Choose one of the statements below and write a mini-essay based on it.
Formulate at your discretion one or several main ideas of the topic touched upon by the author and reveal it (them) based on social science knowledge.
To reveal the main idea (s) formulated by you, provide reasoning and conclusions using social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical provisions).
To illustrate the main idea (s), theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions formulated by you, give at least two social facts / examples from various sources(public life (including according to media reports), personal social experience (including, but not limited to, books read, movies watched), from various academic subjects.
Each cited fact / example should be formulated in detail and confirm the indicated basic idea, theoretical position, reasoning or conclusion / be clearly associated with them. In terms of their content, examples should not be of the same type (they should not duplicate each other).
29.1 Philosophy:“Freedom is the right to inequality” (N. A. Berdyaev).
29.2 Economics:“Inflation is the only form of punishment without a legal basis” (M. Fridman).
29.3 Sociology, social psychology:“What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public feelings” (B. Disraeli).
29.4 Political Science:“You don't need a revolution to come to democracy. Democracy is needed for a revolution to take place ”(G. Chesterton).
29.5 Jurisprudence:“I see the imminent death of that state where the law has no force and is under someone’s authority” (Plato).
Explanation.
1. The task is alternative, that is, you must choose one thing saying out of five, write a quote and its number before you start writing your mini-essay. What you should pay attention to:
1.1. Social Science Section, in the context of which the statement is given. It is on him that the sphere in which the argumentation is given, the social science concepts used, etc., depend.
1.2. The meaning of the statement must be fully understandable to the student. If it is revealed incorrectly, the mini-essay is not read for K1 (the first criterion) 0 points are given and the mini-essay itself is not evaluated.
2. The structure of the mini-essay:
2.1. It is necessary to explain the meaning of the statement. In this part, it is necessary to highlight the key idea or ideas of the statement. (K1, max. 1 point) Not allowed: substitution of the meaning of the statement by reasoning of a general nature ("homework") that does not reflect the specifics of the proposed statement; direct retelling, paraphrasing of the given statement or a consistent explanation of each word in the statement without explaining the meaning of the statement as a whole.
2.2. Needed on theoretical level reveal every aspect of the main idea or ideas of the author's statement. Required items:
2.2.1. The use of key messages for the main idea or ideas of social science concepts, their explanation, as well as theoretical provisions that reveal the idea or ideas of the statement. Important so that they correspond to the section of social science in which the statement is given. (K2, max. 2 points).
2.2.2. In the context of at least one highlighted idea based on the correct explanation (s) of the key concept (s), theoretical provisions are given interconnected consistent and consistent reasoning, on the basis of which a reasonable and reliable c from the point of view of scientific social studies conclusion (K3, max. 1 point).
2.3. It is necessary to bring at least two examples from different spheres that will support the theoretical reasoning. (K4, max 2 points) Required elements:
2.3.1. Use examples from various sources... As sources can be used facts of public life (including according to media reports), personal social experience (including reading books, watched movies), materials of educational subjects (history, geography, etc.). Examples from different academic subjects are considered as examples from various sources.
2.3.2. Each example should in practice reflect the theoretical assumptions of the arguments.
3. When writing a mini-essay, it is important to remember:
3.1. In the structure, it is necessary to avoid internal contradictions.
3.2. Each part should organically fit into the structure of the mini-essay (the argumentation corresponds to the aspects of the problem indicated in the explanation of the statement, and actual examples illustrate theoretical arguments).
3.3. Common language should be avoided.
3.4. Avoid rude grammatical errors, especially in social science and other subject terminology.
3.5. The presence of erroneous, from the point of view of scientific social science, as well as semantic and actual errors leads to a decrease in scores for K2 and / or K4, depending on the nature of the error.
Benjamin Disraeli: What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public sentiment.***
People who have successfully passed the test of poverty are usually no longer admitted to the test of wealth and power.***
Gabrielle Laub: A decent person takes a bribe on one and only occasion - when a chance is given.***
Sigmund Freud: If a person begins to take an interest in the meaning of life or its value, it means that he is sick.***
Winston Churchill: Democracy is a bad form of government, but humanity has not yet come up with anything better.***
The secret of success in life is associated with honesty and decency. If you do not have these qualities, success is guaranteed.***
Mikhail Zadornov: The only way to force people in Russia to comply with the laws is to legalize theft.***
From the point of view of reincarnation, if he was born in Russia, then in past life did something very bad.***
Francis Cornford: Propaganda is the art of lying, deceiving supporters more often than opponents.***
The problem of our country is that the credit of trust taken from the population before the elections has never been returned.***
Jerzy Lec: Am I Sentimental? And how! As you remember youth cynicism, tears welling up in my eyes.***
- Yes, we all - Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians - want to live in one big rich country ... for example, in Canada!***
Samuel Butler: All progress is based on the innate need of every organism to live beyond its means.***
Haruki Murakami: If the goal was set, a chain of trial and error will lead to the desired result.***
Winston Churchill: Americans always find the right decision, but only after trying all the others.***
Emmanuel Kant: Give a person everything that he desires, and at that very moment he will feel that this is not everything.***
Erich Maria Remarque: The death of one person is death; the death of two million is just statistics.***
Gottfried Zeime: A nation whose entire salvation depends on one single person deserves a whip.***
The heaviest and most implacable burden Russia has ever borne is the burden of its past.***
Mark Twain: France is a country where there is no winter, no summer, no morality; otherwise it is a wonderful land.***
Stefan Malarmé: Basically, the world exists only for one beautiful book to appear.***
The birth rate in Russia is falling - more and more people understand that it is better to be born in another place.***
We are against the slogan "Russia is only for Russians!" - let the persons of other nationalities suffer here.Emperor Nicholas I to his son, the future Emperor Alexander II: In all of Russia, only you and I do not steal.
***
Akram Murtazaev: Russia gives the impression of a great power. But it doesn't produce anything else.***
Emigrant philosopher Fedotov: The intelligentsia in Russia was born at the moment when Pushkin closed his eyes.***
Every Russian president must raise a successor, build a pipeline, and plant an oligarch.***
An optimist is a person who, being up to his ears in shit, does not lose heart, but gurgles cheerfully and fervently.***
Freud: Education must find its way between the Scylla of complete freedom of action and the Charybdis of prohibition.***
I am glad that our people walk hand in hand with the state. It only saddens when they are handcuffed.***
Nekrasov: A penny for the newest gentlemen is above shame and the law, nowadays only those who have not stolen a million yearn.***
In Russia, loving not those holidays that are remembered, but those after which nothing can be rememberedAny baby who is just born instantly becomes a member of society with the appropriate rights and rules. But what is this society, which we all enter? This concept is quite broad and includes many aspects. Society is a kind of system in which people interact and communicate, and are also divided into different groups depending on the attribute that unites them.
In contact with
The origins of
The first community arose back in primitive times, when people united to survive together. Thus, entire clans were created. with their own hierarchy, who were engaged in a common cause and were often at war with other communities. To develop safely, it was necessary to fight for food and territory, and then divide them. In addition, religious differences or racial prejudice may have been the cause of conflict.
It was from this distant primitive community that modern society, so much different from it, at first glance, came about.
Definition in dictionaries
Society is such a broad concept that this word can be used to refer to completely different groups of people. So, they can be called children who are engaged in a macrame circle, and at the same time, the entire population of the entire planet is also united under this broad concept. The thing is that all members of society are united by their interaction. So, people who are completely different in worldview, skin color, character are forced to support social relations and get along peacefully with each other.
And it's not for nothing that "society" is cognate with the word "communicate"... It could not have formed without this simple action. If people were deprived of the need to talk to each other, everyone could live alone, but this is completely ineffective. Every person in society has a role to play. A striking example of this is the difference in professions.
Another example is an organization, firm or company, since people working in any production are united by a common goal - to produce quality products. That is why each institution is assigned a form name. economic activity, which characterize property from a legal point of view and indicate the nature of the relationship between people working there.
The most famous and complete dictionary was created by V.I.Dahl. In addition, there is a special dictionary dedicated to the interpretation of social science terms, the author of which is N.Ye. Yatsenko. So, what interpretation of society do these authors give?
Dictionary N. E. Yatsenko
Dahl's Dictionary
Oddly enough, but in this popular explanatory dictionary there is no definition of society as such. His lexicographer interpreted the verb "to communicate" - that is, to connect, unite something or someone, as well as to communicate and interact himself. In this case, you can watch with another person on the same thing with different points vision and yet unite into one whole union.
The structure of society
Society cannot exist without society and social interactions. It can be imagined as a single organism, for the normal functioning of which coordinated work of all members is necessary. ... And that means, it can be divided into separate systems and structures, including the following categories:
- institutions;
- segments of society;
- community;
- social groups.
All of these categories are subject to external factors... In every society, the emergence of an individual is quite natural, who will develop and change the views of a group of people. This can lead to both minor deviations from the original foundations, and to a change in the history of entire nations.
They play a very important role in the development of any association, since they establish connections and interactions not only within one group, but also between several communities.
Characteristic signs
Society has characteristics and characteristics that distinguish it from other organizations of groups of people. These characteristics include fundamental features that will be described below.
Relationships and connections
so , society in the simplest sense- This is the interaction of its members with each other, leading to the emergence of a social structure. This interaction is carried out both between individuals and between groups, cells and similar elements of society.
At birth, a person enters the society of people, as well as the group of his family. Then he begins to enter the society of his peers in kindergarten and school. Over time, the number of such groups increases. A person enters society on the basis of an interest in a common cause, profession, favorite work. Moreover, these groups do not always meet the needs. an individual person, so that the association of people in which we find ourselves is not always suitable for us and satisfies our needs. So, it happens due to the imperfection of dividing the general flow of people into smaller groups.
Nevertheless, a person communicates in his group according to certain rules. They can be either open or non-vowel. However, this does not mean that a person cannot influence or change them. In a group, you can take a lower than you would like, or a higher position in comparison with the rest. This leads to a certain inequality among the members of the group.
It is not possible to achieve the same position for all members of the group. It is only before the law that everyone should be equal, and, for example, in an interest group, someone will still take a leading position due to greater talent or a more solid character. Such positions can be identified in any society - family, political party, work collective.
Types of society depending on science
There is a special science - social science, aimed at studying the concept considered here. But besides him, there are other sciences (psychology, philosophy, and the like) that actively use the term society. Wikipedia considers meaning these definitions also apply to the interdisciplinary and subdisciplines of anthropology.
Social science
No matter how broad the concept considered here is, several historical types can be distinguished in it as a classification. They will be discussed further:
Social anthropology
Social society is the main form of human existence, which includes self-regulation mechanisms. Most often in sociology, it is divided into types based on the level of their development. Sociologist D. Lenski compiled the following classification:
- a hunting and gathering group - a community in which responsibilities were first shared;
- an agrarian simple society is a group of people that does not have a separate leader to govern it;
- agrarian complex - a group of people in the political structure of which there are people engaged in management activities;
- industrial - a society engaged in production activities;
- special, which cannot be attributed to any of the above types.
Also in sociology they use the term virtual society, it functions on the Internet, which is typical for modern age technologies.
Since society also call the totality of all people on the planet, it is important to understand how they represent its development. It is assumed that the first tribes, rallying for the sake of survival, chose the territory in which they led a settled life. Developing, they turned into villages, and then cities. Whole states grew out of the latter. Subsequently, people developed laws and certain norms of behavior that a group of individuals had to follow. People could have earned a certain status and improve your position in the team.
Political anthropology
This subdiscipline is classified there is a society in terms of political structure into the following types:
- tribe;
- chiefdom;
- state.
Moreover, the strength of these types will primarily depend on the environment of other groups of people who may be friendly or hostile. Usually, a more isolated society is immune to encroachment and lives more peaceful.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that that society is a living organism, where each member plays an important role and influences the development of other individuals and the life of the organization as a whole.
There is nothing more changeable, more uncertain than public opinion, and no matter how capricious it may be, it is still true, reasonable, fair much more often than it is believed.
Napoleon I
Public Opinion, this mysterious independent variable of political calculations ...
Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), British biologist
A true tyrant always begins by enslaving public opinion.
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), Italian lawyer
The pressure of public opinion is like the pressure of the atmosphere: you cannot see it, but sixteen pounds are pressed for every square inch.
James Russell Lowell (1819-1891), American writer
In alliance with public opinion, everything can be done, nothing without it.
Public opinion is an attempt to organize the ignorance of society and elevate it to the rank of physical strength.
(1854-1900), English writer
Public opinion is (...) a bad interpreter.
Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD), Roman statesman, philosopher-stoic
The English will never be slaves; they are free to do whatever the government and public opinion allow them to do.
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), English playwright
The government cannot run ahead of public opinion.
David Lloyd George (1863-1945), British Prime Minister
Democracy is too important a thing to be trusted by public opinion.
Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), American journalist
Americans are committed to an excessive tendency to guess what the average layman thinks about the average layman's opinion.
John Keynes (1883-1946), British economist
We should not listen to those who say: “The voice of the people is the voice of God,” because the fickleness of the crowd always borders on insanity.
Alcuin (735? -804), Anglo-Saxon theologian, acted at the court of Charlemagne
The voice of the people of Christ crucified.
V. Dahl. "Proverbs of the Russian people"
Public opinion: what people think about what people think.
Public opinion is like a ghost in an old castle: no one has seen it, but everyone is frightened by it.
Sigmund Graff
Public opinion is the opinion of those whose opinion is not usually asked.
Krzysztof Theodor Teplitz
What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public sentiment.
Benjamin Disraeli
Public opinion is the last refuge of politicians who do not have their own.
Maurice Carter
Everyone talks about public opinion and acts on behalf of public opinion, that is, on behalf of everyone's opinion minus his own.
Gilbert Chesterton
You shouldn't be guided by public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but wandering lights.
André Maurois
The public buys their opinions the same way they buy meat and milk, because it’s cheaper than keeping your own cow. Only here milk consists mainly of water.
Samuel Butler
Journalists inform the public about public opinion.
Modified Leszek Kumor
I wonder what influence public opinion has on the formation of public opinion?
Wieslaw Brudziński
Public opinion is not formed by the wisest, but by the most talkative.
Vladislav Begansky
Toto
The voice of the people is the voice of God.
Alcuin
If a thousand people say the same thing, then it is either the voice of God, or a tremendous stupidity.
Karol Izhikovsky
Public opinion is the deity of democracy, and the journalist is its prophet.
The weakness of public opinion lies in the fact that it is usually expressed in a purely private way.
In ours, people learn about that. what they think on TV.
Victor Pelevin
Would Moses have gone far if he had been conducting public opinion polls in Egypt?
Harry Truman
A public opinion poll showed: everyone lies!
Public opinion is a terrible coward: it is afraid of itself.
W. Gazlitt
Public opinion is a boy-woman who will not allow anyone to rape her.
P. Buast
Public opinion is a judicial instance of such a kind that it is not proper for a decent person to either blindly believe his sentences, or to reject them irrevocably.
I. Shamfort
Public opinion spares the hawk and punishes the chicken.
Juvenal
There are times when there is no opinion more harmful than public opinion.
I. Shamfort
Opinion research is based on the false premise that the public has an opinion.
Toto
Sociologists inform the public of their opinion.
author unknown
