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According to the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), a list of the most immoral and depraved countries has been compiled. Belarus and Russia entered the TOP-10 immoral countries, Ukraine and Estonia entered the TOP-15. We are in the TOP! Congratulations!

The USSR collapsed at the end of 1991. Over the years, we have slipped into the top of the most immoral and depraved countries in the world. 57 countries participated in the rating.

Countries are leaders in alcohol

Suddenly, the “honorable” leader in alcohol consumption has become Belarus! It consumes 18.85 liters per person. Ukraine - 17.47, Estonia - 17.24, Czech Republic - 16.47, Lithuania - 16.30, Russia - 16.23. Poland is in 13th place - 14.43.

The most interesting thing is that Belarus has an "intensified" fight against drunkenness. The sale of alcoholic beverages in car dealerships has recently been authorized. In Russia, such trade is prohibited. Belarus periodically has "Days of Sobriety" when it is impossible to buy alcohol. We can see the effectiveness of this measure and others from statistics.

Countries - leaders in cigarettes

At the first place Bulgaria- 2.822 cigarettes per year. Greece - 2.795, Russia - 2.786, Ukraine - 2.401, Bosnia - 2.278, Belarus - 2.266. Poland is in 16th place (1.586), Estonia is in 17th (1.523).

Countries are leaders in drugs

At the first place Israel with a prevalence rate of 5%. Republic of El Salvador - 3.3%, Australia - 2.7%, Philippines - 2.1%, New Zealand - 2.1%.

Countries - leaders in gambling

First place for The Philippines... The net loss from gambling is 1.79%. Armenia - 1.65, Australia - 1.44, Argentina - 1.37, Bosnia - 1.11.

Since 2009, gambling in Russia has been allowed only in 4 zones. There are about 400 gambling establishments in Belarus. The development of the gambling sector continues in Belarus.

According to the general indicator of these four vices, the TOP-10 of immoral and depraved countries was created. The Czech Republic ranks first with 64.5. Slovenia - 58.8, Australia - 55.8, Armenia - 55.7, Bulgaria - 54, Spain - 51.4, Bosnia - 51.2, Russia - 49.6, Belarus - 49.4, Greece - 49.2. Estonia is in 12th place (48.2), Ukraine - 13 (47.5), Latvia - 26 (38.6), Poland - 29 (37.8), Lithuania - 34 (34.3).

We turn into people from the crime thriller "Sin City". Alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, gambling ruin lives, corrupt and kill us. But it is more profitable not to notice it. Truth?!

According to: bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst/most-decadent-countries
Images from the film "Sin City"

Coal as a source of energy has been used in industry and energy for over a century, during which time its share in the global energy balance has fluctuated significantly. The development of the world's coal mining industry and the prospects for coal as a source of energy directly depend on the dynamics of demand in the future. In this article, we will briefly get acquainted with the state of affairs in the global coal market, the dynamics of supply and demand, prices, as well as the structure of production, coal consumption by country and the production volumes of some large companies.

As is the case with most minerals, coal production and consumption are geographically distributed differently, and the leaders in production are not always the leaders in consumption. The map below shows the main coal producing countries.

Production volumes in 2015 of the 10 largest coal-mining countries

A similar map, only this time for coal consumption, looks like this:

There are some differences.

Top 10 Coal Consuming Countries

Such a structure of demand casts doubt on the idea of ​​coal as a cheap and non-ecological form of fuel exclusively for developing countries. Coal has a high share in the energy balance of the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Poland and Australia, and so far only the United States can boast of a really fast displacement of this type of fuel, thanks to cheap shale gas.

The chart below shows the total production and consumption of coal over the past 10 years. One can clearly see the mismatch between the growth of demand and supply after 2008, which three years later resulted in the beginning of a protracted trend of price decline, which has not yet been completely broken. Nevertheless, according to the results of 2015, one can see that consumption exceeded production, which is a positive signal for the market.

The nominal growth in the consumption of any fuel is the norm, it is much more interesting to see how things are with the share of coal in the energy balance in the world. To do this, we will use the data of the International Energy Agency (IEA), which, unfortunately, in the 2015 report suggests 1971 and 2013 for comparison, which, however, does not make the picture less relevant and representative:

It is interesting to note that the agency provides similar information on the OECD countries, the share of coal in the energy balance of developed countries decreased over the same period from 22.6% to 19.3%. A sharp decline in coal prices can make adjustments, if not in the structure of the energy balance, then, in any case, in the dynamics of the decrease in the share of coal.

The share of coal in electricity generation in the world is also growing, over the past 45 years it has grown by 8%.

Does it mean that the share of coal has grown both in the energy balance and in electricity generation, that this energy source is still a key source of energy for the world energy, or does the growth in the second half of the 20th century are mainly associated with explosive or simply rapid development? several large developing countries, such as China, India, Brazil, South Africa, and earlier South Korea and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region? The high role of coal in their energy balances has also affected world performance. This is evidenced by the differences in global dynamics and dynamics across OECD countries. Now that China has embarked on a course to cut coal consumption due to environmental problems, its share will not decline in the coming years at best.

One of the most important factors affecting demand is price, so the price dynamics will determine how much more cost-effective source of fuel coal will become. Cheapness is one of the reasons why coal is preferred over gas, oil and other energy sources.

If we compare the dynamics of coal prices with the dynamics of oil prices, the mismatch after 2007 is clearly visible, as well as the faster decline in coal prices after 2011. The demand for it also depends on how much lower the price of coal is, since the cost of oil is often tied to the cost natural gas- the main competitor of coal in the energy market.

According to Conomy's forecast, the dynamics of coal prices in the coming years will be as follows:

This forecast is quite conservative, however, coal prices are very volatile and can change no less dynamically than oil prices (as can be seen from the comparison of these prices above). So, in July 2016, according to the website www.indexmundi.com, coal prices increased by 18.62%. Of course, this is more of a single surge in demand, but a declining trend recent years most likely broken.

A feature of the analysis of the world's coal mining companies is that there are many players in the industry, for whom coal mining is not their core business or their only main activity. This makes it difficult to compare their financial performance. In addition, not all coal mining companies are listed on the stock exchange and, accordingly, properly disclose information. Thus, it is difficult to fully cover the industry even in a single country, let alone the whole world.

For comparison, it is advisable to take several large public companies from different countries, for which coal mining is the main activity.

As can be seen from the table, there are practically no multinationals among the selected companies. Production volumes for 2015 can be seen below:

Interestingly, China Shenhua, the largest coal mining company in China, only produces about 8% of the country's coal. In addition to a few large companies, there are thousands of small companies in China that are run by city and rural governments. However, this fragmentation of production is not uncommon for the industry. Thus, the largest publicly traded company in Russia accounts for only 3% of coal production. The situation is similar in the United States and India.

The dynamics of the value of the shares of the companies under consideration is interesting, more precisely, it is interesting that despite the orientation towards the same asset and its price, the companies show quite significantly different behavior of quotations. In the case of the gold mining industry, the dynamics were more uniform. This is partly due to the greater share of transportation costs, the different structure of products, which, unlike gold, is heterogeneous, the geography of operations and the influence of exchange rates, in other words, the greater variability of the structure of companies' activities.

The main problem of the global coal mining industry is that developed countries, despite the still high share of coal in the energy balance, are trying to reduce its consumption, as it causes significant harm to the environment. Downward trends in coal consumption can be traced in two out of three largest markets- in China and the USA. The reasons for this are varied.

Reducing coal consumption in China is part of the government's program. In China alone, almost half of the world's coal production is used, which causes significant harm to the environment. The explosive growth of what is now the world's largest economy has been largely driven by the availability of such a cheap source of fuel. China does not plan to completely abandon coal, and this is impossible in the future even for several decades, but it plans to reduce its share in the energy balance, and subsequently - the volume of consumption in absolute terms. Of course, the coal mining industry took these plans extremely negatively.

As for the United States, coal is being replaced by increasingly cheaper shale gas, which is much more environmentally friendly (if you do not take into account the mining process). The decline in oil and gas prices as a result of the shale revolution in this regard could not but affect coal.

The Indian market is very promising from the point of view of consumption growth, but its volume is still much inferior to the Chinese market, and therefore it cannot compensate for the decline in consumption in the Middle Kingdom, especially against the backdrop of a slowdown in economic growth in other, smaller coal-consuming countries. All this makes the outlook for demand growth dim.

On the production side, a significant decline in 2015 brought the supply / demand ratio back to normal, which stabilized prices. However, these prices are still low, and coal mining companies, gradually getting used to the new reality, are beginning to increase their production plans even in such conditions. However, so far everything is not so bad, and among the large mining countries in 2015, production increased only in Russia and India. In the first case, this is explained by the devaluation of the currency, in the second - by the presence of a steadily growing domestic demand.

There are two opposing opinions regarding the current situation in the global coal mining industry and its prospects. The first is that against the backdrop of the growing share of renewable energy sources in the global energy balance, as well as the cheaper alternative fuel sources, the decline in prices is serious and for a long time, and the current decline in demand and production volumes is the beginning of a long-term trend of restructuring the world energy. The second point of view, less gloomy for coal miners, is that current prices, like prices for other energy resources, are a reaction to a slowdown in the global economy, and growth is inevitable over time. The truth is, perhaps, somewhere in between, quite objectively the following. The fall in prices below the current level will call into question the feasibility of mining coal - the second largest source of energy in the world. The prospect is unlikely, and therefore those who adhere to the second of the points of view described above have every reason to invest in the industry now that it is far from its former highs.

In the next article, we will take a closer look at financial results selected coal mining companies and compare their key indicators.

Last week, Bloomberg published a ranking of countries according to the degree of depravity of their inhabitants. The propensity of citizens to an immoral lifestyle was determined on the basis of a set of data on the amount of alcohol, cigarettes, various drugs consumed and on losses from gambling as a percentage of GDP. The most innocent country in the world turned out to be Zambia, but Russia entered the ten most vicious. You can find out which countries have made her company in this list from our selection.

(10 photos total)

The most vicious country in the world turned out to be the Czech Republic. Moreover, her love of the population “summed up” not so much for beer and absinthe (the Czech Republic is only in 4th place in alcohol consumption), but for drugs - here the Czechs were in second place after the USA, which safely avoided being included in the top ten. Oddly enough, it is the Czech Republic that takes the 1st place in the world for cannabis consumption. At the same time, Holland did not even enter the top ten leaders in this indicator.

2. Slovenia

Slovenia seems to have ended up on this list by accident. This country does not lead (and is not even included in the top three) in any of the indicators. Apparently, the inhabitants of Slovenia adhere to the principle of "a little of everything", thanks to which they were in the second place of the most vicious countries in the world.

3. Australia

Australians are the most passionate about ecstasy in the world. Also Australia - 3rd in the world in losses from gambling and amphetamine use.

4. Armenia

Armenia was included in this list, mainly due to the gambling of its inhabitants. In terms of losses from gambling as a percentage of GDP, the country is in second place, second only to the Philippines.

5. Bulgaria

Bulgaria turned out to be the most smoking country in the world. This is an average of 2.822 cigarettes per year per adult resident of the country.

6.Spain

This beautiful country, known all over the world for its wine, is denigrated by the residents' addiction not to it at all, but to cocaine - here the Spaniards have the highest rate. We suspect that the island of Ibiza, famous for its nightclubs, plays an important role in this story. It is noteworthy that Colombia, known as one of the main producers and suppliers of cocaine in the world, according to Bloomberg itself practically does not use it.

7. Bosnia and Herzegovina

Residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina consume the least alcohol of all the countries on this list. And least of all in the world, according to Bloomberg, they drink in Lebanon. Bosnia and Herzegovina's place on this list was mainly due to the addiction of residents to smoking and gambling.

Did you think that Russia, in the eyes of Bloomberg analysts, was tarnished by an addiction to vodka? - not at all! Our country ranks modestly 6th in the world for alcohol consumption, 3rd for cigarette consumption, and 2nd after the United States for opioid use. But in Russia, according to Bloomberg, now there are practically no losses from gambling - here we, along with El Salvador and Guatemala, have the lowest rate in the world.

9. Belarus

It would seem, what can be vicious in totalitarian Belarus? It turns out that Belarusians drink a lot - according to Bloomberg - more than anyone else in the world! In the top three in terms of this indicator, they were accompanied by residents of Ukraine and Estonia.

10. Greece

Greece ranked second in the world in terms of the number of cigarettes consumed. In the rest of the vicious categories, its indicators are not very remarkable.

The world's total proven oil reserves (as of 2015) are 1,657.4 billion barrels. The largest oil reserves - 18.0% of all world reserves - are located in Venezuela. The country's proven oil reserves amount to 298.4 billion barrels. Saudi Arabia is the second largest oil reserves country in the world. Its proved reserves amount to about 268.3 billion barrels of oil (16.2% of the world's total). Proved oil reserves in Russia account for approximately 4.8% of the world - about 80.0 billion barrels, in the United States - 36.52 billion barrels (2.2% of the world's total).

Oil reserves in the countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels

Oil production and consumption by country

The world leader in oil production is Russia - 10.11 million barrels per day, followed by Saudi Arabia - 9.735 million barrels per day. The world leader in oil consumption is the United States - 19.0 million barrels per day, followed by China - 10.12 million barrels per day.

Oil production by countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels per day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Oil consumption by countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels per day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) expect global oil demand to grow by 1.4 million barrels per day in 2016 to 96.1 million barrels per day. In 2017, according to forecasts, global demand will reach 97.4 million barrels per day.

World oil exports and imports

The leaders in oil imports are currently the United States - 7.4 million barrels per day and China - about 6.7 million barrels per day. The export leaders are Saudi Arabia - 7.2 million barrels per day and Russia - 4.9 million barrels per day.

Export volume by countries of the world in 2015

OPEC data

Import volume by countries of the world in 2015

OPEC data

How long will the oil reserves last?

Oil is a non-renewable resource. Proved oil reserves (for 2015) amount to approximately 224 billion tons (1,657.4 billion barrels), estimated at 40-200 billion tons (300-1500 billion barrels).

By the beginning of 1973, the world's proven oil reserves were estimated at 77 billion tons (570 billion barrels). Thus, in the past, proven reserves have grown (oil consumption is also growing - over the past 40 years, it has grown from 20.0 to 32.4 billion barrels per year). However, since 1984, the annual volume of world oil production has exceeded the volume of explored oil reserves.

World oil production in 2015 was about 4.4 billion tons per year, or 32.7 billion barrels per year. Thus, at the current rate of consumption, proven oil reserves will last for about 50 years, and estimated reserves for another 10-50 years.

US oil market

As of 2015, the United States imported approximately 39% of its total oil consumption and produced 61% on its own. The main oil exporting countries to the United States are Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico, Nigeria, Iraq, Norway, Angola and the United Kingdom. Roughly 30% of US oil imports and 15% of total US oil consumption is oil of Arab origin.

According to experts, strategic oil reserves in the United States currently amount to more than 695 million barrels, and commercial oil reserves are about 520 million barrels. For comparison, Japan's strategic oil reserves are about 300 million barrels, and in Germany - about 200 million barrels.

Oil production in the United States from unconventional sources in 2008-2012 increased approximately fivefold, reaching almost 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 2012. By the beginning of 2016, the 7 largest swimming pools shale oil already gave about 5.0 million barrels daily. The average share of shale oil, or as it is often called, light oil from tight reservoirs, in total oil production in 2016 was 36% (up from 16% in 2012).

Production of conventional crude oil in the United States (including condensate) amounted to 8.6 million barrels per day in 2015, which is 1.0 million barrels per day less than in 2012. The total volume of oil production in the United States, including shale oil, in 2015 amounted to more than 13.5 million barrels per day. Much of the increase in recent years has been driven by increased oil production in North Dakota, Texas and New Mexico, where fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies have been used to produce oil from shale formations.

In percentage terms (an increase of 16.2% over the previous year), 2014 was the best year in more than six decades. Annual increases in oil production regularly exceeded 15% in the first half of the 20th century, but these changes were smaller in absolute terms because production levels were significantly lower than they are now. US oil production has grown in each of the previous six years. This trend followed the period from 1985 to 2008, in which oil production fell every year (except for one year). In 2015, the growth of oil production in the United States stalled due to a sharp drop in oil prices in the second half of 2014.

According to the latest IEA estimates, conventional oil production in the United States in 2016 will amount to 8.61 million barrels per day, in 2017 - 8.2 million barrels per day. Oil demand in the United States in 2016 will average 19.6 million barrels per day. The forecast for the average oil price for 2016 has been raised to $ 43.57 per barrel, and for 2017 - to $ 52.15 per barrel.

Despite the high development of civilization among the most drinking countries in the world in 2018, there were not at all lagging states with low level life. From this we can conclude that financial well-being does not play a decisive role in this matter. Every year, the number of people with a morbid addiction to alcohol around the world only grows.

The TOP-10 countries of spirits lovers include developed European countries, but Russia, contrary to the stereotype, has noticeably moved away from the "prize" places. It is sad that the age of people who first tried alcohol barely reaches 15 years old, and after 16 average drinking alcoholic beverages by a young man per year is 6.2 liters. After analyzing the research of the World Health Organization, we have compiled a list of the most drinking countries in the world 2018.

10.Ukraine

On the Ukraine there are 12.8 liters of alcohol per person per year. The country is very poorly regulated alcohol market therefore, the number of young people addicted to alcohol is increasing. The national drink - gorilka, whose history begins
from the 12th century. Gorilka (vodka) and beer are the most popular spirits, followed by wine. Ukrainians prefer to drink wines of domestic producers, mainly because of the affordable cost, in comparison with European brands. World brand of Ukrainian alcoholic beverages - "Nemyriv" and "Khortytsya".

9 Belgium

The country is famous for its beer. Some varieties date back more than IV centuries. Unsurprisingly, the country was ranked among the top drinking countries. The share of income that citizens spend on alcohol is 2.9%. For example, the EU average is 1.6%. Alcohol consumption per person in Belgium is 13.2 liters.

8.Bulgaria

The eighth place in the rating was taken by a country that is very popular with tourists. In Bulgaria, beaches occupy a significant area of ​​the country. The country has one of the most low prices on alcohol and one of the lowest excise taxes. Perhaps if the country counted all the alcohol produced by its citizens, the country would rank higher. Alcohol consumption in Bulgaria is 13.6 liters per person.

7 croatia

Back in 2016, the country was ranked 4 in the ranking, with a value of 12.8 liters. In 2018, the figure increased by more than 5% and amounted to 13.6 liters. The country's national drinks include liqueur. Wine is very popular in the country, the share of consumption of this drink is 44.8%.

List of countries with the highest share of alcohol spending from average wages.

6. Czech Republic

The national drink is Becherovka. A citizen Czech Republic on average, he drinks 13.7 liters per year. strong drink. Beer accounts for almost 160 liters. per person Beer in this country is part of the culture; it has been brewed here for many centuries. The world famous Czech brands Velkopopovicky Kozel, Radegast and Pilsner are classics of beer varieties. There are many pubs selling draft beer, and in Prague there is a restaurant that is more than five centuries old! Here you will taste Czech cuisine, different types of beer (dark, light, coffee, banana) and feel the atmosphere of old Bohemia. The state is actively investing in the wine industry. Czech wines are called Moravian, as most of the vineyards grow in Moravia.

5.Romania

Famous for its beer and wine. The country has such factories as Murfatlar, Cotnari, Dragasani. The country is one of the largest wine exporters. The total alcohol consumption in the country is 13.7 liters. The share of beer in the country accounts for 50% of consumption, wine - 28.9%.

4. Russia

At the end of 2018, alcohol consumption by the population decreased slightly, but the country nevertheless entered the top five most drinkers in the world. The average Russian drinks 13.9 liters per year. alcohol. Women consume half as much - 6.8 liters. The national drink is vodka. V Of Russia more preference is given to vodka and beer, the purely Russian habit of choosing "white" has spread to other post-Soviet states, such as Moldova, Belarus, Kazakhstan, etc. as quickly as possible. Russia's getting into the rating of the most drinking countries is largely due to the relatively low cost of alcohol, in comparison with Europe - 4 dollars per half liter and a low standard of living. V Lately the number of Russians who prefer wine to other spirits has increased.

3. Moldova

The consumption of strong alcoholic beverages prevails in the country, their share is 64.5%, this is one of the highest rates in the world. For example, in Russia the share of strong alcohol is 51%. 15.9 liters is the average alcohol consumption in Moldova.

2. Belarus

Belarus- the most drinking country in the world in 2016-2017. In 2018, she lost the "leadership" to Lithuania. Every inhabitant here drinks on average 16.4 liters. alcohol per year. The indicator decreased by 1 liter compared to the data of 2016-2017. Moreover, spirits are preferred by 47% of people, beer, only 17%, other alcohol -32%, but very little wine - 4%. Women also like to drink, on average, 7 liters. in year. These figures are official, and the real ones, presumably, are much higher, since they could not get data on moonshine brewing in conservative Belarus.

1.Lithuania

Lithuania was named the most drinking country in 2018. At the end of 2018, alcohol consumption in Lithuania amounted to 18.2 liters per person. The share of spending on alcohol is 4.2%. According to this parameter, the country is in the top three "leaders"

Beer and spirits are mainly consumed in the country, 46.5% and 34.1%, respectively. Against the background of a significant increase in alcohol consumption, the country's authorities are taking measures to reduce the sale of alcoholic beverages. Excise taxes on alcohol were sharply increased, and temporary restrictions on sales were introduced.

The table shows data on alcohol consumption per capita in the 10 countries with the highest levels.