Italy (the Italian Republic) ranks 9th in the world in terms of its economic development, behind the USA, China, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Brazil and Russia. Italy's GDP in 2013 was just under $ 2.1 trillion (at market rates). Italy is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country: predominantly industrial and highly developed north and poor, agrarian south. GDP per capita is slightly less than $ 30 thousand per year (in purchasing power parity).
The area of Italy is about 300 thousand km 2. By mid-2014, the population of Italy exceeded 61.7 million people. At the moment, the country is in 4th place in terms of population among EU countries and 24th among countries around the world. The population density is 200 people. per km 2 - the fifth place in the EU. The highest density is in Northern Italy, home to almost half of the country's total population. The most densely populated regions of Italy are the plains of Campania, Lombardy and Liguria, where there are more than 300 people per 1 km2. The Po river valley is especially crowded. The mountainous regions are much less populated. Here the population density is 35 people. per 1 km 2, in the economically underdeveloped regions of Sardinia and Basilicata, the population density is 60 people. by 1 km 2.
Leading industries in Italy: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and food industries. Italy is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, washing machines and refrigerators, cash registers, electronic products, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and chemical fibers, car tires, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes, pasta , cheese, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato preserves. Large-scale production of cement, natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits, art products from glass and earthenware, jewelry is developed here. In addition, mining of pyrites, mercury ores, natural gas, potassium salt, dolomites, asbestos is carried out.
At the same time, Italy is poor in minerals. There are only deposits of brown coal, pyrite, bauxite, zinc and lead. But the country has excellent climatic conditions for the development of agriculture and tourism (there are numerous cultural heritage preserved in the form of architectural monuments, famous theaters, sea and ski resorts).
The absence of any economically significant minerals in Italy, a weak industrial base, backwardness from the advanced countries of Western Europe and North America, slow capital accumulation and the general unfavorable position of the national economy in the world economy largely determined the peculiarities of Italy's development. The main feature of the development of the Italian economy was that starting from the middle of the 19th century. there is a clear historical trend towards the strengthening of the role of the state and state property in the national economy of the country.
Italy has perhaps the largest public sector of any developed country. Until recently, up to 50% of the economy and 70% of the banking system of the country were under state control. Italy has one of the highest indicators of GDP production by the public sector among developed countries and the share of state-owned enterprises in the total number of companies. This expansion of the public sector has resulted in a huge budget deficit and very significant levels of public debt, an extremely inefficient, bloated, corrupt public sector, high inflation and unemployment.
The previous model of the economy, in which the state played the leading role, successfully existed in Italy until the early 1990s. The Italian state system even began to be called "stable instability", since changes in the composition of the government were too frequent, there were constant scandals and revelations related to the activities of the mafia and corruption in the state apparatus, but the general course of the government did not change. Italy has earned itself fame as the most regulated country in Western Europe, in which almost 150 thousand different laws are in force, and bureaucracy and red tape brought the time of creating a new company to two or three years.
Finally, during one of the operations to expose corruption among top government officials, dubbed "Clean Hands", such blatant facts of the criminal activity of the state apparatus were exposed that public opinion in the country revolted against the previous system. As a result, the political and economic course of the government in the early 1990s. has undergone significant changes. It should also be recognized that internal changes in the political system (frequent changes of government, processes against corrupt leaders of political parties, the departure of a number of parties from the political scene) were not the only factors in changing the country's economic course.
In addition to the evidence that a corrupt and overgrown state in Italy has long outlived itself, changes became necessary in connection with changes in the world and European economies.
The main problems facing the country's economy are, firstly, the choice of a path for further development, and secondly, the need to overcome differences in the regional development of the national economy. Italy carried out until the end of the 1990s. neo-conservative course in their economic transformations. The United States and the United Kingdom have been examples of this course. Nevertheless, an increasing number of Italian politicians, taking into account the wishes of their voters, are in favor of a socially oriented market economy, the model of which is Germany and France. In terms of its historical features of development, Italy is closer to continental European countries, which raises concerns about the further results of neo-conservative transformations.
In addition, in Italy, to a greater extent than in other countries, the imbalances in regional development are felt. Only three regions of Italy - Lombardy, Piedmont and Venice - create a large part of the country's GDP - 40%. Moreover, only Lombardy accounts for 30% of the country's exports. In the richest province of the country, Trentino-Alto Adige, state investments alone account for about $ 10 million per inhabitant. And finally, Italian unemployment is largely associated with the traditional settledness (immobility) of Italians, their attachment to the family.
At first glance, it seems that Italy in its economic development lags significantly behind France, Germany and Great Britain. However, this is not the case. Italy has made very significant progress in development. During the last few years, the country coped with inflation, unemployment began to decrease, new enterprises were created, youth employment grew, and investments grew. Italy has been particularly successful in creating jobs for young people, significantly reducing unemployment among the most active part of the country's population.
Italy has made great strides in the field of social harmony. Wages, as well as the number of jobs created, are growing, the former "black" labor market is gradually being eliminated. There is a gradual transformation of illegal types of work into formal employment. To date, about 30% of the total number of jobs in the economy exists in the illegal labor market, and 30% is provided by the so-called gray market, which provides semi-formal employment. The presence of a large number of illegal and semi-legal forms of employment in the Italian economy is explained by the strict regulation of the labor market, in connection with which entrepreneurs prefer “gray” employment.
The Italian model of the ratio of small, medium and large businesses is unique. In the 1950-1970s. economic growth has led to the popularity of mass production and the dominance of large companies. The region where large companies are primarily based is the north-west of the country, especially many such enterprises are located in the "industrial triangle" Turin - Milan - Genoa. Industrial crisis of the 1970s. led to the loss of large companies of their former positions in the Italian economy. 1970-1990s period became a time of accelerated development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The development of small and medium-sized businesses helped offset the negative impact of the mass production crisis on the entire Italian economy.
Now, on the basis of small and medium-sized businesses, a so-called third Italy has emerged - a region covering the center and east of the country. A significant number of small companies producing textiles, clothing, footwear, furniture, and ceramics are concentrated here. There are also highly efficient modern production facilities in such areas as mechanics and mechanical engineering. Urbanized areas of concentration of small and medium-sized enterprises create entire zones, clusters of light industry and mechanical engineering. Small and medium-sized businesses are currently driving economic growth in central and northeastern Italy, while the indigenous industrial north and agrarian south are in recession. The head of regional development in Italy is currently the Venice region, where the largest concentration of small and medium-sized enterprises is observed.
Thus, the Italian model of economic development is characterized primarily by the energy of small and medium-sized businesses in the country. Italian SMEs are extremely efficient. About 70% of employment in the country is provided by companies with less than 50 employees, 30% of all employed in the economy are individual entrepreneurs developing family businesses. With the help of relatively small companies, young people are actively involved in work. Italian laws, as we pointed out above, are especially favorable to the initiatives of the creation of small, especially youth, firms. If the registration of a large company can take years, then small firms are created in the shortest possible time.
Italian small and medium-sized enterprises have enormous export potential and are sensitive to changes in the global commodity market. The exports of Italian small and medium-sized firms are roughly double the exports of similar firms in France. Simultaneously with the activation of small and medium-sized businesses, large Italian companies are gradually losing their importance for the national economy, especially losing in that they do not create new jobs.
In Catholic Italy, a special, specific philosophy of business has developed, which, in our opinion, is an order of magnitude superior to the culture of entrepreneurship in France. If in France private entrepreneurship is almost despised by society, then in Italy the founders of private firms are respected people. The activities of successful entrepreneurs are set as an example and serve as a lesson for the younger generation. For example, Leonardo del Vechio once started out producing plastics in his own kitchen. Today he is one of the largest eyeglass manufacturers in the world.
The successful development of small and medium-sized businesses in Italy contributed to the fact that the country managed to successfully survive the crisis of the state, and the crisis of large companies, and the crisis of mass production. The revival of the economy in the late 1990s - early 2000s, the strengthening of the process of European integration, the introduction of the euro into circulation served as a powerful stimulus for the further development of small and medium-sized businesses in Italy. Clusters - specialized production zones - emerge on the basis of a high concentration of small companies specializing in one business segment. So, hundreds of companies - manufacturers of stockings and tights, including such well-known as Nerino Grassi (whose products in Russia are known under the brand name Golden Lady), geographically concentrated in the Castel Goffredo and Castiglione delle Stiviere zones.
Reflecting on our own
What features of the Italian model of economic development could be successfully used in modern Russian conditions?
Not all, however, are as successful in the Italian development model. Such problems as maintaining the geopolitical unity of the country by bridging the economic gap between the north, center and south, the presence of powerful organized crime and corruption, and outdated transport and telecommunications infrastructure are still relevant. All the former Italian prime ministers tried to solve these problems in their own way, and yet the new cabinets of ministers inherit the problems that have not been solved by their predecessors. So, one of the former prime ministers of the country - the odious and ambitious TV mogul and billionaire Silvio Berlusconi, who at one time was the initiator of quite radical economic reforms for Italy, and failed to fulfill all his program promises and was also convicted of abuse of power and corruption ...
The new conditions for world economic development, the globalization of the world economic system, deepening European integration and the introduction of the euro open up a new opportunity for Italy, expanding the field of entrepreneurship for its many highly efficient and competitive small and medium-sized enterprises. Italy's positions in the EU, in contrast to Great Britain, are distinguished by constancy and perseverance on the path of building and developing a political and economic union. However, the most difficult task for Italy will remain to normalize the situation in public finances, in particular to bring the level of public debt in line with the Maastricht criteria, which in 2013 exceeded 130% of GDP.
Recall that one of the main features of the Italian economy is the regional unevenness of economic development, which gives rise to the opposition of the industrially developed regions of the north and center of the country to the agrarian and relatively underdeveloped south. Such a contradiction is especially dangerous due to the fact that European Italy, with a rich culture and traditions of entrepreneurship, confronts Mediterranean Italy with its clannishness and merger with the business and state apparatus of organized crime - the famous Sicilian and Neapolitan mafia.
Structure of GDP production in the Italian economy:
- agriculture: 2% of GDP
- industry: 24.4% of GDP
- service sector: 73.5% of GDP.
From this structure, one can see the not very high efficiency of Italian agriculture, which also has a large number of small and medium-sized firms, therefore it employs a much larger number of labor resources than in other leading countries.
Agriculture in Italy has been predominantly developed in the south, where wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, barley, traditional Mediterranean vegetables and fruits are cultivated. Italy mainly specializes in crop production. For Italian agriculture, a single European agricultural policy has a negative impact, since the country's inefficient national agricultural production cannot compete on an equal footing with other European producers.
In industry, the processing industries are of the greatest importance. Italy specializes in the production of:
- engineering products and transport equipment, including:
- - textile machinery (Italy ranks third in the world after Germany and Switzerland for its production);
- - agricultural machines;
- - road construction equipment (fourth place in the world);
- - cars (Fiat, Iveco,Ferrari, Lamborghini);
- - railway rolling stock (second place in the world after France);
- electronics and electrical engineering, 40% of which is exported (office equipment of the company Olivetti and other manufacturers, electrical appliances);
- aerospace products (in particular, aircraft and aircraft equipment of the company Alenia, company helicopters and light aircraft Agusta );
- chemical products, including pharmaceuticals (Italy is the fifth largest drug manufacturer in the world, Italian drugs are distinguished on the world market by their low prices);
- products of the steel industry (second in the EU and sixth in the world for rolled metal, Italy accounts for 40% of metal production in the EU);
- light industry products: garments, textiles, footwear, furniture (the second largest furniture manufacturer in the world);
- construction goods (building materials).
Italy specializes in products with a medium degree of science intensity, as it is characterized by a certain technological lag behind world leaders. The country has a smaller share of R&D spending in GDP than Germany, France or the UK, and Italy also suffers from a research shortage. Thus, the main task of Italy in the field of scientific and technological progress is to reduce its technological gap from other leading countries, to increase the knowledge intensity and competitiveness of products. Such plans can be realized by forcing the aggregate national expenditures on R&D, intensifying scientific and technical exchange with other countries, acquiring licenses for the production of science-intensive products from firms in the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, and attracting foreign investment.
The experience of the conversion of the Italian military industry is of particular interest. As a result of the improvement in the political situation in Europe in the early 1990s. military production in Italy was cut by a third. An example of a successful conversion is the company's experience Alenia, which, under the slogan "Rides instead of rockets", produces the most modern entertainment complexes based on ultra-sophisticated military technologies and electronics, competing with the famous Disneylands with its products.
Italy's energy sector remains highly vulnerable to external factors, as 80% of Italy's energy consumption is dependent on imports. About 2/3 of the Italian energy sector depends on oil imports, 15% on coal, and 13% on gas. Moreover, all nuclear power plants in Italy were closed in the 1980s.
The services sector in Italy is dominated by tourism and banking. The most important source of income for the country in this area is tourism. More than 50 million tourists visit Italy annually (almost as many as people live permanently in Italy itself). Places of pilgrimage for tourists are the cities of Rome, Venice, Florence, Milan, numerous castles, monasteries, sea and ski resorts. The so-called shopping tourism is also developing, attracting wholesalers with Italian small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as individual consumers of Italian clothing and footwear. Banking is of no less importance. Italy is the birthplace of banks; 67% of its settlements have banking institutions.
Italy exports mechanical engineering and metalworking products, clothing, textiles and footwear, chemical products, food, construction materials, office equipment, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores. The assortment of imports, perhaps, with the exception of energy carriers, completely coincides with exports.
The main foreign trade partners of Italy are the EU countries, mainly Germany, France and Great Britain, as well as Switzerland and the USA.
Italy's foreign trade takes a place corresponding to the country's ranking in the world economy. Italy ranked 8th in 2014 in the list of the world's leading exporters of goods ($ 529 billion, 2.8% of world goods exports), and was 11th in terms of imports of goods ($ 472 billion, 2.5% of world import of goods). In the export of services, Italy ranked 14th in 2014 ($ 114 billion, 2.3% of world exports of services), and in terms of imports of services it was 13th ($ 112 billion, 2.4% of world imports of services) ...
It is worth noting that Italian exporters also suffered some losses from the sanctions imposed against Russia in 2014 and the Russian counter-sanctions that followed. According to the National Confederation of Italian Farmers, the country lost 1.25 billion euros in exports to Russia in 2014, while the export of Italian goods to Russia fell by 11.6% compared to 2013.
States. This direction accounts for more than 28% of the total local GDP. Moreover, almost half of all working residents are employed here. If we talk about the sectoral structure of the Italian industry, then 76% of it represents the manufacturing sector.
Mechanical engineering
The mechanical engineering industry in Italy is considered one of the most important and most dynamic sectors of the country's economy. More recently, its main centers were Turin, Milan and Genoa. Currently, this area has spread to other regions of the state. Significant mechanical engineering facilities are now located in Florence, Venice, Bologna and Trieste. The automotive industry has become a key area of this industry. Every year the state produces about two million cars, as well as a huge number of mopeds, motorcycles and bicycles. The leading role here is played by the Fiat concern. Its headquarters are located in the city of Turin, and production facilities are located in almost all regions of the country. In the Lombard cities, Naples and Turin, the production of air transport is established, while the Italian shipbuilding industry is concentrated in Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia and Trieste. 
Power generation
The state produces about 190 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. Almost 65% of this amount is accounted for by thermal power plants, which are located in the largest cities. They operate both on their own and on imported raw materials. Slightly less than one third of the electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers. The entire remaining share is accounted for by objects from the field of alternative energy. An interesting feature of the industry is that not a single nuclear power plant operates in the state, which was the result of a nationwide referendum held in 1987.
Oil industry
The country is quite poor in minerals, including black gold. Here it is mined in insignificant quantities (in total about 1.5 million tons per year) in Lombardy, Sicily and on the shelf of the Adriatic Sea. The specialization of such an industry in Italy as oil refining on imported raw materials does not prevent it from outstripping other Western European states in volumes. Most of the factories that operate in the area are concentrated in the port areas. It is here that raw materials come from the Middle East, Russia and some North African countries. However, thanks to the developed network of oil pipelines, such enterprises are successfully operating in other regions. 
Metallurgy
The metallurgical industry of Italy does not have its own sources of raw materials. Similar to the industries mentioned above, the sector is focused on imports, so its key enterprises are concentrated in the area of large ports. Ferrous metallurgy processing plants operate mainly in large industrial cities, where scrap metal accumulates in significant volumes. The country annually smelts about 250 thousand tons of aluminum and about 25 million tons of steel. The plants are oriented towards them, which are located near the sources of electricity - the Alpine hydroelectric power stations.
Light industry
Not the largest, but extremely important sector of the state's economy is the Italian light industry. It is represented, as a rule, by small companies scattered throughout the territory. The country has become one of the world leaders in the production of woolen fabrics, second only to China in this indicator. The textile industry is at a high level of development, the main production facilities of which are concentrated in the northern regions - Piedmont and Lombardy. The northwestern regions of the state, in particular Tuscany, Marche and Veneto, are the centers of the footwear, leather and clothing industry. One of the few areas that is characterized by constant growth is the food industry, which operates on both imported and its own raw materials. The volume of production here annually increases by an average of 3%. The specialization of the Italian industry in this direction is largely associated with the production of olive oil. The country accounts for about one third of its production worldwide. 
Chemical industry
The sale of the industry's products is focused primarily on meeting the needs of its own industry. At the same time, part of it is exported to the United States and the countries of the so-called common market. 
Conclusion
In this article about the Italian industry, only its main industries are briefly described. In many other spheres of activity, since the post-war years, the state has also made significant breakthroughs. Among them should be noted the electrical and furniture industries, the production of luxury goods, weapons, as well as the bioindustry.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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FGAOU VPO NORTH-EAST FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
Financial and Economic Institute
Department of "International Economic Relations"
italy industry canning dairy
Report on the topic:
"Light Industry of Italy"
Yakutsk 2012
Light industry developed in Italy.
The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and faience products, etc.
Italy ranks third in the world in footwear production after China and the United States. The Italian company "Benetton", specializing in the production of ready-to-wear and knitwear, is one of the largest in Europe, with branches in 110 countries of the world.
The headquarters of the firm is located in Treviso.
Italian textile industry
In second place after mechanical engineering in terms of the number of employees is the textile industry, one of the oldest industries in Italy.
It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, flax, jute and man-made fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear.
Of the traditional branches of the Italian textile industry, woolen and cotton are distinguished in terms of the number of employees and the cost of manufactured products.
Cotton factories are widely located throughout the country, especially in the North - E Lombardy and Piedmont, which is facilitated by the abundance of water and cheap electricity from the Alpine hydroelectric power stations.
The main regions of the woolen industry are located in Tuscany (Prato), Pie Monte (Biella) and Venice (Skis, etc.).
Silk production originated in the country in the 12th century. and is still characterized by high quality and variety of manufactured products. The silk industry is concentrated in the regions of the cities of Como and Treviso, i.e.
in the main areas of silkworm breeding.
Every year fewer and fewer fabrics are produced from natural fibers, and the production of artificial and synthetic fabrics and yarns is growing more. The appearance of artificial and synthetic fibers caused an acute and prolonged crisis in the entire Italian textile industry, associated with the restructuring of its structure, raw materials base, and technology.
Italy produces 28% of the footwear produced in the world (320 mln.
couples per year). Italy is in second place in the world after the United States in terms of footwear production, and in first place in terms of its exports; it accounts for 379 exports of these products. Most of the shoe factories are located in Lombardy, in Veneto near Naples.
Food industry in Italy
The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy.
In terms of product value, it ranks third among the manufacturing industries after mechanical engineering and chemistry. The industry, which has developed from numerous small businesses, has faced major challenges as it has to adapt to the demands of the global market.
In this regard, many industries are in a state of crisis. Although, under the influence of the world market, there is an intensified process of concentration of production, the overwhelming majority of enterprises, except for pasta, sugar and canning, are still semi-handicraft in nature.
The milling industry, which is very important for the country, is located in all the largest industrial centers and port cities in Italy.
In the South, the region of Naples is especially prominent, where they produce not only flour, but also the famous Italian pasta, for the production of which Italy takes first place in the world. Pasta is produced in large quantities in Sicily, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.
Scattered across the expanses of the Padan Plain are about a hundred sugar factories that process local sugar beets.
The canning industry is highly developed in the country, mainly the canning of fruits and vegetables, and, first of all, tomatoes.
About 400 factories located in the main cultivation areas of this crop - in Campania, Emilia-Romagna and the island of Sicily, produce canned peeled tomatoes, tomato paste and juice.
Canning production is concentrated in the North. In large and small port centers there are fish canning factories, mostly small in size.
Italy has long been famous for its cheese. Along with pasta, cheese is a traditional food of Italians. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in the regions of Northern Italy, where dairy farming is most developed.
Only the main sheep cheese production areas are located to the south - in Lazio and Sardinia.
Italy is one of the first places in the world for the production of olive oil. The largest quantities of it are supplied by the areas of the most extensive olive plantations - Apulia, Calabria, Sicily, etc.
The tobacco industry in Italy is completely monopolized by the state.
Most of the tobacco factories are cut off from the raw material base - the tobacco-growing regions of the South - and are located in the largest cities - Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice.
In the post-war decades, the furniture industry began to develop rapidly in Italy. Traditionally, Italy produces the largest number of semi-antique furniture, which is in great demand on the world market, Switzerland, Libya.
The main centers of furniture production are Varedo, Seregno and other cities around Milan, Turin, as well as the city of Cascina in Tuscany.
Italy was once a major supplier of cork to the world market, but competition from Spain and a decline in cork consumption domestically have put the industry in crisis.
One of the oldest industries in Italy - the paper industry is concentrated in the alpine foothills and along the upper and middle reaches of the alpine tributaries of the river.
There are rich deposits of limestone, dolomite, marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, marls, pozzolana, etc. on the territory of Italy. contribute to the development of the building materials industry.
The production of artistic faience products is widespread, the traditions of which date back to ancient times.
The very word "faience" comes from the name of the ancient center of this production - the city of Faenza in Emilia-Romagna.
From the Renaissance to the present day, renowned artistic glass has been produced in Venice. Currently, 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce flat glass, crystal, extra strong glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, etc.
Italy is in one of the first places in the world for the development of the jewelry industry and for the quality of jewelry.
This industry developed from the oldest handicrafts, enriched with the high traditions of the Renaissance. Jewelry factories and workshops are located mainly in large industrial cities and centers of foreign tourism. Florence, Rome, Venice have long been famous for their jewelry.
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Economic development in Italy
Brief history, area, population, national state of Italy.
Main economic indicators, industry, GDP volume, volume of exports and imports, length of various roads. Improving economic ties with Russia and the CIS.
term paper, added 04/21/2011
General characteristics of the Italian economy
Economic and geographical position, development characteristics and main economic indicators of Italy.
The North-South problem: history of the issue and directions of solution. Italy's place in the world and European economy, foreign economic relations and investments.
abstract, added 05/21/2009
State anti-crisis socio-economic policy in Italy
The development of the Italian economy in the XX century: the growth of industrial investment, the creation of banks and the growth of monetary investments.
Characteristics of the metalworking, fuel and energy, food, textile, automotive and tourism industries in Italy during the 2008 crisis
abstract added on 10/18/2012
Development of the Italian economy in the post-war period
Capital equipment demand. The growth rate of the gross national product in the post-war economy of Italy. US assistance to Italy. Strengthening US hegemony in Europe and implementing the Marshall Plan. State social reforms.
presentation added 04/03/2014
Modern trends in the development of the Italian economy and forecasts of its development
Italy's place in the international division of labor.
The structure of exports of goods. The level of development of small and medium-sized businesses. Employment and banking problems. Economic differentiation between north and south. Forecasts of the development of the country's economy.
abstract added on 04/17/2015
Italy. Spain
Post-war situation in Italy. Party-political structure of the country. Italian policy in the 80s and the beginning of the XXI century. The economic development of Spain in the 40-50s in conditions of isolation from world markets on the principles of autarky.
The crisis of the Franco regime.
presentation added on 10/27/2013
International economic relations in Italy
Analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators of Italy, its place in the system of the international division of labor. Geographical location and resource potential. Foreign economic regulation system. The country's relations with Russia in the context of EU sanctions.
term paper, added 11/05/2014
Industrial economics of the world
Industry and its role in the development of the world economy.
Study of the forms of manifestation of the objective economic laws of socialism in industry. Analysis of the sectoral structure of industry in developed countries. Leading countries of world industrial production.
abstract, added 01/23/2014
Foreign economic activity of Italy
The economic potential of Italy - the leading industrialized country in the world, a member of the G8.
Aggregate trade turnover and dynamics of indicators of the country's foreign trade activity for 2008-2012 Sectoral structure of trade in goods.
term paper added on 11/10/2014
The current state of the country's oil and gas industry. The role and significance of drilling operations
Historical information about the development of the oil industry.
World reserves, production and consumption of oil by country. Call for a "world energy revolution". Leading oil and gas companies in Russia and the world. Promising directions in drilling.
presentation added 01/13/2013
Italy is one of the post-industrial countries of the world, a member of the "Big Seven". Today it produces 3% of world industrial production and about 4% of agricultural products. By total volume. GNP. Italy ranks eighth in the world.
In the structure. Since the 1980s, GNP has seen a rapid growth in the share of the service sector (67%), the share of industry was 30%, agriculture - only 3%.
Among the countries. EU in the economy. Italy's high role of the public sector. The state almost completely owns the energy sector, 50% - transport, 30% - mining, 45% - metallurgical industry, 22% - transport engineering. However, in creation. The GNP is dominated by the private sector doctor.
In the structure of the industry. In Italy, the leading place is occupied by mechanical engineering, gives more. ZO% of industrial production and is the most important export industry of the country.
The second place belongs to the chemical industry, with a very low share of the mining industry.
Industry
In recent years, there have been certain shifts in the territorial structure of industry, there is a tendency towards the decentralization of industrial enterprises.
In coastal small and medium-sized towns, wa enterprises have grown, focusing on imported raw materials.
The industrial potential of the south has grown. Italy.
Fuel industry. Italy is almost entirely focused on imported raw materials. Its own oil production is 4.5 million tons, and refining is about 200 million tons, which makes it one of the largest importers of oil.
This is the reason for the location of oil refineries in port cities.
Natural gas is mined in. Italy, about 17 billion m3 per year, and consume about 100 billion m3. Significant amount of gas. Italy gets from. Russia ,. The Netherlands and. Algeria (via a gas pipeline that runs along the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea). Energy balance. Italy is dominated by oil (over 70 %%).
Coal is transported mainly from.
By rail in Germany, it is used as a fuel in metallurgy.
The main share of electricity production (about 80%) falls on thermal power plants, the rest -.
Hydroelectric power station. Nuclear power plants after. Chernobyl disaster, "according to the will of the nationwide referendum, Art. Italy was closed. TPPs are mainly located in port cities, near large oil refineries, or in large industrial centers, as well.
Hydroelectric power stations on rivers originating in. Alps.
Ferrous metallurgy focuses exclusively on imported iron and manganese ore, coking coal, and therefore its main centers are port cities. The centers of processing metallurgy are. Turin,. Milan,. Venice, and electrometallurgy -. Bolzano ,.
Brescia (centers for the production of cheap hydropower).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is developing on its own and partially on imported raw materials. It is represented by the smelting of aluminum, zinc, lead, mercury. The enterprises are concentrated in the areas where thermal and hydraulic power plants are located.
The mechanical engineering industry is dominated by the automotive industry. In the field of the automotive industry, the FIAT concern is a monopoly, the main enterprises of which are located in.
Mechanical engineering. Italy specializes in the production of motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, shipbuilding (Genoa, Trieste, Livorno, Torento), aircraft engineering (Turin, Naples). The world knows achennya has the electrical industry. Italy and especially the production of refrigerators and washing machines - respectively 8% and 12.5% of the world production of these goods.
The electronics industry is concentrated in cities. South. In the area of. Lombardy, the administrative center of which is. Milan, the world famous office equipment factories are located.
The chemical industry is also an export industry. Italy. It specializes primarily in the production of polymers and synthetic fibers.
Northeast prices the main raw materials are food and oil refineries. On South. Italian enterprises specialize in the chemistry of organic synthesis, the production of mineral fertilizers from their own and delivered (phosphorites from Morocco) raw materials.
The woodworking industry is developing on imported timber, in particular furniture production
In the structure of light industry, the leading role belongs to the textile, clothing and footwear industries.
In Italy, about 16% of the world output of woolen fabrics is produced - second only after. China. The industry is concentrated on aibilsha in cities. Northwest. The largest enterprises of the clothing and footwear industries are located there, which operate mainly on their own and partially imported raw materials.
For the production and export of footwear. Italy occupies one of the leading places in the world.
Winemaking and pasta industry. Italy is one of the leading places in the world
1) 1st place "IRI" unites more than 300 companies
2) 2nd place "ENI" - brings together about 150 companies
3) 3rd "ENEL" and "EFIM"
4) FIAT ranks III among the Italian monopolies, headquartered in Turin (g.
Piedmont, Milan, Lombardy - Bolzano, Modena)
5) "Montedison" 11th place after "IRI" in terms of capital turnover, its subsidiary company "SNNIA-Viscose".
6) "Pirelpi"
7) "Olivetti" in Piedmont
8) "Itaiachementi"
In metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, communications, credit and finance.
Supervises oil and gas, petrochemical, nuclear energy, including abroad.
In the electric power industry and mechanical engineering.
Automotive industry.
In 1990. released 2.26 million
pieces, including 2 million - passenger cars; 80 thousand - tractors (in Milan, Emilia - Romagna). There is a large car factory of the Alfo-Romeo company in Naples.
Produces> 50% of chemical products: polymers, synthetic fibers, mineral fertilizers.
Electrical appliances, rubber and plastic products, cars.
Office and electronic equipment.
Construction Materials.
The country's energy is based on imported oil, coke and coal, its natural gas and water resources. Italy is ahead of other Western European countries in terms of refinery capacity. Despite being in power generation for the first time a thermal power plant is occupied, a relatively large proportion of hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers is relatively large.
Geothermal power plants operate in central Italy. The first nuclear power plants were built. Due to the development of electricity production, electricity production has increased significantly.
Of great importance in the production and export of cars is the production of cars, scooters (Italy is the place of a scooter), bicycles and ships. Electrical equipment for household and typewriters is very popular. 75% of engineering plants are located in the north of Italy.
In connection with the growth of hardware construction, the melting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased. Ferrous metallurgy is based on the import of residues and crude iron, coke, iron ore, alloyed metals. The characteristics of the raw materials are based on the structure and location of the industry. Steel production significantly exceeds the production of pig iron. The largest mills are located in the ports of Taranto, Genoa, Naples.
Processing metallurgy enterprises are being built at large machine plants (in Milan, Turin).
Electrometallurgy - the smelting of steel and aluminum - was created by the Alpine hydroelectric power station. The chemical industry is based on imported oil and phosphorus, natural gas, sulfur and other local raw materials.
The petrochemical industry is developing rapidly, in particular the production of plastics and synthetic fibers based on cracked naphtha. Most of the chemical plants are located in northern Italy, but new petrochemical plants have been built in the ports of southern Italy.
The Italian textile industry produces mainly cotton and synthetic fiber fabrics. This industry is concentrated mainly in Milan and its suburbs. The economic crises and recession in the manufacturing industry in the mid-1970s and early 1980s were especially reflected in Italy in the shipbuilding and automotive industries, and the textile industry. Industry is the leading sector of the Italian economy. It provides about 40% of the national income and accounts for over 40% of all employees.
Italy is very inadequate and unevenly equipped with raw materials and energy resources. Among the minerals, the country is distinguished by industrial value or exports natural gas, pyrite ores, potassium salts, cinnabar (mercury), asbestos and others.
The Italian processing industry is mainly based on imported raw materials. The Italian industry is dominated by heavy industry, the leading role of which belongs to mechanical engineering.
In recent years, the metallurgical, electrical, chemical and petrochemical industries have been highly developed.
Basically, the country has industries that require skilled labor, relatively few raw materials and fuels, and produce mostly unpackaged food. Italy's oil industry is the strongest in Europe.
It provides not only domestic demand, but also the largest export of petroleum products among all European countries.
Oil is transported to Italy through the Mediterranean Sea, mainly from the Middle East and North Africa. The largest oil refinery is built on the island of Sicily, in the city of Milazzo.
Since Italian refineries use mostly imported imported oil by sea, most of them are located near seaports, especially in the south. In the north, with an extensive pipeline system, oil refineries are close to consumers - large industrial centers. For the entire Italian economy, the use of local and imported natural gas is of great importance.
In the valley of the O., in the south of the Apennine Peninsula, on the island of Sicily and on the continental shelf in the Ravenna-Rimini region, rich natural gas fields have been developed. The demand for natural gas is growing every year, the country imports it from North Africa, the Netherlands and Russia.
A very important role in the energy sector in Italy is played by a strong industry, one of the most technologically advanced industries.
Hydroelectric resources in Italy are almost fully utilized. In the past, hydropower plants were the backbone of the Italian electrical industry, and in recent years 70% of electricity production has been generated by thermal power plants. Most of the hydroelectric power plants are concentrated in the Alps, and the largest hydroelectric power plants have been built here: Grosio, Santa Massenza. Already in 1905, the first geothermal plants in the world appeared in Larderella (central Italy), but this type of energy is still underutilized.
The share of nuclear power plants in electricity generation is still small. The inadequacy of the fuel and raw material base explains the very important dependence of most industries in Italy on foreign economic relations. In particular, it refers to the metallurgical industry: the coking industry is completely imported from abroad, mainly from the United States, imports more than 90% of iron ore, 75% of scrap metal and 2/3 of manganese ores.
Metallurgy is mainly tilted either to ports through which raw materials and fuels are imported for industry or for large engineering centers, i.e. markets. The largest and most technically unified Findser. The core of the industry consists of four large metallurgical plants - in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto. The main products in the global market are thin cold rolled steel sheets.
The aluminum industry, the smelting of lead, zinc and mercury are the most developed in the production of non-ferrous and light metals. those industries that are best equipped with local raw materials.
The leading and zinc industry processes imported polymetallic ores and local deposits from deposits on the island of Sardinia and in the Alps. Zinc melting, when production, which is more energy intensive, tends to large thermal power plants or large hydroelectric power plants. Water-soluble plants are located near sardine polymer ores.
In recent years, due to environmental problems, Italy has hardly used its richest cinemas and is losing world production of mercury in Spain.
Among the first places in the world, Italy produced magnesium. Magnesium production. Magnesium production is entirely concentrated in the only magnesium electrolysis plant in Bolzano.
The leading branch of the Italian industry - mechanical engineering - provides 1/4 of all products and ranks first in terms of the number of employees (about 2 million people).
Human). He is able to provide almost all the basic needs of the state in cars. Among the branches of technology, the automotive industry is especially noticeable. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. The main products of the industry are passenger cars. The leading position in the industry is held by the FIAT Group, the strongest privately owned company in Italy and one of the largest companies in the world. In factories scattered throughout the country, not only cars are produced, but also trucks, buses, engines of various types of electric locomotives, trams, trolley buses, tractors, etc.
Most of the FIAT companies are located in and around Turin. There were FIAT car dealerships in southern Italy - not far from Naples and Palermo.
The plants of the remaining, less important car company - for Ferrari, Maserati, Lunch are located in the north - in Milan, Turin, Bolzano, Modena, and also near Naples.
Italy is the birthplace of the scooter. Italian scooters and motorcycles are in great demand among the local population and are known in many countries around the world.
Geographical conditions and historical reasons explain the tradition of shipbuilding in Italy. Italcantieri owns approximately 90% of the country's shipbuilding capacity. In the most important shipbuilding centers of the Adriatic - Monfalcone, Trieste, Venice and Ancona, on the Ligurian Sea - Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, in the south of the development of shipbuilding in Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo.
Italy has made significant progress in the electrical industry, especially with its new subsidiary, electronics manufacturing.
The strongest electrical engineering unit is Milan. In recent years, the construction of electrical companies has moved south, to the Naples and Bari areas.
Agricultural machinery is being developed, and the construction of a tractor as much as possible. On the world market, Italy is also known as a manufacturer of machinery and equipment for the processing of plastics and for the rubber industry. The Italian international specialization is also the production of equipment for the textile, footwear, food and printing industries.
In general, hardware companies are concentrated in the industrial north. The Italian chemical industry operates mainly from imported raw materials (mainly oil, natural gas, phosphorus, sulfur, cellulose), but also partially uses its own stocks of chemical raw materials, in particular natural gas, pyrite, potassium chloride and sulfur.
Industry personnel are designated by organic chemistry companies: large petrochemical plants and individual plants operating on petroleum products and natural gas. The most important centers of petrochemicals in the country are concentrated in the north: Milan, Mantua, Ravenna, Ferrari.
The central center of petrochemicals in central Italy is the city of Terni. Several large factories were built in southern Italy: in the cities of Priolo, Gela, Naples, Cagliari, Porto Torres.
Petrochemical products are very diverse. The production of plastics is growing especially rapidly, which has become one of the main areas of Italian specialization in the international division of labor and the production of man-made fibers. Italy stands out in Europe for the level of development of the paint and varnish industry and the pharmaceutical industry.
Fertilizer production is developing at the intersection of inorganic and organic chemistry. Preserved in Italy and one of the oldest traditional cultures - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.
In close connection with the chemical industry, the production of rubber using imported natural and domestic synthetic rubber as raw materials. In second place in mechanical engineering, the number of employees is based on the textile industry, one of the oldest branches in Italy.
It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, flax, jute and man-made fibers and various knitwear. Cotton companies are mainly located in the north, in Lombardy and Piedmont, aided by abundant water and cheap electricity from alpine hydroelectric power plants. The main areas of the wool industry are located in Tuscany, Piedmont and Venice.
Silk companies are concentrated in the cities of Como and Treviso.
In terms of footwear production, Italy, on the other hand, ranks second in the world and after its export comes first.
The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy. The milling industry is very important to the country. In the south, there is a particularly prominent region of Naples, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, which Italy ranks first in the world.
About a hundred sugar factories that process local sugar beets are scattered across the Padan Lowland. Very developed in the preservation of the country. Mostly fruits and vegetables are preserved, as well as meat and fish.
Italy has long been considered cheese. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in northern Italy, where the dairy industry is most developed.
Italy produces 30% of the world's olive oil.
In Italy, the furniture industry is developing rapidly. In accordance with the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of antique furniture.
On the territory of Italy there are rich deposits of limestone, marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, etc.
Promote the development of the building materials industry.
Expansion of the production of ceramics, the tradition of which dates back to ancient times.
Italy is one of the leading cities in the world for the development of the jewelry industry, has always been famous for jewelry, Florence, Rome, Venice.
Features of the Italian economy and industry
Italy began the path of capitalist development later than Britain and France - at the end of the 19th century after a political alliance that ended in 1870. However, the country's economic development, hindered by the strong survival of feudalism, the poverty of farmers and a weak fuel and commodity base, has been slow.
On the eve of the First World War, Italy remained an agrarian state. Only Northern Italy was distinguished by a higher degree of economic development: developed industry developed here, agriculture was more intensive.
Despite its economic weakness, the Italian bourgeoisie actively participated in the struggle to reorganize the world.
The arms policy stimulated the development of heavy industry. New industries have been developed - automotive, aerospace, electrical, chemical (especially the production of artificial silk). The Second World War caused enormous damage to the Italian economy. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, Italian industry developed at a fairly high rate.
The growth of industrial production is largely due to the inflow of foreign capital.
Italy in its economic position occupies an intermediate position among the most economically developed capitalist countries ruled by the United States and Germany and countries with a middle stage of development of the productive forces. Taking into account the share of capitalist industrial production in the world (5% in 1985), it is ranked fifth in the United States, Japan, Germany and France.
However, in terms of national income per capita, Italy is not only worse for these countries, but also for many others, which are only surpassed by Greece, Spain and Ireland in Western Europe.
As in other highly developed countries in Italy, industry is the leading sector of the economy, although it employs a smaller proportion of the economically active population than the intensive and disproportionately growing service sector.
The value of industrial production is four times higher than agricultural production, in which 5.5 times less capital is invested annually than in industry. Industrial production is dominated by Italian exports.
An important part of Italy's national treasure is in the hands of the monopolies, of which 11 are some of the biggest problems in the world. The dominant industries are the chemical and electrical industries (Montadison), the automotive industry (FIAT) and the rubber industry (Pirelli).
At the same time, there are many more medium, small and small enterprises in the country, especially in the lighting and food industries, as well as in the production of household electrical equipment, equipment for processing synthetic materials and in some industries of machine tools.
Since the seventies of the last century, there has been a noticeable trend towards a decrease in the large and growing role of small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises.
The Italian state actively and in various forms intervenes in the country's economy: specialized bodies participate in joint-stock companies as holders of controlling stakes, industrial enterprises are formed in accordance with various national programs.
The country has become the largest entrepreneur in the country. Its positions are especially strong in energy, metallurgy and shipbuilding.
It is owned by many light industry companies. The largest banks were also nationalized. With the pace of development, the public sector is better than the development of the Italian economy as a whole. In our time, government intervention in the economy is not limited to helping individual monopolies in the development of the least profitable or requiring particularly large investments in capital investments. The main goal of government intervention is to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, to preserve and strengthen the capitalist system in the country.
A new important feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy was the long-term programming of the economy throughout the country, reflecting the increased concentration and centralization of production and capital, increased monopolization and destabilization of the economy.
Some industries (transport, communications, public works, etc.) are funded mainly by economic programs. It is the largest and has been continuously operating since 1950, an Italian program dedicated to the development of the economy in the south.
The Italian government facilitates the inflow of foreign capital, which plays an important role in the country's economy.
Most of the investment is concentrated in mechanical engineering, chemistry and energy, and a significant part of the investment is in the service sector. Capital is dominated by the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
Many aspects of Italy's economic life are determined by participation in the EEC. The result of the specialization of EEC production forced the Italian economy to adapt to new market conditions and accelerate structural changes.
In the general market system, Italy acts as an importer of industrial products (mainly machinery and equipment) and small food products (fruits, vegetables, wine) and at the same time as a country imports of basic food products and basic types of mineral and agricultural raw materials for its industry.
As in other countries in Italy, the economy develops spontaneously and unevenly. The "economic miracle" of the sixties, when Italy was only lower in terms of industrial development in Japan, was short-lived.
A recession followed, followed by the severe energy and general economic crisis of 1973-1975. In 1982, the country's economy again entered the crisis zone: the gross national product is declining (-1.2% in 1983), inflation is growing, the volume of foreign trade, the level of personal consumption of the population, unemployment and the cost of living are growing. The operation of production facilities was the lowest in 1983 for the entire post-war period - 71%.
After the crisis of the 1970s, a new phenomenon emerged in Italy - the so-called hidden economy: in many industries that bypassed collective agreements, tax laws, etc.
There are no registered companies elsewhere. unemployed workers, women interested in part-time work or working from home, students and retirees who need additional income.
The growing problem of disproportionate development of certain parts of the country, the contrast between the level of economic and social development of northern and southern Italy, remains acute.
Industry, its sectoral and territorial organization
The general state, rhythm and nature of the development of the Italian economy is determined by its most important area - the industry, representing approximately 2/5 of the workers in the economy and the same share of the national income.
Italy is distinguished by an extremely low share of the extractive industry and a high share of the manufacturing industry in the number of employees, especially in capital, and especially in the total value of industrial production. This is due to the lack of significant mineral resources in the country.
The Italian processing industry is mainly based on imported raw materials.
Heavy industry is predominant, with hardware as the main role. Power engineering, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry are also developed.
As a result of the radical restructuring of the energy base that has taken place over the past decades, the leading role has shifted from the hydroelectric power plant and imported coal for oil, which provides more than 60% of all energy consumption.
They are followed by natural gas (15.5%), coal and lignite (8.5%), hydropower (7.6%) and nuclear power (0.3%). At the same time, Italy is forced to import almost all of the oil it consumes, 80% of solid fuels and 44% of natural gas.
The strongest oil refining industry in Western Europe has grown to oil imported by sea.
Italy is one of the largest exporters of petroleum products in Western Europe. The energy crisis has forced us to look for ways to save energy in general and especially oil. In the 1980s, the total capacity of the Italian refining industry declined from 206 million tons.
Crude oil per year in 1980 up to 150 million tons. In 1983, some factories were closed.
The electric power industry plays an important role in the country's economy. The installed capacity is 49.4 million kW, of which 64.4% is in thermal power plants, 32% is hydro and PSP, 2.6% is atoms and 1% is geothermal.
Produces 180-190 billion kWh of electricity annually. Most of the electricity is generated at thermal power plants, which mainly run on fuel oil, for the first time they received a hydroelectric power plant, since the water sources are almost completely exhausted. In recent years, water storage facilities have been built in Italy. Italy was a pioneer in the construction of the PSPP (1908).
The world's first geothermal plants appeared almost simultaneously (1905). In the 1960s, Italy was one of the first to build large nuclear power plants. The country has 4 nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW.
The dependence on imports of fuel and raw materials is very important in the iron and steel industry. In 1986, the country produced 10.3 million tons.
pig iron and about 22 million tons. Steel. Italy is the fifth largest steel producer. Steel mills are located either close to the port, or gravitate towards markets, but towards large engineering centers. It was in the port of four centers of the state's largest full-cycle plant, owned by Finsider (Genuya-Cornigliano, Piombino, Naples, Bagnoli and Taranto).
Most of the steel mills are concentrated in the old industrial cities in the northwest. Electrometallurgical companies are located at the foot of the Alps and Alpine valleys. The Italian metallurgical industry is supplied to the world market mainly from thin cold rolled steel and steel pipes.
Italy is the fourth largest pipe producer in the world. In recent years, the Italian iron and steel industry has undergone significant development challenges as the “common market”, under US pressure, decided to limit steel production to “tenths”.
In the production of non-ferrous and light metals, those industries are chosen that are better equipped with local ore reserves: smelting of aluminum, lead, zinc and mercury.
During the crisis years, aluminum smelting decreased from 274,000 tons in 1986 to 194,000 tons in 1988. Most of the aluminum smelters are located in the northeast and are rich in electricity.
Leading and zinc industry imports imported polymetallic ores and local ones. Energy-intensive zinc smelting is located near large power plants (in the cities of Porto Marghera, Monteponi, Porto Vesme, Crotone).
Smelters are classified mainly in Sardinia, in the vicinity of polymetallic ore deposits.
In recent years, Italy has lost its world championship for mercury production to Spain. These ancient products have been restored in accordance with environmental requirements and today they produce about 2 thousand tons. in year.
With its rich dolomite deposits, Italy was one of the first cities in the world to produce magnesium.
In 1986, 85,000 tons of magnesium mines were mined and 7,800 tons were liquidated. magnesium.
The leading branch of the Italian industry is mechanical engineering.
It employs 2.2 million people, accounts for a quarter of all manufactured products and 2/5 of Italian exports. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. In terms of production, it is in 5th place. Mechanical engineering is characterized by a high concentration of production and capital and is in the hands of several large associations that produce complex and varied products.
The most advanced export of machinery (automobiles, locomotives, automobiles, shipbuilding). Most of Fiat's car groups have monopolized - the most powerful private companies in Italy and one of the largest monopolies in the world. The group of plants is scattered throughout the country and produces subcompact and compact cars, trucks, buses, various engines, airplanes, ships, locomotives, tractors, subway equipment, power plants, airports.
Other companies left another place in automobile production - Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia, the state-owned company Alfa Romeo.
Almost all factories are located in the industrial centers of the North. Several factories produce motorcycles and scooters. In one of the first places in the world, Italy produces bicycles and mopeds.
The sources of Italian shipbuilding have been lost in the mists of time. The development of this traditional industry is the result of historical reasons and geographic conditions. In recent years, tanker orders have dropped dramatically, requiring multiple container ships, mixed vessels, specialized subsea drilling and subsea research vessels.
Approximately 85% of all shipbuilding facilities are owned by the state-owned Fincantieri group.
The largest shipyards in the country are Monfalcone on the Adriatic Sea and in Trieste, Venice, Ancona. The oldest region of Italian shipbuilding is the Ligurian coast (Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia).
In the south, the main shipyards are Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo, Castellammare di Stabia.
During the crisis, Italian mechanical engineering successfully continued to develop the electrical industry (Italy occupies 30 meters in the world in the production of refrigerators and washing machines), the production of office equipment, tools, the production of bearings, typewriters and other non-metallic products that require high labor costs.
More than 10% of all radio-electronic equipment in Western Europe is produced in Italy. Milan dominates this production. The Italian mechanical engineering industry is developing and becoming more and more complex. It produces not only traditional machines, but also machine tools and software, industrial robots.
In recent years, there has been a large complex of companies producing all types of modern weapons, half of which are sold to different countries, and some of them are designed to strengthen NATO's military capabilities.
In agricultural machinery, Italy specializes in the production of tracked tractors. Despite declining production in the 1980s, Italy remained the world's first exporter of tractors. The main area of these products is Emilia-Romagna. The Italian international specialization also includes machines for the textile, footwear, food, printing, plastics and rubber industries. With all the distribution of engineering companies throughout the country, the main focus of this industry as a whole is the industrial north.
The leading branch of the Italian industry is the chemical industry, which after the war reached a high level of development, petrochemicals were especially developed.
However, the economic crises are also affected here. Since the 1970s, no factories have been built, and many companies have reduced their production capacity.
The difficult state of the chemical industry has exacerbated the political and competitive struggle between public and private capital in this vital sector of the country. It is used as a local raw material (pyrite, sulfur, natural gas) and imported (oil, coal, phosphorites).
Plants are located mainly in the north of the country. In chemical products, with the exception of acids and mineral fertilizers, synthetic materials (plastics, synthetic fibers) occupy a prominent place, although their production is gradually decreasing.
The refining and petrochemical industries are located in the port cities (Naples, Livorno, Genoa, Bari, etc.) where oil is sent from the Middle East. One of the largest chemical problems in the world - Montadison - prevails in Italian chemistry, accounting for 1/4 of the total chemical production in Italy and 1/3 of the industry workers. The European background is the color and varnish industry and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the traditional cultures is also preserved in Italy - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.
The main products of the rubber industry, closely related to the chemical industry, located mainly in Milan, Turin, Vigevan, Tivoli (near Rome), are automobile tires.
One of the oldest industries in Italy is textiles.
By the number of employees (493 thousand in 1986), only equipment is available. The Italian textile industry produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, flax, jute and man-made fibers and various knitwear. The industry is highly dependent on imports of raw materials and on the ability to export its products, which is 1/10 of the country's total exports. Cotton mills are scattered throughout the country, but they are large in the north, with a lot of water.
The wool industry has long been concentrated in Piedmont, Venice and Tuscany. Traditional silk production for Italy is located in the nesting areas of silkworms - near Como, Treviso, Campania. Italy is the second largest clothing supplier in Hong Kong and the world's first supplier of footwear.
Every third pair of leather boots sold on the world market is Italian. Italy accounts for 12% of the world's clothing exports. Italy, together with France, is considered the trends in clothing and footwear.
The food industry is the third industry that is associated with the cost of production in mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as the number of employees in mechanical engineering and the textile industry.
It is mainly represented by small businesses and is scattered throughout the country. Under the pressure of the "common market", it changes its traditional structure, increasing the concentration of production. Nature and global industry specialization of the food industry Italian, to define the traditional production of pasta, tomatoes and various canned fruits, cheese, olive oil (1/3 of world production), wine (1-2nd in the world), sugar (8th 13% production).
The food industry, which is widespread almost everywhere, respects the general Italian pattern: its main centers are located in the north.
In the south, Naples and its surroundings stand out. The customs industry is monopolized by the state. It is characterized by the distance of production (tobacco factories in Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice) from the raw material base (tobacco growing area in the south).
In the post-war decades in the cities of Milan, Turin, in
Cashin in Tuscany for imported raw materials has developed the production of fashionable furniture (mainly "antiques"), mainly for export.
Italy has the richest resources for the production of building materials. Italy's strong cement industry provides over 20% of Western European products. The largest cement factories are located at the foot of the Alps, in Padua, around Naples in Taranto. The glass industry in Italy is not a museum industry.
More than 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce particularly durable glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, crystal and sheet glass. The production of artistic and technical ceramics is widespread. Venice is still famous for its artistic glass that stretches over the island of Murano.
Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the volume of the jewelry industry and the quality of jewelry. This industry has developed from the earliest handicrafts and maintains the high traditions of the Renaissance.
Manufacturing dominates in the sectoral structure of Italian industry (76%). The leading role belongs to the branches of mechanical engineering, chemical industry, food industry. In recent years, the share of science-intensive engineering industries has been growing. The territorial structure of the industry is also changing: it is decentralized, reorientation to imported raw materials with placement in port cities, the growth of the industrial potential of the center and the south of the country. The country's energy balance is dominated by oil (over 70%). Lack of energy resources is forcing the import of the overwhelming amount of oil needed for the economy (95% of consumption) and natural gas (60%). Oil comes by sea from the Gulf countries and is refined at refineries located mainly in port cities. Gas is exported by gas pipelines from Russia, as well as from Algeria through a gas pipeline laid along the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. Small quantities of coal are mined.
The bulk of electricity (over 200 billion kW / h) is produced at thermal power plants - 65%. TPPs operate on imported and own coal, partly on oil, they are located near oil refineries or large cities, where they focus on the consumer. Hydroelectric power plants produce 30% of electricity and are located on alpine rivers, the total water resource of which is estimated at 56 billion kW. Nuclear power plants in Italy do not work after the negative decision of the popular referendum in 1987. There are separate objects of alternative energy.
The structure of the Italian industry is characterized by:
- 1) greater importance in the economy of light industry sectors while maintaining certain positions of heavy industry;
- 2) the leading role of mechanical engineering;
- 3) a higher role of the chemical industry than in other EU countries;
- 4) the mining industry is underdeveloped;
- 5) the great importance of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Of all the developed countries of Italy, the sharpest territorial contrasts in the level of industrialization are inherent. In southern Italy, the industry employs less than 15% of the economically active population, and in the Northwest - about 40%. The overwhelming part of the most advanced science-intensive industries is also concentrated here.
There is a slight lag in Italy from other industrialized countries in terms of the level of scientific potential, therefore, the country in MRI specializes in the production of machines and equipment of medium and low science intensity, supplying a fairly wide range of engineering products to the world market. In particular, it is one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery, electrical household, packaging and food equipment, machine tools, textile equipment, rolling stock and other vehicles.
Italy is one of the world's largest manufacturers and exporters of consumer goods of high quality and exquisite design.
Fuel and energy complex... Italy is extremely poor in energy sources, has an unfavorable energy balance.
On average, only 17% of needs are covered by own resources. Almost 70% of the energy balance is accounted for by oil. According to this indicator, Italy is comparable among post-industrial countries only with Japan: about 15% - for natural gas, 7-8% - for coal, hydro and geothermal energy.
Own oil production is small - 1.5 million tons per year. Abroad, Italy buys 98% of all oil consumed (over 75 million tons). Oil comes from Saudi Arabia, Libya, Russia. Italy has the largest oil refining industry in Western Europe in terms of installed capacity (200 million tons), but the degree of its use is very low.
Natural gas production (20 billion cubic meters in 1999) provides about 46% of its demand. Gas is imported from Russia, Algeria and the Netherlands. Italy buys about 80% of solid fuel. Bituminous coal is imported from the USA and South Africa.
More than 3/4 of electricity is generated at thermal power plants that use mainly fuel oil. Therefore, electricity is expensive, and the import of electricity from France is large. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it was decided to stop the operation of the existing nuclear power plants and not build new ones. The main goals of the state energy program are to save energy consumption and reduce oil imports.
Ferrous metallurgy Italy operates on imported raw materials. Own production is insignificant - 185 thousand tons per year. All coking coal is imported from abroad, mainly from the United States. Italy is a major exporter of scrap metal as well as alloy metal ores.
The import of raw materials for the industry predetermined the location of the largest metallurgical plants on the sea coast in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto (the latter, the largest in the EU, with a capacity of 10 million tons of steel per year). In the global market, Italy specializes in the production of thin, cold rolled steel and steel pipes. The main products of non-ferrous metallurgy: aluminum, zinc, lead and mercury.
The country ranks second in the EU and sixth in the world in rolled metal, accounting for 40% of ferrous metal production in the EU.
Chemical industry Italy specializes in the production of petrochemical products, polymers (especially polyethylene, polypropylene) and synthetic fibers. The industry is highly monopolized, dominated by large firms. ENI ranks first in Europe in the production of acrylic fibers, the second in the production of plastics, and the third in the production of fertilizers. Montadison provides 1/4 of the country's chemical fertilizer production. SNIA specializes in the production of chemical fibers, plastics, dyes, plant protection products, medicines.
Italy is the fifth largest drug producer in the world.
The oldest and most important area chemical industry- Northwest. Due to the aggravation of the ecological situation, lack of free space, difficulties with power supply, this region specializes in the production of fine chemicals. Major centers are: Milan, Turin, Mantua, Savona, Novara, Genoa.
North-Eastern Italy specializes in the production of mass petrochemical products, fertilizers, synthetic rubber (Venice, Porto Marghera, Ravenna).
The profile of Central Italy is inorganic chemistry (Rosignano, Follonica, Piombino, Terni and others).
Southern Italy specializes in the production of organic synthesis products, mineral fertilizers (Brenzi, Augusta, Gele, Torto Torres and others).
Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the Italian industry. It employs 2/5 of all industrial workers, creates 1/3 of the total value of industrial products and 1/3 of the country's exports.
Italy's international specialization is not only the production of cars, but also motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and bicycles.
Shipbuilding- the crisis branch of transport engineering; the tonnage of vessels launched annually does not exceed 250-350 thousand. br.reg.t. Shipbuilding centers: Monofalcone, Genoa, Trieste, Taranto.
Various products manufactured electrical industry- refrigerators, washing machines, TVs. The industry is characterized by a high territorial concentration in Milan, its suburbs and in the neighboring cities - Varese, Como and Bergamo.
The production of products in electronics is growing. Italy produces personal computers, electronic components. The industry leader is Olivetti, which is also one of Europe's largest manufacturers of typewriters. The main plant of this company is located in Ivrea, north of Turin. Electronic components are produced by the Italian-French company STS-Thomson.
Developed in Italy light industry... The country is one of the world's largest manufacturers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and faience products, etc. Italy ranks third in the world after China and the United States in footwear production. The Italian company "Benetton", specializing in the production of ready-to-wear and knitwear, is one of the largest in Europe, with branches in 110 countries of the world. The headquarters of the firm is located in Treviso.
News and Society
Industry in Italy is the leading sector of the state's economy. This direction accounts for more than 28% of the total local GDP. Moreover, almost half of all working residents are employed here.
If we talk about the sectoral structure of the Italian industry, then 76% of it represents the manufacturing sector.
Mechanical engineering
The mechanical engineering industry in Italy is considered one of the most important and most dynamic sectors of the country's economy.
More recently, its main centers were Turin, Milan and Genoa. Currently, this area has spread to other regions of the state. Significant mechanical engineering facilities are now located in Florence, Venice, Bologna and Trieste. The automotive industry has become a key area of this industry. Every year the state produces about two million cars, as well as a huge number of mopeds, motorcycles and bicycles.
The leading role here is played by the Fiat concern. Its headquarters are located in the city of Turin, and production facilities are located in almost all regions of the country. In the Lombard cities, Naples and Turin, the production of air transport is established, while the Italian shipbuilding industry is concentrated in Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia and Trieste. 
Power generation
The state produces about 190 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually.
Almost 65% of this amount is accounted for by thermal power plants, which are located in the largest cities. They operate both on their own and on imported raw materials. Slightly less than one third of the electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers. The entire remaining share is accounted for by objects from the field of alternative energy. An interesting feature of the industry is that not a single nuclear power plant operates in the state, which was the result of a nationwide referendum held in 1987.
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Oil industry
The country is quite poor in minerals, including black gold.
Here it is mined in insignificant quantities (in total about 1.5 million tons per year) in Lombardy, Sicily and on the shelf of the Adriatic Sea. The specialization of such an industry in Italy as oil refining on imported raw materials does not prevent it from outstripping other Western European states in volumes. Most of the factories that operate in the area are concentrated in the port areas.
It is here that raw materials come from the Middle East, Russia and some North African countries. However, thanks to the developed network of oil pipelines, such enterprises are successfully operating in other regions. 
Metallurgy
The metallurgical industry of Italy does not have its own sources of raw materials.
Similar to the industries mentioned above, the sector is focused on imports, so its key enterprises are concentrated in the area of large ports.
Ferrous metallurgy processing plants operate mainly in large industrial cities, where scrap metal accumulates in significant volumes. The country annually smelts about 250 thousand tons of aluminum and about 25 million tons of steel. The plants are oriented towards them, which are located near the sources of electricity - the Alpine hydroelectric power stations.
Light industry
Not the largest, but extremely important sector of the state's economy is the Italian light industry.
It is represented, as a rule, by small companies scattered throughout the territory. The country has become one of the world leaders in the production of woolen fabrics, second only to China in this indicator. The textile industry is at a high level of development, the main production facilities of which are concentrated in the northern regions - Piedmont and Lombardy. The northwestern regions of the state, in particular Tuscany, Marche and Veneto, are the centers of the footwear, leather and clothing industry.
One of the few areas that is characterized by constant growth is the food industry, which operates on both imported and its own raw materials. The volume of production here annually increases by an average of 3%. The specialization of the Italian industry in this direction is largely associated with the production of olive oil.
The country accounts for about one third of its production worldwide. 
Chemical industry
Initially, the production of chemical products in Italy originated in the territory of Lombardy.
This can explain the fact that it is here that most of the factories and enterprises specializing in this area of activity are now located.
The industry operates mainly on imported oil, phosphorites, cellulose, sulfur and other raw materials. In the area of the city of Trieste in the northeast are concentrated petrochemical enterprises, and in the south - companies engaged in the production of mineral fertilizers. The international specialization of the Italian industry in the field of chemistry is mainly associated with the production of polymers and synthetic fibers. The production of traditional inorganic substances - pesticides, nitric and sulfuric acid, chlorine, and caustic soda - is at a fairly high level of development.
The sale of the industry's products is focused primarily on meeting the needs of its own industry.
At the same time, part of it is exported to the United States and the countries of the so-called common market. 
Conclusion
In this article about the Italian industry, only its main industries are briefly described.
In many other spheres of activity, since the post-war years, the state has also made significant breakthroughs.
Industry of Italy and its specialization
Among them should be noted the electrical and furniture industries, the production of luxury goods, weapons, as well as the bioindustry.
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1. The economic position of Italy ……………… ………. ……. … .. .3
2. Price prices and national price regulation ………. … .7
3. The crisis and overcoming inflation ……………………. ……… .eight
4. Price levels in Italy ……………………. ……………….. ….. 9
LIST OF USED SOURCES.
Economic situation in Italy
The Italian Republic is a country in the south of Europe, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea. Italy shares borders with four countries: France to the northwest, Switzerland and Austria to the north, and Slovenia to the northeast. It also has internal borders with the Vatican and San Marino. It covers the Apennine Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula (a smaller part), the Padan Plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, Sicily, Sardinia and several small islands.
The total area is 301.23 thousand square meters. km.
Population of Italy... The current population is 61.4 million. Among them, the male population is 49%, and women - 51%. Italy lives extremely unevenly: the majority of the population lives in the north of the country. Since the northern part is more developed, internal migration from the south is directed directly here. Ravne Liguria, Campania and Lombardy are the most populated, especially in Naples, with over 2,500 people per square kilometer.
Thus, the number of inhabitants of cities in Italy is equal to the density of indicators of the city of Kiev, although they are much worse in this area.
More than 90% of the population is Catholic. The rest of the population adheres to the following religions: Judaism, Baptism, Islam and others.
Economy. Especially industrial highly developed north and poor, agrarian south.
The gross national product per capita is US $ 28,300 per year. The main industries are mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and aromatic industries.
Italy is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers in the global market for automobiles, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, construction machinery and electronic products, refrigerators, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and chemical fibers, rubber, as well as clothing and footwear for shoes, cheese, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato cans.
Large production of cement, natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits, art glass and faience, jewelry. Extraction of pyrite, mercury, natural gas, potassium salt, dolomite, asbestos. Due to the small area and high population density in modern Italy, the problem of waste disposal is acute.
Agriculture. The predominance of vegetation in agriculture.
The main products are wheat, corn, rice (1st place for harvest in Europe: more than 1 million tons per year), sugar beets.
industry
Italy is one of the world's largest producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year, more than 90% is processed into wine), olives. Floristics. The bird is developed.
- arable land - 31%
- permanent plantations - 10%
- permanent pastures - 15%
- forests and forests - 23%
Tourism. The wonderful climate and nature of Italy, magnificent historical monuments and monuments, developed tourist infrastructure, the highest level of services and services - all this attracts tourists from all over the world to rest in Italy.
Holidays in Italy offer tourists a variety of ways to have fun and time. Whether you want to actively relax, play sports and explore, or you want to relax and sunbathe on the beach, there are all conditions for this in Italian places.
Beautiful city beaches, water sports and seaside entertainment complexes, the most beautiful Italian cities, masters of ancient history, lifestyle and cultural traditions of the country - holidays in Italy give you an unlimited choice of leisure activities.
The geography of Italy is unique in its own way: tourism is a successful beach, and in winter athletes can go to the mountains and have a lot of time at one of the many ski resorts in Italy, which leave a lasting experience just like on the beaches of Italy.
Industry. Italy has natural resources.
Most of the territory is not capable of agriculture, the state is an importer of food.
Minor amounts of iron, coal and oil. In recent years, the explored reserves of natural gas, especially in the Po and the Adriatic Sea, have been increasing and represent the most important mineral resources in the country.
Most of the raw materials needed for production and over 80% of the country's imported energy.
Energy. The energy sector is heavily dependent on imports from abroad: in 2006, the country imports over 86% of its total energy consumption (99.7% of solid fuel consumption, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 16% of capacity).
Due to imports of approximately 16% of the electricity consumed from France, Italy is the world's largest importer of electricity.
Due to their dependence on expensive fossil fuels and imports, Italians pay about 45% more for electricity than the EU average.
There are currently no operating nuclear installations in Italy. In 1987, after the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Italians voted against the development of nuclear energy in the country in a popular referendum, and in 1990
in Italy, the last nuclear reactor was shut down.
The Berlusconi government (2008), called a "disaster", decided to close nuclear power plants in Italy, but on March 11, 2011, an accident occurred at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fakushima-1opiat that will force public opinion to abandon nuclear power.
Italy is the first after the referendum after the accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fakushima 1".
Italy ranks sixth in the world in wind energy (2010) with a total installed capacity of 57,870 MW, China (41,800 MW), the USA (40,200 MW), Germany (27,214 MW), Spain (20,676 MW) and India (13 064 MW).
Transport. Road transport plays an important role in the internal transport of goods and passengers, and on the other - by rail.
At the stage of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways connects the cities of northern Italy.
GDP - USD 2,013 trillion (2012).
GDP - 1,135,937 million USD USA (service sector - 65.8%, industry - 31.6%, agriculture - 2.6%).
GDP per capita - $ 19,710.
The growth of the national product is 1.3% per year.
Inflation is 1.7% per year.
The working population is 23,193,000 people (61% - services, 32% - in industry, 7% - in agriculture).
The unemployment rate is around 11.5%.
State revenue - $ 530,000 million.
Government expenditures - USD 522 million USA.
The main areas of activity: tourism, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and chemical industry, light industry and food industry.
The agricultural complex is dominated by: grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products, fish.
Production growth is 1.9% per year.
Electricity production is 243.027 million tons.
kWh (fossil fuels - 80.22%, hydroelectric power plants - 17.3%, other 2.48%, while there are no nuclear power plants in Italy).
Electricity consumption is 266,705 million kWh.
Electricity export - 900 million kW.
Electricity imports - 41,590 million kW.
Exports - $ 242.6 billion (engineering products and equipment, textiles and clothing, cars, chemicals, food, beverages, tobacco, minerals, non-ferrous metals).
Key partners: EU 56% (Germany 16.50%, France 12.70%, UK 7.20%, Spain 5.80%, 2.90% Netherlands), US 8.50%
Import - 206.9 million.
(technical products, chemicals, transport equipment, electricity, minerals and non-ferrous metals, textiles and clothing, food, beverages and tobacco).
Key partners: EU 61% (Germany 18.80%, France 13.12%, UK 6.47%, Netherlands 6.20%, Belgium-Luxembourg 4.70%), USA 5.10%.
The trade balance is $ 35,700 million.
The external debt is $ 45,000 million.
Only in a few capitalist countries can there be such great differences in the levels of economic development that exist between the North and the South of Italy.
In the north, the triangle consists of the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa, the region with the most developed industry.
Milan is the second most populous city in Italy. In terms of the development of industrial, commercial and financial functions, it ranks first, which is why it is often referred to as the business capital of the country.
Milan is surrounded by satellite cities, many of which serve as their production. Milan is also famous for the La Scala opera house.
The face of Turin is determined by the car factories of the "decree" concern,
They are affiliated with companies from other companies specializing in the production of tires, ball bearings and electrical cables. Large industry in the north serves Genoa (900,000 inhabitants), the country's largest port. There are many industrial companies in the city and its suburbs, which stretch along the sea.
The coast of Genoa is also very important.
In December 2012, Italy's public debt amounted to € 1,906 billion. As a percentage of GDP in 2010, the national debt is estimated at 126.5%.
In 2012, the number of Italian companies in bankruptcy increased.
The number of voluntarily liquidated companies has increased in normal financial standing.
VAT in the country is 21%.
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The dominant branch of the Italian industry is the automotive industry.
Industry of Italy
In terms of the scale and level of development, the automotive industry stands out (in 1985 it employed 193,741 people). Italy is one of the leading car exporters in the world market. In terms of production scale (in 1986, 1.6 mln. Cars and 179,000 trucks and buses were produced) Italy ranks fifth in the world.
Recently, other large automobile firms Lancia and Alfa Romeo joined the FIAT concern.
FIAT's activities are diverse: it owns several companies in the field of industrial construction, motor transport, shipping, it owns the Turin newspaper Stampa and Milan's Corriere della Sera, hotels, a chain of department stores, etc. The center of all this is Turin, where the oldest and most important automobile factories of the concern, numerous auxiliary and secondary industries. FIAT specialists are involved in the creation of car factories in many countries of the world, including Russia.
Almost all car factories are located in the North. Only Alfa Romeo built a plant in Pomigliano d'Darco, near Naples. The automotive industry was the first to meet the blows of the crisis and in the 1980s already needed government assistance. FIAT and Alfa Romeo suspended thousands of workers.
The country also occupies the leading places in the world in the production of bicycles and mopeds.
The origins of Italian shipbuilding began in the past centuries. About 85% of the country's shipbuilding capacity belongs to the Fincantieri state group.
The largest Italian shipyards are located in Monfalcone (Adriatic), as well as in Trieste, Porto Marghera, Ancona on the Ligurian coast, in Naples, Taranto and some other cities.
The most powerful junction of the electrical industry in the country is Milan with the surrounding provinces, in the south - the districts of. Naples and Vari. Italy ranks third in the world for the production of refrigerators (3.3 ml.
in 1986) and washing machines (3.9 million units in 1986).
More than 10% of all electronic equipment in the world is produced in Italy. Milan is in the lead in this sector.
The production of machine tools is constantly developing. Italy manufactures traditional lathes, grinders, milling machines, as well as CNC machines and industrial robots. Italian industrial robots operate in many countries, including ZIL, AZLK, and others.
All over the world, typewriters and calculating machines are sold from the small Piedmont town of Ivrea, where the Olivetti company is located (in 1986 - 443,000 typewriters).
In the global world economy, Italy specializes in machines for the printing, textile, food, footwear, plastic processing and rubber industries.
The automotive industry is mainly located in the industrial North.
In the 60-70s, before the onset of the energy crisis, chemistry developed dynamically, and especially petrochemistry.
However, since the end of the 70s, not a single new plant has been built, many concerns have reduced their output capacities, and several large factories have been closed. The country's specialization in the chemical industry is determined by the production of plastics and chemical fibers. Among other European countries, the paints and varnishes and pharmaceutical industries in Italy stand out.
The chemical industry is concentrated mainly in the North, especially in Lombardy, as well as in Emilia - Romagna, Venice, Tuscany, Campania.
Metallurgy is very developed in Italy, but dependence on the import of oil and raw materials is very significant in this area. In 1986, a total of 11.6 mln. Was smelted in the country. tons of cast iron and 24 ml. tons of steel. Factories are located either near seaports (where the import of raw materials from other countries is cheaper and easier), or near sales markets - large centers of the automotive industry.
The ferrous metallurgy of Italy enters the foreign market mainly with steel pipes and thin cold-rolled steel. Great importance is attached in Italy to the supply of steel pipes to Russia.
One of the oldest traditional industries in the country is textile, producing yarns and fabrics from wool, flax, cotton, hemp, silk and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear.
Italy is the second largest exporter of clothing after Hong Kong and the world's first exporter of footwear.
The food industry steadily ranks third in terms of production and the number of employees after mechanical engineering and the textile industry. It developed on the basis of numerous small semi-handicraft enterprises directly related to agriculture.
The main focus of the Italian food industry is on the traditional production of pasta, cheese, various types of canned vegetables, olive oil (1/3 of world production), grape wines (leading places in the world) and sugar. The main centers of this industry are located in the northern part of the country, while Naples is in the lead in the south.
