Story
The increased capabilities of sonar systems by the 1970s led to the easy detection of submarines in the acoustic field, and Soviet designers began to give priority to noise reduction issues. Since it was not possible to reduce the noise level of Project 641B submarines belonging to the second generation, it was decided to create a fundamentally new ship, in connection with which the Rubin design bureau under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormilitsin began the development of a diesel submarine project third generation. In accordance with the assignment, the projected boat was supposed to win a dueling situation with any submarine of this class, which was achieved by an optimal combination of low noise, detection range, speed and weapon power. Initially, the project included great opportunities for subsequent upgrades.
The construction was carried out in two series, significantly different in characteristics. As part of the USSR Navy, all boats were assigned to project 877, and export ones - one series was designated as project 877E and 877EKM, the second - project 636.
Design
Frame
For the first time in the USSR, the hull of the boat was made in an "airship" shape with an optimal elongation from the point of view of streamlining and with a minimum of outboard openings. The length-to-width ratio was slightly more than 7. The chosen shape made it possible to increase the underwater speed and reduce noise, due to the deterioration of seaworthiness in the surface position.
The boat has a double-hull design, traditional for the Soviet school of submarine shipbuilding. The light body limits the developed nasal end, in the upper part of which there are torpedo tubes, and the lower one is occupied by the developed main antenna of the "Rubicon-M" hydroacoustic complex.
The robust case is divided into six compartments:
- The first compartment is divided into three decks. The upper one is occupied by torpedo weapons, the middle one is residential, and the lower one is the first group of batteries.
- The second compartment is also three-deck. On the upper deck there is a central post, below it there is a second deck, on which the radio operator's wheelhouse and the navigational wheelhouse are located. All sliding devices pass through the same compartment.
- The third compartment is three-deck, residential. Two decks are occupied by the crew quarters, and the lower one is occupied by the second battery group.
- The fourth compartment is a diesel generator.
- The fifth compartment is electromotive. Aft emergency buoy is released from this compartment.
- The sixth compartment is aft, it contains an economical running electric motor and rudder drives, a stern hatch.
Power point
Submarines of project 877 have a single-shaft power plant implemented on the principle of full electric propulsion. Two diesel engines of the 4-2DL42M type have a capacity of 1000 kW at a speed of 700 rpm, and work in conjunction with generators of the PG-142 type. The rowing electric motor of the PG-101 model has a power of 4040 kW at 500 rpm and is duplicated by the economic propulsion electric motor of the PG-140 type (139 kW at 150 rpm). Two standby propellers of the "screw-in-a-tube" type are located in the semi-circular tunnels in the aft part inside the light hull of the boat and are driven by standby PG-168 electric motors (2x 75 kW at 650 rpm).
The 446 type storage battery consists of two groups of 120 cells each, and is located on the lower decks of the 1st and 3rd compartments. Its energy capacity is enough for 400 miles of submerged course at a speed of 3 knots. The cruising range under the RDP is 6,000 miles at 7 knots.
Habitability
There are 45 berths for 57 crew members, located in the cabins of the first and third compartments. Due to the lack of the required number of berths, at the basing points, the crew is located in the barracks.
Armament
The boats of the project received an automated weapon system. The armament included 6 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In Soviet times, the ships were equipped with a defensive air defense system "Strela-3", which could be used on the surface.
Modifications
877LPMB
Main article: B-800 Kaluga
The submarine B-800 Kaluga, built in 1989, received an experimental propeller made of a special Aurora alloy with 7 L-shaped blades. Also, the boat was equipped with a rescue hatch, allowing evacuation from the submarine from a depth of up to 250 meters. The equipment of the electromechanical warhead (BCH-5) was redesigned, the main propulsion electric motor and the economical propulsion engine were slower, and therefore quieter than on the two lead boats of the B-401 and B-402 projects. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat. As a result of the modernization, the living conditions on the boat were somewhat constrained.
She was in the combat composition of the Black Sea Fleet, then was transferred to the Northern Fleet. In anticipation of repairs, the submarine stood at the pier of the Zvyozdochka shipyard for 9 years. Renovation work started in 2011 and finished in 2012. It is part of the Kola flotilla of diverse forces of the Northern Fleet (base station Polyarny).
877V
877EKM
On the basis of the export modification 877E, a version of the 877EK project (Export Capitalist) was developed, which did not go into production and was finalized, having received the code 877EKM (Export Capitalist Modernized). The main emphasis during the modernization was placed on ensuring the operation of the boat's mechanisms in tropical conditions. According to the 877EKM project, 18 submarines were built in 2000.
08773
The project 877EKM, modified for the Indian Navy, received the code 08773. The differences consisted in the installation of the Club-S missile system, the Lama-ER missile control system, the new MGK-400EM (MGK-EM) sonar system, and improved control and maintenance systems. The boats of this and subsequent modifications received the NATO designation "Improved Kilo".
636
On the basis of the 877EKM project for the Chinese Navy, the 636 Varshavyanka project was developed, which is distinguished by equipment and hull modifications. For project 636, about three dozen items of equipment components have been specially developed. As a result of the improvement of the 636 project, the 636M project arose.
Comparative characteristics
The boats of Project 877 are the quietest Russian submarines, which is explained by the absence of both noisy turbo-gear units and powerful pumps, typical of nuclear submarines, and very noisy surface-water diesel engines. Reducing the noise of the units is complemented by a verified streamlined shape and hydroacoustic coating of the hull. In the west, "Varshavyanka" received the respectful nickname "Black Hole" for its high secrecy. Boat noise at 2-5 knots 80-90 dB per 1 Pa at a distance of 1 m
Foreign visits
In May 1994, the B-459 submarine (Northern Fleet) made a business call to the British submarine base Gosport. This was the first entry of a submarine of the USSR and the Russian Federation into Great Britain after World War II.
Representatives
Notes (edit)
- Kormilitsin Yu. N., Khalizev O. A. Submarine device. - SPb. : "Elmore",. - T. 1. - P. 69 .-- 336 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-7399-0146-4.
- Kormilitsin Yu. N., Khalizev O. A. Submarine device. - SPb. : "Elmore",
Astronauts are heroes, of course. They go where human life is impossible. They are separated from the hostile environment only by the walls of a cramped apparatus. The most complex life support system is used to maintain human existence in space.
Oleg Makarov
If something happened to this technique, it would be very difficult to escape. However, if we talk not about astronauts, but about submariners, not about space, but about the depths of the sea, all this will again be true.
The Vyborg submarine is at the pier in Kronstadt. Around there is an ice field, but if necessary, a military icebreaker standing nearby will quickly cope with it. Nearby is the Marine Plant, where the submarine underwent regular repairs a year ago.
The Project 877 combat ship ("Kilo" by NATO classification) is no longer young. It was built in 1982 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, but now the Vyborg is still in service, protecting the country's security in the waters of the Baltic. It is not a giant with nuclear reactor and missile weapons, the dimensions of the ship are much more modest: the underwater displacement is 3040 tons. But the relatively small size, shape and design of this submarine give it a very important advantage - low noise and stealth. In the West, the 877th project was nicknamed the "Black Hole".
The submarine compartments are separated by hatches. When emergency they will be battened down and create an airtight barrier between the compartments.
Only electricity
One of design features the boat, allowing it to reduce the noise, was full electric propulsion. For the times when Vyborg was being built, the solution was very innovative. Diesel-electric boats of earlier projects, on the surface, were diesel-powered, and only under water were the propellers spinning with the help of electric motors powered by batteries. "Vyborg" has two thousand-watt diesel engines, and they are not connected with the propeller in any way. While the boat is on the surface or at periscope depth, the diesel engines rotate the shafts of the generators, and they charge the batteries. The propeller is driven either by the main propulsion motor PG-142 (4040 kW), or by an electric motor for economic progress.
Diesel-electric submarines of the previous generation had a long and thin hull. Vyborg, on the other hand, has a thickened fusiform shape. This somewhat impairs the seaworthiness of the ship while moving on the surface, but it optimizes the hydrodynamic properties under water. Vibration-absorbing coatings on the body also contribute to low noise and stealth.
The central control post located in the second compartment is perhaps the most spacious room on a submarine.
The 877th project turned out to be so successful that on its basis, from the mid-1990s, project 636 Varshavyanka submarines began to be built. They feature faster speeds, a more powerful electric propeller motor and an advanced navigation system. Unlike Project 877, "Varshavyanki" carry on board not only torpedo and mine weapons, but also anti-ship cruise missiles launched through torpedo tubes (export name of the Club-S missile system).
Long sleep in Kronstadt
But, despite the appearance of "Varshavyanka" (in the west they are called Improved Kilo - improved Kilo), the boats of the 877th project remain in service. An example of this is Vyborg. Meet the commander of the ship: Sergei Oleinikov, captain of the 2nd rank, was appointed to the post in December 2013, just when the next repair of the submarine was being completed at the Marine Plant. "Although Vyborg is not nuclear boat, you can't call it small, - says Sergei Oleinikov. - Operating here, in the Baltic, NATO submarines have a maximum submarine displacement of 1500 tons, but there are also smaller ships (500-700 tons). Nevertheless, the dimensions allow Vyborg to remain a quiet, unobtrusive and multifunctional ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, carry out mine laying, conduct reconnaissance, including landing reconnaissance groups. "
“How intense is the naval activity in the Baltic?”, We ask the commander of the Vyborg. “At sea, NATO countries and other neighboring states are constantly conducting exercises and reconnaissance activities, and, naturally, we often record the presence of foreign warships. Someone meets us, someone accompanies, someone sees off. But all this is within the framework of the rules, there are no conflicts here. "
Vyborg did not become Vyborg immediately. After being built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the B-227 submarine went to the Pacific Fleet, and two years later, on its own, crossed to the Baltic, where she served in the Baltic Fleet of the USSR Navy. In 1993, the ship was transferred from the then foreign Liepaja to Kronstadt. And then the submarine stood idle for a whole decade. As if in a long renovation. Only by the end of the last decade, after testing, she returned to service. Then, in 2008, the administration of the Vyborgsky district of the Leningrad region took over the patronage of the ship, and the boat was named Vyborg. After several years of service, Vyborg was sent back to be repaired. “We were not talking about a serious modernization,” says the captain of the ship, “but the equipment on board is constantly changing, and this mainly concerns electronics - radio stations, information output facilities. Plus current repairs. "
The gate of salvation
We are invited to inspect the boat. And immediately linguistic surprises begin. The superstructure above the submarine hull is usually colloquially called the wheelhouse. In fact, the correct name for this structural element is the retractable enclosure. Antennas, periscope, snorkel ... No, our submariners also disagree with the word "snorkel". "Snorkel" is a German word, but even during the First World War, similar devices were created in Russia. Therefore, it would be more correct to say - "a mine for the operation of a diesel engine under water." As for the "fencing of retractable devices", then in addition to these very devices, the "Vyborg" has a navigating bridge, and this partly justifies the term "wheelhouse". However, there are submarines with no control posts inside the enclosure.
The boat is built on a two-hull scheme - a solid hull inside, a lightweight outside. Between them is the ballast system. On the sides of the boat, scuppers are visible - slots through which water is drained from the inter-hull space.
Speed (surface): 10 knots // Speed (submerged): 17-19 knots // Working diving depth: 240 m // Maximum diving depth: 350 m // Swimming autonomy: 45 days // Crew: 57 people // Displacement above water: 2300 t // Submerged displacement: 3040 t // Maximum length: 72.6 m // Maximum hull width: 9.9 m // Average draft: 6.2 m.
Even before you go down inside the rugged hull, you can see how many devices in the boat's design are associated with emergency rescue. Here is the emergency buoy. In the event of a disaster, special mechanisms release the cable, and the buoy floats over the accident site. It not only signals the location of the boat, but even allows you to talk to the crew on the phone - the device is in a special sealed container. Another device is a hydroacoustic signaling device: it sends sound signals to help rescuers find the location of a submarine lying on the bottom.
Above the first and sixth compartments on the hull of the boat, two large metal rings, polished almost to the shine, are visible. These are coaming platforms. In case of an accident, a rescue vehicle will be able to moor to them. The surface of the rings must be smooth to ensure a tight connection with the soft gasket of the apparatus. After docking, the device pumps out water from the space between the two hatches - its own and the submarine, the pressure there becomes equal to the pressure inside the submarine. The hatch can now be opened, and the crew will be able to get over to the rescue apparatus.
Captain 2nd Rank Sergei Oleinikov, commander of the Vyborg submarine: “The dimensions of the Vyborg allow the submarine to remain a low-noise and inconspicuous ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, carry out mine laying, land reconnaissance groups. "
Periscope - forever!
To get inside the ship, you need to enter the fence of the retractable devices, climb up a few steps, and then descend a few meters down the vertical ladder. The tightness inside submarines is a well-known fact, but here it is felt as the saturation of the surrounding space with an infinite number of structural elements. Everything is in plain sight here. Everything here looks like a steampunk lover's joy and a plumber's nightmare. Pipes of hydraulic and pneumatic systems run along the walls at all levels with a huge number of nut connections, valves, valves. “Of course, on more modern boats, the control systems based on mechanics and hydraulics are replaced by electric actuators controlled by wires, and this saves space, reduces the weight of equipment,” the crew tell us, “but on the other hand, electronics is a thing. capricious, especially in the context of improving methods of electronic warfare (EW). The hydraulics are simpler and more maintainable in field conditions. "
Only here, moving from compartment to compartment through round hatches, looking at the tiny rooms for everything from the galley to the living quarters, do you realize that in the underwater service it is difficult to talk about comfort. Everything here is adapted to the limited space. Even the wardroom, if necessary, turns into an operating room. We are interested in whether there are any restrictions for divers in height and build. No, they answer us, everything is mastered. There are more serious health restrictions: you must be able to live and work with a lack of oxygen in the air.
A submarine is a closed gas volume, which is why all sorts of problems arise. For example, explosive mixtures may develop. In the event of an explosion or fire, it is necessary to immediately suppress the combustion reaction, for which the LOX system (boat volumetric chemical protection) is used, acting on the combustion points with the help of an inert gas (freon). This system can save lives, but it can also turn out to be deadly: in 2008, on the K-152 Nerpa nuclear submarine, an unauthorized launch of the LOKh led to the deaths of 20 submariners.
Originally from St. Petersburg
The submarine "Vyborg" belongs to the project 877 "Halibut". Initially, it was assumed that some of these ships would be supplied to the countries of the Warsaw Pact, so the project received the unofficial name "Varshavyanka". Nowadays "Varshavyanka" refers to the submarines of Project 636 - the modernization of "Halibut". The boats of the project 877, belonging to the third generation, were developed by the Leningrad design bureau "Rubin" under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormiltsin. The first boats of the "Halibut" type (including the B-227 "Vyborg") were produced in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, then production was transferred to Leningrad and Gorky. Boats of this type have a double-hull design, which is traditional for Soviet submarine building. The ship is divided into six compartments; torpedo armament is placed on the upper deck of the first compartment. The armament includes six 533 mm torpedo tubes, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In the surface position, the Strela-3 defensive air defense system could be used.
A submarine is a ship that must always be ready to fight for the survivability and rescue of the crew. The first, second and sixth compartments, which are survivability compartments, store rafts and communications equipment. In the event of an accident, divers can leave the boat wearing diving suits and breathing apparatus through the hatches of the coaming platforms (the first and sixth compartments) or through the decompression chamber (the second compartment). It is also possible to get out of the boat through the torpedo tubes from the torpedo deck of the first compartment. Each compartment (which in the event of an accident can be hermetically sealed) contains food and water supplies, batteries for air regeneration.
The "brain" of the ship is the central post. It is located on the upper deck of the second compartment. Under it - the cabin of the radio operator and navigator. It is through the second compartment that all retractable devices, such as a periscope, pass. Is he needed in our time? Has the need for it disappeared in the presence of modern hydroacoustic and radar equipment and other systems for monitoring the surrounding space?
“No,” Sergei Oleinikov answers, “the periscope will never lose its relevance. Technical means observation and detection are subject to different influences - for example, by means of electronic warfare. And the visible range is not affected by them. In addition, the information from the locators is only marks on the screen, often they are of little information. And a glance through the periscope immediately allows you to assess the type of ship, its displacement, course, speed. And all this according to the periscope marks, promptly, without complicated calculations. "
Diesel-electric submarines of project 877 "Halibut" / Photo: army-news.ru
The Russian submarine of Project 877 "Halibut" is considered one of the best diesel-electric submarines in the class. Even the US Navy is reluctant to confront it, writes National Interest columnist and defense and national security expert Kyle Mizokami.
The author draws attention to the low hydroacoustic signature of the Halibut. Thanks to its special design, the submarine makes significantly less noise than its competitors. The life support system allows her to stay under water for up to two weeks, and the cruising range is 7.5 thousand nautical miles (14 thousand kilometers), which exceeds the distance from the base Northern Fleet Russian Navy to Cuba, the author writes.
"Halibuts", created in Soviet times, were exported after the collapse of the USSR. India bought ten submarines, Iran bought three and China bought two. Many samples remained in the countries of the former Warsaw bloc, RIA Novosti reports.
"Project 877 submarines have been very successful both technically and in terms of export," writes K. Mizokami. He is convinced that due to the growth of conflict sentiments in the Asia-Pacific region, the world community may soon witness the combat use of Halibut and Varshavyanok.
Technical reference
Diesel-electric submarine "Vladikavkaz" of project 877, code "Halibut" -is the fifth in a series of seven submarines built at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) for the USSR Navy.
The submarine was laid down under the name "B-459", building number 608, on February 25, 1988. Launched on April 29, 1990. On September 28, 1990, it was accepted into the Navy.
Initially, the submarine was part of the combat composition of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1991 it was relocated to the Northern Fleet.
Diesel-electric submarines of project 877 were designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering.
Submarines of this project are designed to combat surface and submarine ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. They are among the quietest serial submarines.
On August 2, 1997, the submarine's crew signed a patronage agreement with the administration of North Ossetia and the ship received its current name "Vladikavkaz" in honor of the capital of the republic.
Until 2008, the submarine served in the Red Banner Northern Fleet.
Diesel-electric submarine "Vladikavkaz" arrived at the CS "Zvezdochka" for medium repair and modernization in 2008. The state contract for the repair of the submarine was signed in 2011, and the shipbuilders of "Zvezdochka" began full-scale work to return the submarine to service.
On September 19, 2014, the withdrawal from the boathouse and launching took place. In 2015 at Vladikavkaz mooring tests will begin , and in early summer 2015, with the opening of navigation in the White Sea, the ship will go to sea to carry out a program of factory sea trials.
The transfer of the Vladikavkaz diesel-electric submarine to the Navy will take place in 2015, after which the ship will serve for the next ten years.
Photo: www.korabli.eu
Main characteristics of diesel-electric submarines of project 877
| Displacement, tons: | surface - 2300; underwater - 3040 |
| Maximum length, m | 72,6 |
| Maximum width, m | 9,9 |
| Average draft, m | 6,2 |
| Speed, knots: | surface - 10; underwater - from 17 to 19 |
| Immersion depth, m: | working - 240; limit - 350 |
| Swimming autonomy, days | 45 |
| Crew, people | 57 |
| Power point: |
|
| Diesel-electric with full electric propulsion: | 2 diesel generators 1000 ... 1500 kW each; main electric motor 4,050 ... 5,500 hp; economical running electric motor with a capacity of 190 hp; two standby electric motors, 102 hp each; one low-noise six-blade low-speed fixed pitch propeller; 2 rechargeable batteries, 120 cells each. |
| Armament: |
|
| Torpedo-mine armament: | 6 bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, normally charged, with automatic loading, 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. |
| Missile armament: | Turquoise ZM-54E1 (Club-S, modification 08773) |
| Air defense: | "Strela-ZM" or "Igla-1" |
The main purpose of the project 877 multipurpose submarines is to combat enemy submarines and surface ships in the near sea zone and shallow water areas, in which multipurpose nuclear submarines, due to their size, are deprived of freedom of maneuver and cannot operate with sufficient secrecy.
Considered one of the quietest submarines, NATO's name is Kilo.
Work on the project began in 1974, the first boat was laid down on September 12, 1980 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
They were built in Leningrad and Komsomolsk-on-Amur until the mid-90s. The boats of this project were actively exported. Submarines prokta 877E (export) are part of the Navy of India, Algeria, Iran, Poland, Romania, China.
The designers were tasked with providing a significant increase in the underwater speed in comparison with the DPL of pr.641, improving seaworthiness, survivability, habitability, and reducing the number of the crew.
It was necessary to create a project taking into account the competition in the world arms market, as well as to provide a certain reserve of the ship's displacement for the possibility of its modernization, so that the submarine retained its high combat effectiveness for many decades.
Unlike the Soviet submarines of previous projects with hulls of characteristic “surface” outlines - a narrow long hull with an almost ship's stem, the hull lines of Project 877 boats were “borrowed” from nuclear submarines - a thick cigar with a rounded bow.
To reduce noise, the bow horizontal rudders were moved back as much as possible, to the very fence of the cabin, the hull was covered with an anti-hydrolocation coating, the mechanisms were installed on shock absorbers or assembled into blocks on shock-absorbing platforms. The scuppers are removed in the bow, the noisy mechanisms are removed from the first compartment. The special shape of the bow and a number of other structural elements helps to reduce the noise level when flowing around the hull.
Thus, a significant reduction in the level of intrinsic noise and interference to the onboard hydroacoustic complex has been achieved. These and other measures to reduce the acoustic signature have led to the fact that, in some cruising modes, the noise emitted by the boat is practically indistinguishable against the background of the natural noise of the sea.
The power plant is made single-shaft, and the DPL moves only under the electric motors, and the diesel engines are used to rotate the generators. This solution made it possible to simplify and greatly facilitate the design of the power plant. The boat has four propelling electric motors: the main one - 5500 hp, the economic one - 130 hp. and two spare 102 hp each, working on one six-blade propeller.
The presence of two hulls provides the boat with great survivability. It has 6 compartments separated by solid bulkheads. In the cruising position, the ship can remain afloat even when filling any one compartment with two adjacent main ballast tanks of one side.
Full surface speed is about 10 knots, underwater speed - 17 knots. Cruising range - 6,000 miles in underwater diesel operation mode.
The stealth of the boat's movement is also facilitated by the fundamentally applied on it new system gas outlet. Almost no trace remains behind the boat.
The diving and ascent system is automated. The maximum immersion depth is 300 m, the working depth is 240 m, the periscope depth is 17.5 m.
Submarine project 877 is equipped with six 533 mm torpedo tubes. Two of them are designed to fire remotely controlled torpedoes.
The ship can accept 18 torpedoes (6 for torpedo tubes and 12 for racks). Instead of torpedoes, 24 mines can be taken, 12 - into torpedo tubes (2 per vehicle) and 12 - into racks. 
For the first time on Project 877, an automatic quick-loading device was installed, which several times reduces the charging time of torpedo tubes, significantly increases the rate of fire and provides an advantage in a duel situation. The fast loader is controlled remotely from the torpedo compartment from the “Murena” control panel or from local posts.
The complex of mine and torpedo weapons provides firing of the entire ammunition at all depths of immersion - from periscope to working - and, together with the combat information and control system, allows both single and salvo firing at two targets.
Instead of the Leningrad torpedo firing control post, which provided input of data for manual torpedo firing on the submarine pr. 641, the torpedo firing control system MVU-110EM was installed on the pr. 877. It allows you to simultaneously track 5 targets (2 to accompany in automatic mode and 3 manually), providing, together with the telecontrol complex, making corrections in connection with target maneuvers and accurate guidance of torpedoes to the target.
Small-sized navigation complex "Andoga" provides continuous plotting of a course, gives coordinates of location and speed. Through combat information system the command to change the course is sent to the control panel of the ship.
The architecture of the bow of the submarine made it possible to fit into its dimensions a sonar antenna of a completely new design, which helped to significantly increase the range of the GAK - MGK-400 hydroacoustic complex, which was designed for a new generation of diesel-electric submarines, taking into account long-term operation in various regions of the World Ocean. ...
Main performance characteristics of DPL pr. 877:
Displacement normal: 2325 t
Displacement underwater: 3076 t
Length: 72 m
Width: 9.9 m
Draft: 6.6 m
Working immersion depth: 240 m
Maximum immersion depth: 300 m
Power plant: single-shaft, diesel-electric - 2 diesel generators 4-2DL42M (1800 hp each), four running electric motors
Maximum submerged speed: 17 knots
Maximum surface speed: 10 knots
Armament: six 533-mm bow torpedo tubes (ammunition for 18 missiles and torpedoes or 24 mines), 8 Igla-1M MANPADS
Radar: navigation radar MRK-50 "Albatross"
GAK: hydroacoustic complex MGK-400 "Rubicon", GAS MG-519 "Arfa"
Cruising range: 6000 miles at a speed of 7 knots when driving under diesel engines, 400 miles at a speed of 3 knots when driving under water.
Autonomy: 45 days
Crew: 53 people
Series: a total of 21 submarines built for projects 877, 877VD and 877EKM
In the 1970s, it was decided to replenish the Navy with diesel-electric submarines of a new generation, which needed to act against submarines and surface ships, place minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. Submarines must be relatively small, high-speed, low-noise, possess perfect radio, sonar and electronic equipment. Since such submarines were going to be delivered to the allies under the Warsaw Pact, in addition to the usual project number - 877, it was given a proper name - "Varshavyanka".
Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877V KILO enters the roadstead of Cartagena (Spain) to participate in joint maneuvers "Bold Monarch 2011" with NATO fleets. May 25, 2011 (photo from the archive of Vladimir Vladimirovich, http://ejercitos.org)
Their development in 1974 according to the TTZ approved by the USSR Navy was carried out by the designers of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn together with N.V. Krylov. If the boats of Project 641 were traditionally narrow and long, then the outer and light hull was made spindle-shaped, with a round bow configuration like that of the nuclear submarine. The body itself was designed in such a way that the hydrodynamic resistance was minimal. Several models have been tested and perfected in the pilot pool and on the stands.
The design of the submarines of Project 877 "Halibut" is two-hull. The shape of the case is maximally adapted to reduce noise and resistance.
The robust body is made in the form of a cylinder, the cross-sections are circular. Body end structures are spherical. Rugged watertight bulkheads divide the hull into six compartments:
1st - bow, serves to accommodate torpedo tubes;
2nd - main command post and batteries;
3rd - double-deck, living room, galley and cabins on the upper deck, batteries on the lower deck;
4th - diesel generators;
5th - rowing electric motors;
6th - backup power plant and electric motors for economic progress.
For the manufacture of a durable case, AK-25 steel was used.
Submarine pr.877EKM serial number 01325 Sindhurakshak Indian Navy on tests after overhaul with modernization at the shipyard "Zvezdochka" in Severodvinsk, 25.11.2012 (photo - CS "Zvezdochka", http://zvezdochka-ru.livejournal.com/)
The lightweight body was given a streamlined, spindle-shaped "Albacor" shape. A special coating absorbs the radiation of enemy hydroacoustic systems. Main ballast tanks, other tanks, as well as various equipment are located in the inter-board space. Although, due to the two-hull design, the submarine has a significant underwater volume, in emergency situations this makes it possible to increase survivability by ensuring unsinkability with large flooded volumes of the ship. In the cruising position, the submarine can be afloat even if any compartment and two adjacent main ballast tanks of one side are flooded.
The fencing of the drawer shafts is located approximately in the middle of the ship. The bridge is also equipped in it. All retractable devices, with the exception of the commander's periscope, are not made to penetrate into the sturdy case. Thanks to this, the central post was made more spacious and convenient for controlling the ship and its combat systems.
The bow rudders were also retractable. To reduce the interference they caused in the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, they were moved from the bow to the middle of the hull. Also, scuppers were removed from the nasal end, and all mechanisms that emit noise from the first compartment were removed.
The main power plant was designed according to the scheme of full electric propulsion, that is, in the surface and in the submerged position, the movement is provided by a rowing electric motor.
The main power plant includes:
- main propeller electric motor PG141 (power 5500 hp). A low-speed PG165 engine of the same power is installed on the B-800 submarine and on the Project 636 boats.
- 2 diesel generators 4DL-42MH (power of each 1500 kW, for the first two submarines of project 877 installed 2x4DL-42M power of 1000 kW each) with a system for operating a diesel generator under water. On modifications 877M and 636, a 30DG diesel generator (power of one 1500 kW) is installed, which also work with a RDP.
- two groups of lead-acid storage batteries.
For economy mode. course, a special rowing 190-strong electric motor PG142 is provided. Starting from the submarine B-800 / project 877V / project 636, a low-speed 190-horsepower PG166 engine was installed.
Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877V KILO and disassembled water jet propulsion unit. Sevastopol, floating dock PD-30, regular repair, January 12, 2006 (photo - Dmitry Stogniy, http://forums.airbase.ru)
A design feature of Project 877 submarines is the presence of a pair of 102-horsepower standby electric motors PG-168. These engines provide the boat with movement in narrow places, allow maneuvering while mooring, and can also be used for propeller operation in case of damage to the main shaft and propeller.
A low-speed six-bladed fixed-pitch propeller was used as a propeller. On boats B-470 and B-800 7-blade made of "Aurora" alloy with saber blades. On the sides in the aft part of the hull there are thrusters water cannons. The submarine diving / surfacing process is automated.
When submerged, the submarine develops a maximum speed of 17 knots, on the surface - 10 knots. The submerged cruising range at a speed of 7 knots in the diesel mode is 6,000 miles; economically at a speed of 3 knots in the submerged position, the boat can cover 400 miles.
Starting with the B-800 submarine, they are equipped with an escape hatch, which allows you to leave the submerged submarine from depths of up to 250 meters (made in the stern).
Energy - two groups of lead-acid batteries, 120 cells each. On submarines of the 636M project, batteries are used, which have an increased service life of 2.5 times while maintaining the same power.
The boats were equipped with an advanced navigation system. The Andoga, Apassionata-EKM, Apassionata-EKM.1 complexes are installed on various modifications of the project 877 "Halibut". To search for surface targets and control the air situation, a radar station is used, as well as means that detect the radiation of enemy radars. Hydroacoustic equipment - active and passive. Information from all observation equipment and posts goes to the multipurpose BUIS ("Lama" / "Knot", "Lama-EKM" / "Knot"), is processed by a computer, after which it is transferred to the command of the commander, to the command post, which is isolated from other compartments ... General ship systems are controlled from the "Palladium" or "Palladium-EM" control panel (depending on the modification).
Loading torpedo 53-65KE on the submarine pr.877EKM KILO Chinese Navy (http://cnair.top81.cn)
Loading the Club-S missile into the torpedo tube of the Indian submarine pr.08773. For loading, a platform fixed on the submarine hull is used (the picture was taken no later than 2009, http://forums.airbase.ru)
Most of the mechanisms are equipped with vibration-absorbing coatings and mounted on shock absorbers, others are arranged in blocks on special platforms, which, together with a low-noise propeller, a streamlined hull, makes the submarine less noticeable compared to other types of submarines.
The submarine is armed with six 533-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow end. Two of them in the upper tier are designed for firing remote-controlled torpedoes. Control and reloading (a device for fast recharging "Murena" is used) - remote control with a command post. Loading torpedoes was carried out using a special loading device. Ammunition - 18 torpedoes, 6 of which were in torpedo tubes, 12 - on racks. Torpedoes 53-56B, 53-56BA, 53-65K, SET-53M, TEST-71M, SET-65E, USET-80K could be used. Instead of torpedoes, 24 DM-1 mines could be taken on board: 12 minutes for torpedo tubes (2 per vehicle) and the same amount for racks.
For air defense, Project 877 submarines that were part of the Soviet Navy were armed with a Strela-3 retractable anti-aircraft missile system (in the process of modernization, Strela-3M, Igla-1 9M313 were installed). The ammunition of the complex is 8 missiles.
In projects 08773, 636M / 06361, the Club-S missile system was used with the launch of cruise missiles from the upper tier torpedo tubes from a submerged position. Ammunition - 4 missiles. Project 06363 uses the Kalibr-PL missile system with submerged missiles.
A powerful mine-torpedo armament complex can solve multipurpose missions. They ensure the firing of ammunition at any depth of immersion and, together with the BIUS, allows you to conduct not only single, but also salvo fire at 2 targets.
In Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979, the shipyard began to build the lead submarine of Project 877, in September 1982 it entered service. Later, the ships of this project were produced in Leningrad, as well as at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard. After they were spotted by foreign observers in 1981, NATO assigned the symbol "Kilo".
The construction of the series for the Navy continued after 1992. During the construction process, the project was constantly improved. So, for example, the submarine B-800 (created according to the project 877LPMB) had a saber-shaped seven-bladed propeller made of the Aurora alloy. This sub was the first of the 877 project to be equipped with an escape hatch and a system that allowed the submarine to exit from a 250-meter depth. Other equipment in BCh-5 was carried out on a new element base. The submarine received a low-speed main propulsion electric motor and ECT and other innovations, as well as additional acoustic equipment from the MGK-400 hydroacoustic complex (for this they even reduced the SPK cabin), new navigational equipment not included in the navigation complex, and so on.
The last eight ships of the series were built according to a slightly modified project. Due to the increase in the hull of the boat by two spacing (2x600 mm), more powerful diesel generators(1.5 times), with improved platform cushioning, Hall armature that retracts inward, low-speed main electric motor. In total, 30 pieces of equipment were replaced with a new one, more maintainable and low-noise. The service life of the equipment has doubled, the maintainability of the ships has improved.
Submarine pr.877 (probably pru877EKM B-806) with a diesel generator operating under the RPP, Baltic Sea, 09/10/2007 (photo by Alex Suetin, http://fotki.yandex.ru)
Modifications:
Project 877 "Halibut" (sub-series 08770) is the basic serial version of the submarine, the lead ones are B-248, B-401. In addition to the 08770 series, there were 08771 or 08772 series - which differed between manufacturing plants.
Project 877E Varshavyanka is an export modification of the Project 877 submarine of the first series. Delivered to the countries of the Warsaw Pact. It differs mainly in equipment and is not equipped with an air defense system.
Project 877EK - no submarines were built, is an "export commercial" version adapted to tropical operating conditions.
Project 877EKM is an "export commercial modernized" version of the submarine of Project 877. Deliveries were made to Algeria, India, Iran and China. The MGK-400E hydroacoustic system was installed. The project was adapted to tropical operating conditions. In 1999, it was upgraded for the Indian Navy and received the designation project 08773. Modification for equipment and weapons systems (equipped with launchers of Club-S cruise missiles). Received a control system Lama-ER, a new sonar complex MGK-400EM / MGK-EM, combat information and control system "Palladium-M". On the modification of the submarine, the propeller-steering group and the structure are preserved similar to the project 877EKM.
Project 877LPMB (B-800 "Kaluga") - is equipped with a 7-blade propeller made of "Aurora" alloy with saber blades. A rescue hatch was also equipped, which allows for evacuation from a depth of up to 250 m. The BCh-5 equipment was redesigned, the economical propulsion engine and the main propeller motor were slower. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat.
Project 877V - equipped with a water jet. In terms of the main tactical and technical characteristics, it is similar to the project 877.
Project 877M "Halibut-M" - 8 last submarines of the series of projects 877 for the Russian Navy. The body is lengthened by 1.2 m.
Project 877B is a project to modernize the submarine of Project 877. Research and development work was carried out in the 1980s on the basis of Project 877M. According to this project, the experimental submarine B-90 "Sargan" was laid down, which was completed later under the project 20120.
Projects 877K / 877MK are modernized projects 877 and 877M. after the modernization of equipment (in particular, the combat information and control system).
Project 636 - developed by Rubin Central Design Bureau, is an export modification of Project 877M for the Chinese Navy, the equipment has been modernized according to the type of Project 877M, sound-absorbing technologies are widely used.
Project 636M is a modernized version of Project 636. The composition of the equipment has been changed, an inertial navigation system, a periscope with a laser rangefinder, a TV channel and a night vision channel have been installed. HF and VLF communication towed antenna. Can be used cruise missiles Club-S launched through torpedo tubes from a submerged position. Project 06361 - modification of a submarine for the Vietnamese Navy. Project 06363 - modification of the project with updated equipment. Armed with the Kalibr missile system.
The project of a special submarine based on Project 877 is probably intended to carry out work on laying pipelines on the seabed. Possibly, after equipping it can be used for a wide range of works.
Submarines of project 877 "Halibut" as well as their modifications were supplied to:
Algeria - 2 submarines of project 877EKM;
India - 9 submarines of project 877EKM (8 modernized 08773) + 1 built according to project 08773;
Iran - 3 submarines 877EKM;
China - 1 submarine of project 636M + 2 submarine of project 877EKM;
Poland - 1 submarine of Project 877E;
Romania - 1 Project 877E submarine.
Submarine B-464 "Ust-Kamchatsk" pr.877 (modernized) in the floating dock (http://forums.airbase.ru)
The Russian Navy includes 24 diesel-electric submarines of Project 877 "Halibut" and their modifications.
Tactical and technical characteristics: (2000)
Surface displacement - 2300 tons (project 636 / 636M - 2350 tons);
Submerged displacement - 3040 tons (project 636 / 636M - 3100 tons);
Maximum length - 72.6 m (projects 877M / 636 / 636M - 73.8 m);
Buoyancy reserve - 32%;
Solid body length - 51.8 m;
Maximum width - 9.9 m;
Draft at design waterline - 6.2 m;
Main power plant:
- the number and power of diesel engines - 2x1000 kW, type DL42MH (on the last 8 boats 2x1500 kW, type 30DG);
- the number and power of the GED - 1x5500 HP, type PG-141 (on the last 8 boats 1x5500 HP type PG-165, on 877EKM - 1x4050 HP)
- number and power of electric motors EH - 1x190 hp (PG-166);
- the number and capacity of standby power units - 2x102 hp. (PG-168);
- movers - low-noise fixed pitch propellers;
- fuel stock - 172 tons;
- the number of groups of storage batteries, the number of cells - 2x120;
Surface speed -10 knots (project 636 / 636M - 11 knots);
Submerged speed –17 knots (at the last 8–19 knots);
Economic underwater speed - 3.0 knots;
Submerged range (speed 7 knots, under the RPA) - 7500 miles (projects 636 / 636M with increased fuel reserves);
Submerged range (speed 3 knots) - 400 miles;
Submerged range (speed 21 knots) - 12.7 miles;
Working immersion depth - 240 m (projects 636 / 636M / 877M - 250 m)
Periscope immersion depth - 17.5 m (maximum excitement 5 points);
Maximum immersion depth - 350 m (projects 877EKM / 636 / 636M - 300 m);
Autonomy - 45 days;
Crew - 57 people (projects 877EKM / 877V / 636 / 636M - 52 people), incl. officers - 12;
Armament:
- missile system (project 08773) - Ciub-S;
- bow torpedo tubes - 6 pcs .;
- caliber - 533 mm
Launching after repair of the submarine Taregh pr.877EKM of the Iranian Navy, May 28, 2012 (photo - Azin Haghighi, http://imp-navigator.livejournal.com/)
Prepared based on materials:
http://militaryrussia.ru
http://www.deepstorm.ru
http://army.lv
http://nashflot.ru
http://www.warships.ru
