Shelves for growing greenery significantly increase the usable area of the greenhouse

If your greenhouse is too small for growing greenery for sale, then build racks and the plants can be placed in several tiers. Thus, the useful area will increase 2 or even 3 times.

How to prepare greens for sale

It is not enough to grow good greens; it must be properly offered to the buyer. And even if you work as a wholesaler, a lot depends on your efforts in this matter.

It is important not only to grow good greens, but also to offer them beautifully to the buyer.

You can sell some greens by weight (green onions, parsley, dill), but more often in bunches. Bundles are formed in the evening. To do this, carefully fold the stem to the stem and wrap it with thread. To prevent the greens from wilting, they are placed in a container with water (only the stems are dipped).

Important! To make the business of growing greenery profitable, you need to agree on supplies with the maximum possible number of points: shops, cafes and restaurants, markets.

It is due to the large turnover of goods that you can make your business profitable. A wholesale buyer can even be invited to the greenhouse so that he is convinced of the quality of your products and your compliance with all sanitary standards. After all, large retail chains and famous restaurants value their reputation, so they will not agree to purchase goods of dubious quality.

How to start a greenery business: video

Growing greens for sale: photo

* Calculations are based on average data for Russia

Growing greenery is a business that you can do on your own site by building a greenhouse on it. He does not promise superprofits, but it is perfect as a side job.

1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

The goal of the project is to organize a greenhouse facility for growing greenery for its implementation in the Rostov region. The main target audience is concentrated in Rostov-on-Don. The target audience is small wholesale buyers who sell their products to the city's population aged 20 to 50 with different income levels.

The growing demand for fresh vegetables and herbs, the fashion for healthy food and state support for agriculture have led to the active development of the greenhouse business. In the Russian greenhouse economy, it is profitable to grow fresh greens for sale - they are more unpretentious than vegetables and do not require constant maintenance. Market research shows that the need for salad greens is increasing by 10% every year.

Thus, the idea of organizing a greenhouse economy for growing greenery is relevant. This business has the following advantages:

Preferential terms for doing business related to agriculture;

Increase in sales without investment!

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For the implementation of the project, a private land plot with a total area of 50 sq.m. is used. The personal garden plot is located in the Rostov region, 25 km from the enterprise is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

The initial investment is 182,000 rubles. Investment costs are aimed at the construction and equipping of greenhouses, advertising promotion, the formation of a working capital fund until the project reaches recoupment. The main part of the required investments, 68%, falls on the construction and equipping of greenhouses. Own funds will be used to implement the project.

The financial calculations cover a two-year period of the project. It is anticipated that business expansion will be required after this time. According to the calculations, the initial investment will pay off in the ninth month of operation. According to the results of the first year of operation, net profit of 513,800 rubles and a return on sales of 47.8% are forecasted.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

The greenhouse business in Russia is a promising area, which is explained by the growing demand for fresh vegetables and greens, the fashion for healthy food, and the state priority for the development of agriculture in the country. Today, the state is increasingly focusing on the development of the industry, helping novice and existing farmers, allocating land at preferential rates, subsidizing interest rates on loans and providing grants for the development of greenhouses. However, the main problem holding back the development of the industry remains high tariffs for utilities.

Currently, the greenhouse business continues to actively develop, increasing the production of vegetables and herbs in domestic greenhouses - through the construction of new greenhouses and the modernization of old production facilities. As a result, the gross harvest of vegetables and greens from protected ground over the last two years has grown by 17.7%. Despite this, the demand of Russians for protected soil products produced in the country is satisfied only by 26%. About 600 thousand tons of vegetables are harvested from closed ground in Russia with a demand of 3 million tons. And this need grows annually by 10-15%.

In the Russian greenhouse business, it is profitable to grow fresh herbs for sale. These products do not require as much light and heat as vegetables, they are more unpretentious and do not require constant maintenance. Practice shows that growing greens is 5 times more profitable than vegetables.

In addition, according to marketing research, the need for people to include various varieties of greens in their diet is increasing by 10% every year, which creates a significant demand for these products among consumers.

Thus, the cultivation of greenhouse greenery is a promising business line. The peculiarity of greenhouse growing of greenery is the possibility of year-round production, under any climatic conditions. Table 1 summarizes the key advantages and disadvantages of growing greenhouse greens to consider when planning a business. With proper development, a business can generate a stable and high income.

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of greenhouse growing of greenery

Advantages

Flaws

Greens grow quickly, which allows you to take several crops a year and quickly generate income;

High and regular demand for products, which allows finding distribution channels;

Both wholesale and retail sales are possible;

Simple business organization;

Greens are unpretentious to care for and do not require much attention;

Small start-up capital;

Growing greenery does not require specialized knowledge;

The ability to organize a home business;

Fast payback

High level of competition in the market;

The market is seasonally dependent;

Short shelf life of products and quick loss of presentation;
- to grow greens all year round, an expensive greenhouse is required;

It is impossible to sell products through stores without obtaining permits;

Low price for products

When organizing a greenhouse business, it should be borne in mind that it is profitable only if the production is located in the southern or central regions of the country. It is more profitable to pay for the transportation of products to the northern territories than to engage in greenhouse business there, paying significant heating costs.

Thus, we can talk about the attractiveness of this business. Growing a greenhouse business can be a profitable and highly profitable business. A detailed business plan for growing greenery in a greenhouse will help to avoid problems when starting a business.

3. DESCRIPTION OF GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS FOR CULTIVATION OF GREENS

Leafy vegetables include lettuce, parsley, dill, onions, cilantro, basil, garlic, and a number of other crops. The greatest demand is for lettuce, onions and dill. The most profitable type of greens for growing is onion, as it is an unpretentious and fast growing crop. However, during its implementation, it may be difficult to find buyers, since many grow onions. The most cost-effective greens are lettuce. Recently, the cultivation of arugula is gaining popularity.

It is recommended to start by growing several crops and gradually expand the range. When selecting crops for growing, the following parameters should be taken into account: growing season, required area for sowing, greenhouse growing conditions, endurance, demand, price. Table 2 presents a comparative characteristic of various types of greens, which will help to correctly form an assortment.

Table 2. Characteristics of types of greens for cultivation

Types of greenery	Greenhouse cultivation	Growing season	Endurance	Required area	Long-term storage
Parsley

This project involves the cultivation of the following types of greens: parsley, dill, lettuce, onions. All products comply with the requirements of GOST (GOST R 55904-2013, GOST 32856-2014, GOST 33985-2016 and GOST R 55652-2013, respectively). As packaging for fresh products, transparent plastic containers are used, as well as cone bags, which improve the presentation of the product and simplify transportation. Packing of 100-150 gr. It is also planned to produce products in the form of assorted sets, which include at least two types of greens.

The products are sold at room temperature, chilled, and are intended for retail and wholesale trade, catering and industrial processing.

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Small wholesale prices for greens vary between 50-150 rubles. per kilogram. It should be borne in mind that the price of greens fluctuates depending on the season. On average, the price is 80 rubles. per kilogram at retail prices of 200 rubles. per kilogram.

4. SALES AND MARKETING OF GREENING BUSINESS

The peculiarity of the greenhouse greenhouse business is that the target audience is not the end consumer, but wholesale buyers, distributors of products, represented mainly by various vegetable and grocery stores. At the same time, the advertising strategy must take into account the requirements of the end user in order to plan production and predict the volume of sales. The portrait of the final consumer of the products: the population of the city at the age from 20 to 50 with different income levels; gender and occupation as such do not play a role.

Thus, the marketing policy of the project covers both the assessment of the end consumers and the methods of promotion among the flower dealers. Advertising is aimed at establishing long-term cooperation and building a client base.

The most difficult task in the greenhouse business is finding a sales market. Greens are perishable goods, therefore, a well-functioning distribution channel system and a competent marketing strategy are needed. In order to form sales channels, a novice entrepreneur should:

Analyze the competitive environment, assess the level of demand for products, develop your competitive advantages;

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Conduct a price analysis of the market and offer more favorable conditions as a supplier: lower cost, flexible system of discounts for wholesale buyers, guarantees, etc .;

To publish a catalog of finished products on paper and on the Internet. Form a list of potential buyers and send out commercial offers.

Sales channels for fresh herbs can be:

retail grocery stores with a wide range of products;

network grocery networks;

vegetable bases;

farm shops that specialize in the sale of organic products made in Russia;

HoReCa segment establishments - restaurants and cafes.

Promising sales markets include online stores, which have recently gained popularity and offer customers fresh, farm products. To develop this sales market, you can unite with vegetable cooperatives presented on Internet sites. In the future, with proper advertising of your products, it is possible to open your own retail outlet.

Each distribution channel has its own advantages and disadvantages, which relate to the final cost of greens, the volume of sold lots, terms of cooperation, etc. In order to establish distribution channels and not suffer losses from overproduction, it is necessary to create a stable distribution network several months before the harvest. It should be noted that the search for new customers and the development of sales markets is an ongoing process, therefore, a sales specialist is needed to carry out this function. His responsibilities will include attracting clients and working with them, as well as advertising support for the project and analyzing the effectiveness of using the advertising budget.

Promotion is carried out in various ways. The advertising budget is 30,000 rubles and consists of the following types of costs:

Creation of a product catalog (commercial offer) and printing of advertising material (including business cards) - 10,000;

Direct marketing is a way to increase sales by sending commercial letters to potential customers. Effective direct marketing is ensured by narrowing the target audience and a well-designed mailing list that may interest the client. The same group of expenses includes the costs of Internet promotion, call-promotion and transportation costs - 20,000 rubles.

Participation in various thematic fairs and business events is also expected.

The competitiveness of the project is ensured by the high quality of the products. In all promotional events, attention is focused on the merits of purchasing goods from a domestic manufacturer (saving transportation costs, lower prices, reduced risk of supply disruptions, guarantees, flexible discount system, high quality products achieved by reducing delivery times).

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When planning the volume of sales, production capacity should be taken into account, since the maximum volume of production depends on the area of the greenhouses, growing conditions, varieties of greenery, etc.

The maximum production volume is based on a greenhouse area of 50 sq. m., an average ripening period of 30 days and an average yield of salad crops - up to 4 kg per 1 sq. m. In total, the annual yield of the greenhouse will be about 2400 kg per year, and 200 kg per month. This indicator should be guided by when planning the volume of sales.

How much can you earn from growing greenery? With an established sales system and an average retail price of 200 rubles. sales volume will amount to 40,000 rubles per month. In winter, when the prices of greens rise significantly, the monthly income can double.

5. PLAN OF PRODUCTION OF THE GREEN CULTIVATION FARM

How to start a greenery business from scratch? The project organization algorithm involves the following stages:

Decide on the place and technology for growing greens;

Purchase specialized equipment;

Hire skilled workers;

Plant seed.

Let's dwell on each point in more detail.

Organizing a greenery growing business includes the following steps:

1) Registration with government agencies. This project focuses on growing greenery and positions itself as a personal backyard farm. Its activities are tax-free and do not require registration. This option is suitable for small production, which plans to cooperate with small distributors.

The company is located on a personal garden plot of 50 sq. meters, located in the Rostov region. The city of Rostov-on-Don is located 25 km from the enterprise. Because the area of the site does not exceed 2 hectares; for organizing a business, it is enough to get only a certificate from the local administration that this site belongs to you and is used for growing greenery. With small production volumes, it is not necessary to formalize as an entrepreneur: in this case, you sell the products yourself or hand them over to dealers at wholesale prices. If in the future it is planned to sell products through grocery stores or vegetable stores, business registration will be required.

2) Production technology. The production technology provides for the creation of two greenhouses (total area - 50 square meters), the use of irrigation equipment. The process of planting seedlings, some care operations, as well as harvesting are carried out manually. The production cycle should be planned on the assumption that the first harvest is expected 30-40 days after transplanting.

There are different technologies for growing greens in a greenhouse:

Hydroponics (growing plants without soil in liquid media using fertilizers). The cost of 1 installation of hydroponics is about 1,500 rubles. for one installation;

- "intermediate" (peat, hydroponics and common soil are used). This method is 3 times more expensive than conventional hydroponics.

There are also various types of soil that can be used in conjunction with hydroponics. Each soil has its own characteristics (table 3).

Table 3. Types of soil for greenhouse growing of greenery

Soil type			Price
	no unpleasant odor, plants do not rot, low price	require care (must be filled with hot water and placed in a container).	from 300 rubles. for 1 cubic meter
	high availability	needs a supply of various fertilizers and nutrients.	from 700 rubles for 1 cubic meter
Expanded clay	Moisture-retaining, lightweight, affordable price	does not contain nutrients, therefore it is necessary to fertilize regularly	from 1400 rubles. for 1 cubic meter
	practical economical option, good air permeability	heavy and does not retain moisture.	from 50 rubles per kg
Coconut flakes	eco-friendly, durable, versatile primer	high price.	from 100 rubles per kg
Hydrogel	retains moisture for a long time, allows water to pass through, does not harm plants	high price	from 1500 rub. per kg

The choice of soil depends on many factors, including the characteristics of growing crops, from which the assortment is formed. The peculiarities of cultivation of the selected types of greens are reflected in table 4.

Table 4. Features of growing various types of greens

Type of greenery	Growing features
After germination, it takes about 25-30 days to harvest. Watering is needed abundant and frequent, and after cutting, fertilizing with fertilizers is required. When it is cloudy, additional lighting is needed, in winter we also supplement it with phytolamps (3-4 hours)
	Seeds germinate for 2-3 weeks, harvesting 40-50 days after germination Short shelf life, requires additional lighting in winter
	Shoots 5-7 days; harvesting - after 10-12 days. Unpretentious. After cutting the leaves, you need top dressing
	Harvesting in 25-30 days It does not require special conditions and special care, but to increase yields, onions need to be regularly watered and fed with fertilizers.

3) Purchase of equipment. Another important question when implementing a business project is how to choose a greenhouse for growing greenery? The construction of a greenhouse is a very important stage in the organization of this business. The quality of the products, and hence the success of the business, depends on how high-quality and technologically competent the greenhouse is designed.

For growing greenery at home all year round, capital structures on a reliable foundation are suitable. The most efficient greenhouse system for growing greenery is a thermos greenhouse. This design, due to the double cover and the solar collector, eliminates the need for heating. Greenhouses with a wooden frame, covering (roof - polycarbonate, walls - thick film) with a total area of 50 sq.m. will cost, on average, 60-70 thousand rubles.

The volume of investments required to create greenhouses is 122,000 rubles. Of these, 80,000 rubles. - funds for the construction of greenhouses, and 42,000 rubles. - purchase of greenhouse equipment, the list of which is given in table 5.

Industrial greenhouses most often use hydroponic technology. They can significantly save space and reduce the cost of finished products. Plants are grown in liquid nutrient solutions, without the use of soil. The cost of a set of hydroponics for a greenhouse is about 70,000 rubles. For soil cultivation, greenhouses should be equipped with a drip irrigation system. The cost of an automatic drip irrigation system for greenhouses with an area of 150 sq. M. - 12,000 rubles.

Lighting for greenhouses is provided by LED lamps, which have spectral characteristics that are completely identical to sunlight. Thanks to this, the normal process of photosynthesis in plants is ensured. In addition, LED lamps save up to 60% energy and do not heat up.

Table 5. List of farm equipment

The cost also includes the purchase of seeds, but you can grow them yourself, due to which you will be able to save money. You should also provide for the cost of biofertilizers - this cost item will amount to 7,000 rubles.

4) Search for sales channels for products. The green business will only generate stable profits throughout the year if distribution channels are in place. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the stage of searching for clients and establishing commercial cooperation. Wholesale of greenery is the best option for organizing sales. The basis for successful sales is a competent pricing policy and a flexible system of work with clients.

5) Selection of personnel. At the first stages of work, an entrepreneur can perform all actions on his own. In the future, he will need the help of a sales representative who will look for new distribution channels for the products, as well as an assistant working in the greenhouse.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

In the first year of operation, it is planned that the entrepreneur will independently organize the production process. It is allowed to attract third-party assistants at certain stages (for example, during a period of high sales).

7. FINANCIAL PLAN

The financial plan takes into account all the income and expenses of the greenhouse economy, the planning horizon is 2 years. Business expansion is planned after this period.

To launch the project, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the initial investment, which includes: the cost of purchasing equipment, advertising promotion on the market, the formation of working capital, due to which losses of the initial periods will be covered.

The initial investment for a greenhouse for growing greenery is 182,000 rubles. Of these, 68% falls on the construction and equipment of greenhouses, advertising - 16%, and working capital - 16%. The project is financed with equity capital. The main items of investment costs are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Investment costs

Variable costs consist of the consumed capacity for irrigation, heating, as well as consumables (seedlings, fertilizers, etc.). In this case, utility costs are classified as variables. It is also necessary to calculate the production cost. Practice shows that the cost of growing greenery is 10-60 rubles (depending on the culture). To simplify financial calculations, the value of variable costs is calculated as the average cost of growing greenery - 25 rubles.

Fixed costs consist of advertising costs, depreciation charges and biofertilizer costs. Lack of staff allows you to eliminate personnel costs. The amount of depreciation deductions is determined on a straight-line basis, based on the useful life of fixed assets of 3 years.

Table 7. Monthly expenses

Thus, fixed monthly expenses were determined in the amount of 17,000 rubles.

8. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE

The payback period of the project with an initial investment of 202,000 rubles is 10 months. The net monthly profit of the project upon reaching the planned sales volume will be 18,000 rubles. Achievement of the planned sales volume is planned for the fifth month of work. Return on sales in the first year of operation - 47.8%. High profitability is achieved due to the high mark-up on products. The annual net profit for the first year of implementation will be 245,575 rubles.

9. POSSIBLE RISKS

To assess the risk component of a project for greenhouse growing of roses, it is necessary to analyze external and internal factors. External factors include threats related to the economic situation in the country, sales markets. Internal - the effectiveness of the organization's management.

Among the internal risks, the following stand out:

Greens are perishable goods that cannot be stored for a long time. In order to avoid losses, it is necessary to constantly monitor the market and forecast demand;

Errors in the assessment of sales volumes, which may lead to product disposal. It is possible to reduce the likelihood of this risk by creating a well-functioning sales system for products;

Product quality that does not meet the declared requirements and market requirements: constant monitoring of quality and identification of deviations is required (non-compliance with technology or low-quality seed);

Errors in the process of growing products, on which the quality of products and yields depend. Constant monitoring and competent work in greenhouses will reduce the risk.

External factors include:

The presence of a variety of pests that can not only spoil, but also completely destroy the crop. This can be avoided by providing constant protection from pests;

Climatic conditions that complicate the process of growing products and incur additional costs (in the case of a cold winter - for the insulation of the room, in the case of a dry, hot summer - for watering). This risk is most specific to this type of business and is hardly manageable. The only thing that an entrepreneur must do in this case is to have a supply of funds in order to respond to the problem in a timely manner and eliminate it;

High level of competition in the market. It is possible to reduce this risk with a well-thought-out marketing strategy and the achievement of certain competitive advantages (due to a more favorable price, special conditions, guarantees, additional services);

Termination of cooperation, entailing financial losses (reduced profits, increased costs of finding new partners, etc.) This problem can occur due to inadequate product quality, disruption of supplies, the emergence of a competitor who is ready to offer more favorable conditions. One way or another, an entrepreneur must always take this risk into account and create such conditions of cooperation that would be beneficial to both parties.

Evgeniya Yurkina
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