Presentation on the topic of chemistry in everyday life. Presentation ""Chemical substances in everyday human life"" (Grade 9) in chemistry - project, report

Introduction Everywhere we are surrounded by objects and products made from substances and materials obtained at chemical plants and factories. In addition, in everyday life, without knowing it, each person carries out chemical reactions. For example, washing with soap, washing with detergents, etc. Lighting a match, mixing sand and cement with water, burning bricks, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex chemical reactions. Cooking is also a chemical process. It should only be noted that in any living organism various chemical reactions are carried out in huge quantities. The processes of digestion of food, respiration of animals and humans are based on chemical reactions.

Home first aid kit Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is an excellent antiseptic. Ammonia (an aqueous solution of ammonia NH 3) excites the respiratory center. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that is widely used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antirheumatic agent. Medicines for the treatment of the cardiovascular system are validol, corvalol, nitroglycerin. Means for the treatment of the digestive system. Antibiotics. Vitamins - a means of strengthening the body, increasing the general tone, resistance to diseases. Medicines - potent drugs.

Matches and lighters In a lighter, the fuel is ignited by the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of "flint" cut off by a gear wheel. There are several varieties of modern matches. By purpose, matches are distinguished that are ignited under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (lighted in the wind), etc.

Pencils To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a stylus of different softness is obtained; the more graphite, the softer the stylus. Colored pencil leads contain kaolin, talc, stearin and calcium stearate (calcium soap).

Glass In glassmaking, only the purest varieties of quartz sand are used, in which the total amount of contamination does not exceed 23%. The composition of the glass includes oxides of SiO 2, Na 2 O and CaO, and also contains a little alumina A l 2 O 3. Boric acid oxide B 2 O 3 makes the glass more resistant to sudden temperature changes. The coloring of glass is carried out by introducing into it oxides of certain metals or by the formation of colloidal particles of certain elements.

Crystal This is a silicate glass containing varying amounts of lead oxide. Lead content is often indicated on product labels. The greater its quantity, the higher the quality of the crystal. Crystal is characterized by high transparency, good brilliance and high density.

Foam glass Foam glass is a porous material, which is a glass mass penetrated by numerous voids. It has heat and sound insulation properties, low density and high strength, comparable to concrete. Foam glass is an exceptionally effective material for filling the interior and exterior walls of buildings.

Soaps Soaps The French chemist Chevrel discovered stearic, palmitic and oleic acids as decomposition products of fats during their saponification with water and alkalis. The sweet substance was named glycerin by Chevrel. Rosin has long been used in the manufacture of soap. The introduction of rosin in large quantities makes the soap soft and sticky. In addition to using soap as a detergent, it is widely used in the finishing of fabrics, in the production of cosmetics, for the manufacture of polishing compounds and water-based paints.

Cleaning agents Under the influence of cleaning agents on the surface layer of the material, a complex set of physico-chemical processes occurs, including wetting, dispersion and sorption of contaminant particles, preventing their re-deposition on the treated surface. Cleaning agents are used in the form of powders, liquids, pastes, suspensions, emulsions. The composition of powder preparations may include surfactants, sodium metasilicate and tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, fragrances, glycerin and ethylene glycol, sodium tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, surfactant disinfectants, urea, organic solvents, etc.

Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetics (lotions, creams, shampoos, gels) that perform a hygienic function. Important hygiene products include, above all, soaps and detergents.

Dental care products The most important means of dental care are toothpastes. The main components of toothpaste are abrasives, binders, foaming agents and thickeners. The first of them provide mechanical cleaning of teeth from plaque and polishing. Most often, chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, as well as calcium phosphates and polymeric sodium metaphosphate, are used as an abrasive.

Deodorants Deodorants are available in solid, roll-on and aerosol form. Aerosol cans use liquefied gases, the boiling point of which is very low. They easily pass into the gas phase and not only push the base out of the cylinder, but, expanding, spray it into small droplets. For a long time this role was performed only by fluorochlorocarbohydrates.

Cosmetics The pearlescent effect in cosmetics is created by bismuthyl B iO C l and BiO(NO3) salts or pearlescent powder titanized with mica containing about 40% T iO2. Zinc oxide ZnO is used to create special cosmetics (make-ups). In medicine, it is used in powders and for the manufacture of ointments. As a hair dye, dilute aqueous solutions of highly soluble salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth are used. Hair lightening is done with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Coloring shampoos contain p-phenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds.

Candle and light bulb Candles are made from a mixture of paraffin and ceresin. The light bulb consists of a glass container into which the holders of the spiral are inserted, and of the spiral itself. The spiral is made of tungsten, one of the most refractory metals. The holder is made of molybdenum. When heated, it, like glass, changes dimensions synchronously, the latter does not crack and therefore the sealing is not broken.

Fats Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Components of natural fat, important of which are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers. Phosphatides are, in fact, also esters, but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and amino alcohol. Sterols are natural polycyclic compounds of a very complex configuration. The representative is cholesterol. Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea animals, vegetable fats, and butter. Pigments are substances that give color to fats. The odor carriers are very diverse and complex in structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. Glucose is a monosaccharide (C 6 H 12 O 6). Glucose is easily absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in fruits and berries. Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer of glucose. Sucrose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11). In real life, it's just sugar. Lactose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11) Mostly found in animal milk. Starch is a polysaccharide ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) - the main carbohydrate of food. Found in potatoes and grains. Glycogen (“animal starch”) Cellulose ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) is a plant polysaccharide. Enters the body with plant foods.

Proteins Proteins are natural macromolecular compounds, the structural basis of which is polypeptide chains built from alpha-amino acid residues. Proteins are the basis of all life on Earth and perform various functions in organisms. Proteins that enter the body with animal and plant foods are ultimately hydrolyzed to alpha amino acids. Protein hydrolysis and the synthesis of new ones from hydrolysis products can reduce the risk of protein deficiency; The body itself creates what it needs.

The development of the food industry Doctors recommend for rational and dietary nutrition to include in the menu bread from flour containing finely ground bran. Now often talk about artificial food. Although this term does not mean obtaining food by chemical reactions. It is about giving natural protein products the taste and look of traditional products, including delicacies. Food additives contribute to the preservation of the product, give it a flavor, the desired color, etc.

Food additives Food additives E 100- E 182- dyes E 200- E 299- preservatives E 300- E 399- substances that slow down the processes of fermentation and oxidation in food E 400- E 409- stabilizers (ensure long-term preservation of consistency) E 500 - E 599 - emulsifiers E 600 - E 699 - flavors (enhance or give taste to food products) E 900 - E 999 - antiflaming agents that do not allow flour, granulated sugar, salt, soda, citric acid, dough baking powder to cake, as well as such substances that prevent the formation of foam in drinks.

Conclusion Chemistry, possessing enormous possibilities, creates unprecedented materials, multiplies the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves his time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.

Table salt - sodium chloride NaCl is not without reason an important component of food. This substance in a dissolved state is part of the blood and intercellular fluid. With severe bleeding, the volume of circulating blood is replenished with the so-called isotonic solution - 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

The well-known potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate KMnO 4) is one of these "mysterious natures". For those who first get acquainted with this substance, it presents many surprises: Potassium permanganate in solid form is black-violet crystals that are readily soluble in water. In medicine, aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate of various concentrations are used. For rinsing and washing the stomach in case of poisoning - 0.01-0.1% solutions of a pale pink color, for washing wounds - 0.1-0.5% - e (pink), For the treatment of ulcers and burns - 2- 5% (violet). Potassium permanganate solutions are used to treat burns. Potassium permanganate will also help with a snake bite.

Iodine. The name of the new element was given in 1813 by the French chemist Joseph - Louis Gay-Lussac () for the purple color of its vapors ("iodos" in Greek means "purple"). Sodium iodide from algae, interacting with sulfuric acid, releases iodine (I) At the same time, sulfur dioxide is formed - sulfur dioxide SO2: 2NaI + 2H2SO4 = I2 + SO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O wound treatment.

Drinking soda. For the first time, this compound of the composition NaHCO 3 (sodium bicarbonate) was obtained in its pure form by the French scientist Henri-Louis Duhamel de Monceau (). Later, chemists from different countries received this substance by passing carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of soda - sodium carbonate. Alkaline solutions of baking soda soften living tissues, so soda gargles of the throat and mouth contribute to the mechanical removal of the infection. It is even better to use soda - saline solutions with the addition of iodine. Soda baths (1 tablespoon of baking soda per 1 liter of warm water) are good for softening corns on the hands and feet. They can be done 2-3 times a week. Fresh burns are treated with dry baking soda.

Ammonia is an aqueous solution of ammonia. The name "ammonia" comes from the name of the Ammon oasis and was assigned to this substance after 1787. Ammonia released from ammonia causes excitation of the respiratory centers. However, large amounts of ammonia can cause respiratory arrest. Ammonia is used as a first aid to bring a person out of a faint.

Proteins In the processes of metabolism between the external environment and the body, the leading place is occupied by the exchange of proteins. Proteins enter the body of humans and animals with various foods, in which the protein content varies widely. Protein molecules are large, so they are called macromolecules. In addition to carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, proteins can contain sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. Proteins differ from each other in the number, composition and sequence of monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are one of the most important and widespread groups of natural organic compounds. They make up 80% of the dry matter mass of plants and about 2% of the dry matter of animal organisms. Animals and humans are not able to synthesize sugars and get them from various food products of plant origin. In plants, carbohydrates are formed from carbon dioxide and water in the process of a complex photosynthesis reaction carried out by solar energy with the participation of the green pigment of plants - chlorophyll.

Fats Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Any natural fat contains: phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers. Usually, only a small part of the fat is stored in the reserve, but due to the wrong lifestyle, the balance between the intake of substances and their expenditure is disturbed, and this leads to obesity.

Cosmetics Today's cosmetic "products" are in high demand among women. Any kind of cosmetics has a very complex composition. Despite the fact that these products make girls and women even more beautiful, they are still chemicals that adversely affect the body! Natural beauty is better.

Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry Grade 11 M. Drofa, 2004 BB%D0%BA%D0%B8&lr=194&stpar2=%2Fh1%2Ftm5%2F s3&stpar4=%2Fs3&stpar1=%2Fu0http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0% BB%D0 %BA%D0%B8&lr=194&stpar2=%2Fh1%2Ftm5%2F s3&stpar4=%2Fs3&stpar1=%2Fu

“Chemistry spreads its hands wide in human affairs…” M.V. Lomonosov Completed by: Zharinov Alexander Vladimirovich Student 8 "B" class MBOU gymnasium No. 1 p.g.t. Rybnaya Sloboda RT If there were no chemistry, there would be no modern metallurgy, spaceships would not escape into space, because fuel for their engines, durable and heat-resistant materials for their structures are created with the help of chemistry. Chemistry has great potential: it increases the fertility of the soil, clothes, creates unprecedented materials, as well as cosiness and comfort, preserves its health, changes the appearance of people, facilitates the work of a person. Pharmaceutics Chemistry plays an important role in the development of the pharmaceutical industry: the bulk of all drugs are obtained synthetically. Thanks to chemistry, many revolutions in medicine have been made. Without chemistry, we would not have painkillers, sleeping pills, antibiotics and vitamins. This certainly does chemistry credit. Chemistry also helped to cope with unsanitary conditions. Construction It is difficult to imagine the modern development of construction without the use of chemical industry products: the use and introduction of new structural polymeric materials, plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers, binders and finishing substances, and many other useful products of large and small chemistry. Metallurgy The development of chemistry began long before the beginning of our era. Its oldest branch is metallurgy. It was then that people began to study the transformations of various substances under various conditions and began to use chemistry for their needs. First, they learned how to get metals (primarily copper) and mix it with tin to make bronze. Later it was obtained from ore and iron. Production of detergents Synthetic detergents are now widely used. The main one is synthetic surfactants. In addition to surfactants, SMS also includes other components: bleach, softener, foaming agents, aromatic fragrances. Means for combating household insects Insecticides - means for combating insects. Insecticides are used in the form of solutions, emulsions, aerosols. Residential premises should be treated only with preparations recommended for this purpose. These are well-known preparations: chlorophos, dichlorvos, chlorophos pencils. Cosmetics The pearly effect is created by bismuthyl salts or mica containing about 40% titanium oxide. Dilute aqueous solutions of highly soluble lead salts are used as a hair dye. Hair is lightened using 3% silver, copper, bismuth. hydrogen peroxide solution. Coloring shampoos contain pphenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds. Agriculture Chemistry is of exceptional importance in agriculture, which uses mineral fertilizers, plant protection products against pests, plant growth regulators, chemical additives and preservatives for animal feed and other products. The use of chemical methods in agriculture has led to the emergence of a number of related sciences, such as agrochemistry and biotechnology, the achievements of which are now widely used in the production of agricultural products. Harm of chemistry in human life But the same chemistry can become dangerous for human health, even deadly. Have you ever wondered how much natural water becomes unsuitable for drinking and the life of living organisms inhabiting it due to industrial and domestic wastewater discharged into reservoirs! . Unutilized household waste pollutes natural landscapes, turning river banks and meadows into disgusting garbage dumps. Therefore, the achievements of chemistry are not only a blessing, they are chemical weapons, environmental pollution, ozone holes, and an increased content of nitrates and nitrites in food, and a number of others. problems. The people who use the achievements of chemistry to the detriment of themselves and our common home, planet Earth, are guilty of these troubles. It is understandable, therefore, how important it is for modern man to know and correctly use the achievements of modern chemistry. There are many marvelous forces in nature, but there is no stronger man. Sophocles If a person uses chemistry for the benefit of our planet, it will be like this: Sources of information: Chemistry. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions O.S. Gabrielyan. 12th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2007 http://www.xumuk.ru/encyklopedia/2/4698.html http://fb.ru/article/40846/himiya-v-jizni-cheloveka http://nt. ru/ri/kk/hm12.htm http://annafil.sitecity.ru/stext_0311163304.phtml http://nt.ru/ri/kk/hm10.htm

Chemistry in everyday life Nika Bulanova 11 "A" class MBOU secondary school No. 30, Podolsk

Chemistry and Man's Everyday Life Chemistry, with its enormous potential, creates unprecedented materials, multiplies the fertility of the soil, facilitates man's work, saves time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.

Home first aid kit Hydrogen peroxide is an excellent antiseptic. Ammonia, an aqueous solution of ammonia, excites the respiratory center. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that is widely used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antirheumatic agent. Medicines for the treatment of the cardiovascular system are validol, corvalol, nitro glycerin.

Detergents and cleaners Synthetic detergents are now widely used. The main one is synthetic surfactants, in which a long hydrocarbon limiting radical is connected to a sulfate or sulfonate group. In addition to surfactants, SMS also includes other components: bleach, softener, foaming agents, aromatic fragrances. Of the oxygen-containing bleaches, sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are the most common.

Household Insect Control Products Insecticides are insect control products. Insecticides are used in the form of solutions, emulsions, aerosols. Residential premises should be treated only with preparations recommended for this purpose. These are well-known drugs: chlorophos (), dichlorvos, chlorophos pencils.

Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetic products (lotion, creams, shampoos, gels) that perform a hygienic function. Important hygiene products include, above all, soaps and detergents.

Dental care products The most important means of dental care are toothpastes. The main components of toothpaste are as follows: abrasives, binders, foaming agents and thickeners. The first of them provide mechanical cleaning of teeth from plaque and polishing. Most often, chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, as well as calcium phosphates and polymeric sodium metaphosphate, are used as an abrasive.

Deodorants Deodorants are available in solid, roll-on and aerosol form. Aerosol cans use liquefied gases, the boiling point of which is very low. They easily pass into the gas phase and not only push the base out of the cylinder, but, expanding, spray it into small droplets. For a long time this role was performed only by fluorochlorocarbohydrates.

Cosmetics The pearly effect is created by bismuthyl salts or mica containing about 40% titanium oxide. As a hair dye, dilute aqueous solutions of highly soluble salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth are used. Hair lightening is done with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Coloring shampoos contain p-phenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds.

Chemistry and food Man is the only creature on Earth that almost all of his food is chemically or thermally processed.

The development of the food industry Doctors recommend for rational and dietary nutrition to include in the menu bread from flour containing finely ground bran. There is a lot of talk these days about "artificial food". Although this term does not mean obtaining food by chemical reactions. It is about giving natural protein products the taste and look of traditional products, including delicacies.

Chemistry surrounds us everywhere, but unfortunately it does not always have a beneficial effect on a person.

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Chemistry, with its enormous potential, creates materials that have never been seen before, increases the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.

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Home first aid kit

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an excellent antiseptic. However, if you confuse a 1-2% peroxide solution with perhydrol (30% solution), you can get severe burns on the skin and mucous membranes. Ammonia (an aqueous solution of ammonia NH3) excites the respiratory center. This is used to bring the patient out of a state of fainting.

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Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that are used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antirheumatic agent. The medicine for the treatment of the cardiovascular system is Corvalol, Validol, Nitroglycerin. But remember: incorrect use, high dose can turn the medicine into poison!

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Detergents and cleaners