Scheme, description. Antique Lathes

On a machine like "Camel hump" I can slowly spread the translation of the site page http://www.beautifuliron.com. I did not ask permission from the author of the site, I translated myself, with the help of Google Translate and my own knowledge of technology. I did not learn English, so please do not throw stools. The author tried to keep the style of presentation to the best of common sense. If you made a mistake with the topic, please direct the moderators to the right path.

Camelback drills

Drilling machine "CamelHump"

The name "Camel Hump" comes from a kind of machine frame, due to the attachment on which the main shaft, pulleys and gears, a kind of "hump" is formed. "Camel Hump" has the most characteristic appearance compared to any drilling machine ever made. This drilling machine in the old style was made around the end of the 19th century and until the first half of the 20th century, up to the 1970s. Today, these old style drills are often found on the market when old welding and forging workshops and farms are being auctioned off. Today, some people are skeptical about these old boring machines, often mistakenly believing that they don't work just because they don't look like modern boring machines. But for those of us who use them, these antique machines are very practical and suitable for almost all drilling jobs. The rotation of machines like "Camel Hump" is much slower (judging by the video on the Internet, approximately from 120 to 400 rpm - approx.) than in modern drilling machines, and this significantly extends the service life of the drill by lowering its temperature during drilling. The Camel Hump is much quieter and smoother than a modern machine, thereby reducing operator fatigue. These old machines were built to last a lifetime, many have outlived their original owners and continue to serve the next few generations of metalworkers today!

Strong, quiet, smooth running, long life.

Strong, quiet, smooth running, long service life.

These features were inherent in the larger Camel Hump machines with a hole in the spindle of size KM2 and more.

The drill rotates with a force that easily makes large holes in steel. The Camel Hump is significantly heavier than modern column drills, the higher weight provides a much more confident feel, less vibration and less noise during operation, compared to a modern drill of the same size. Heavy cast iron parts last a long time, after all, machines are still running after a century.

Camel Hump machines, produced later, often have an automatic feed mechanism, which allows drilling holes without human intervention (however, the operator must control the work and turn off the automatic feed at the end of the process). The machine can be used with a flat belt drive from a girder-ceiling system or a modern electric motor can be installed. The spindle return counterweight is hidden inside the center frame and is designed to provide an easy spindle movement. The use of a counterweight rather than a spring is preferable to keeping the spindle in balance over modern drills because the spindle will stay in place rather than suddenly jumping back into the drill frame when the user clicks the auto feed lever off.

Typical dimensions of connectors (spindle bore - approx.) drilling machines are still available today. Most of the Camel Hump machines have holes in the spindle KM2 and KM3. These two taper sizes are the most numerous as they are used to drill holes ranging from 1/8 "to 1-1 / 8" (3.175 - 27.675mm - approx.), and were typical of forges, machine shops, and other small businesses. Large machines were also in versions with KM4 - KM6, and were used in factories. Large drills were less abundant but are still found, although much more difficult to obtain. it is difficult for the owner to part with the large Camel Hump because there is no inexpensive modern replacement.

In addition to the dimensions listed above, many KM1 bench drills were also common. Small cheap machines, as cheap as modern small drills, have survived to this day in very small quantities, because in the event of a breakdown, the effort expended to restore them was not justified (it was easier to purchase a new one - approx.)).

Another lone master protects the treasure (photo of the red machine CanedyOtto, Chicago Heights, ILL, from this man's workshop). While the Camel Hump was literally sent to an antique junkyard, most modern services and industrial enterprises, it still provides a huge selection of types of work for the manufacture of decorative elements from metal in a modern forge. It's ugly and strange how many people are likely to find these old machines to work just fine. So why have most "modern" businesses abandoned these drilling machines?

Possible reasons why the most "modern" enterprises do not need old machines:

1. The Camel Hump has a slow rotation speed. This is a great advantage! The drill press will drill at the recommended speed, or slower, for the drill size being used. The slower the speed (spindle rotation - approx.), the less the drill will "burn". The "Camel Hump" torque is much higher than that of modern drilling machines, due to the efficiency of the ratio of gears and pulley sizes (high inertia of the spindle - approx.). Therefore, older machines will drill large holes faster than modern high-speed boring machines.
2. Guards and screens can easily be brought up to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards. approx.). Obviously, making a fence is not an advantage to buying a drill. But the value of low rpms makes Camel's Hump valuable, and a well-made guard raises the resale value of a machine that is in good condition. The absence of fencing leads to the fact that the price of these machines will remain at a low level, since modern business cannot sell at a higher price a machine that violates OSHA standards (apparently the use of such equipment is punishable by serious fines - approx.). If the owner of the machine works on it himself, the fence is not required. However, if the drill is going to be used by other people, then a guardrail should be available. Further in the photo (7.8) suggestions for protecting the drive belt
3. These drilling machines are heavy. This is a great advantage! The heavy weight absorbs vibration and noise, making the Camel Hump more comfortable to use. Great advantage!
4. Machines from a bygone era of industrialization require regular and daily maintenance, cleaning and lubrication. Necessary maintenance repels modern enterprises from the purchase of these machines. Therefore, auction prices are falling. Maintenance easy and fast. A drop of oil in each of the grease fittings, inject grease into each sleeve bearing. Wipe once with a rag. Do this every couple of weeks if the drill is not in use. In comparison, the difference in time spent on drilling holes is more than 1/2 "(12.7mm - approx.), Camel Hump completes in half the time. Row of 4 holes 1-1 / 8 "(28.5mm - approx.) can take an hour on the Camel Hump drill. How long will it take if you take a modern drilling machine that lacks the power to rotate a drill in large holes? How many hours will be spent sharpening drills that have been burnt because modern drilling is too fast? A big compromise is to spend a few minutes a day taking care of our equipment while cutting the drilling time by about half that of a modern drilling machine.
5. There are no spare parts and no professional maintenance for the old Camel Hump machines (their morals! - approx.) The only advantage is that prices for machines such as "Camel Hump" are constrained by the lack of demand for them. If the machine is broken or worn out, parts will be required and renovation work that only the user has to do. If the machine does not work, then the offer price is low.

Design

still

popular

It is one of the most sought after machine tools on the market for metal decorating shops, forges, small ironworks, mechanics, farmers and hobbyists. And when the machines are in good working order, they often raise the bids higher at auctions and private trades than the typical modern style drill press. This is because these drills are built for tough working conditions than their current counterparts, are more comfortable and easier to use, and are slower to run, which helps reduce breakage or damage to expensive drills.

Let me give you an idea of ​​how popular these drilling machines are today. In almost every auction I attended, the Camel Hump drill was sold, the initial bids are high and rising rapidly, and the auction often starts with a doubling of the price of a new drill. These machines are often, very often, top trades with good starting prices. Even machines that are not complete or in poor condition receive high bids.

How they are used.

How to use it (on the example of an Excelsior 20 "machine).

Feeder and shafts of the drilling machine. The main and most common type of feed control is a single long handle feed lever and a position lock lever - for adjusting the position on the feed gear shaft

Drill by Excelsior (literally "Excellent" or "Wood shavings" both fit, 20 inches - maximum clearance between table and spindle, made in USA - prim lane.), pictured below, is an example of a long feed handle with a position lock lever. A detent lever on the feed handle pulls the pawl out of the groove in the feed shaft wheel around which the handle rotates. When you press the lever, the feed handle can be installed in different positions in the grooves of the feed shaft wheel, when you release the lock lever, the pawl takes its place in one of the grooves of the wheel. This action allows, at the request of the user, to work on the machine by setting the feed lever to the desired height. An additional feed handle is installed on the opposite end of the feed shaft (on the opposite right side of the machine (to the left of the operator - prim lane.)) can also be used to move the spindle up and down while the user presses the feed handle lock lever, allowing the feed shaft to rotate freely. This type of feed, a handle with a position lock lever, is much more convenient to operate than the 3-lever handle on modern drilling machines. On Camel Hump type machines, the spindle feed handle is longer than the conventional 3-lever feed handle on modern drilling machines, and the longer length allows the user to apply the same or less force on the handle as on machines with additional levers (3-lever - prim lane.).

Close-up: 1 - a wheel with grooves on the feed mechanism shaft, 2 - a pawl of the lock lever in the groove.

1 - lever for locking the position of the manual feed handle, in the lower part there is a wheel with grooves, into which a "pawl" becomes to select the desired position of the lever;

2 - travel stop, manual feed handle;

3 - pulleys for power take-off of the automatic feeding mechanism;

4 - spindle body with toothed rack;

5 - handle for turning off automatic feeding;

6 - automatic feeding mechanism;

7 - a fragment of the mechanism for vertical movement of the table, the handle itself is missing.

Close-up of the moment you press the release lever, which releases the pawl at the bottom of the lever and allows you to reposition the feed handle to the desired position.

Close-up: 1- spindle movement handle (on the other side), 2- spindle counterweight roller, 3- chain connecting the counterweight to the spindle

To be continued...

To start writing this post, I was prompted by the fact that in abandoned and reconstructed factories and plants, people often come across rare machines and mechanisms of great historical value. In general, it's amazing how they survived to this day. He stumbles across ... and does not understand that it is in front of them. This was discussed here: Therefore, I decided to make a small excursion into the history of the factory industry, so that everyone who wants to can distinguish the machine made under Tsar-Father from the modern machine. And also illustrate with interesting and fascinating old pictures.

Antique collectible machines have one fundamental feature - they have a pulley for the transmission drive. What is it and what is it for?
Have you ever wondered, noticed that old factories / plants MUST have a PIPE? It has even become a kind of symbol of the industry. It would seem, what for a pipe to a textile, weaving factory? Or knitted? Or a purely mechanical plant, which does not have any cupola moldings, does not work with furnaces? Plugged the machine into the network and work for yourself. Yes, that's right. It is now. But even some unfortunate 130 years ago, there was no electricity. That is, it was in nature, the laws of physics did not seem to have changed. And in the laboratories of scientists it was. But there were no power plants. The first electric light was powered by huge galvanic cells and was also obtained under laboratory conditions. And the streets and houses were lit with gas and kerosene. Where to "stick" the machine? But the industry was already there. And I will say more, it was the heyday of the "industrial era"! In industrialized countries, most of the common population was employed in factory production. And where did the energy come from? How were the machines turned? They played with steam engines, everyone knows that from school. The steam engine was invented at the turn of the VIII-XIX centuries. But how could one steam engine turn the machines of a WHOLE PLANT or a factory? And here we come to the question "what is the pipe for every small factory". The pipe was needed for the most powerful boiler room, which supplied huge steam engines with steam. They were generating power with a very large surplus. Mechanical power, there were no generators then.

Steam engines from the earliest to the most modern for Brockhaus and Efron. GREATLY INCREASES ON CLICK!

Why in excess? But because the torque from the steam engine was transmitted to the machine tools using shafts and drive belts. The steam power plant was usually located in a small separate building on the territory of the factory / plant (safety measures in case of explosion of boilers, which engineers did not immediately learn to calculate correctly). From this building with a steam engine to the factory buildings went underground galleries, in which steel shafts of enormous length and diameter rotated. With the help of a system of bevel gears, rotation from these horizontal shafts was transmitted in the basement of the factory to the shafts installed vertically. And those, in turn, set in motion the horizontal floor-by-floor shafts laid under the ceiling of the workshops. On these shafts, pulleys were fixed - wheels for drive belts. From these wheels, belts descended from the ceiling to the pulleys of machine tools installed on the floor of the workshop. And they turned the machines. You enter the workshop - a whole "forest" of trembling, running belts, from the ceiling to the machines ...

Belgian FN (Fabrique Nationale d'Herstal, Belgian arms company still in existence) 1900, turning shop. We see electricity only in the lighting of the workshop.

The most advanced machines had "counter drives".


(rotation from the transmission shaft 1 with pulleys of direct 5 and reverse 6 moves was transmitted to the secondary shaft 2, with pulleys of direct 3 and reverse 4 moves. The reverse was achieved by crossing the belt. From the stepped pulley 8, the main transmission belt 10 transmitted rotation to the stepped pulley the machine itself 9.Using the lever 7, it was possible to turn on and off the friction clutch M - starting and stopping the machine.)

Throwing the drive belt over a stepped, tapered pulley, it was possible to adjust the number of revolutions. Here are photos of old workshops, with "counter drives" on the walls:

Again - from electricity only light bulbs, all machines with a mechanical transmission.

In the foreground is an interesting machine - a station wagon. Turning-milling or turning-drilling.

And here in the foreground are the first electric machines, it is even fenced off - the beginnings of the fight for TB!

The mechanical transmission system was very dangerous in terms of industrial injuries- it was worth accidentally hitting the hollow clothes in the pulley - and you, literally, were wound on the machine, so that the guts out. And then there was no workwear even in America - workers worked in their own, choosing worse clothes for work ...

But the main disadvantage of such a system was that a huge amount of energy was wasted during mechanical transmission (remember, I mentioned the excessive power of the power plant?). Therefore, as soon as electric motors became so cheap that it became profitable to put them on machines, they immediately began to install them. First, they put one electric motor in the workshop - and then the usual system of shafts and pulleys (and the machines were old too). Then, as new machines with an individual electric drive were released, they began to get rid of transmission machines with pulleys. This process was fully completed in the 30s. It is clear that such a machine is an amazing rarity in our time? But we still find them in the shops. Examples from Urbana:

(Courtesy of the author people239)

(Photo by LJ user k_alexander_b.)

This is because the Soviet industrial technosphere was terribly conservative. Soviet enterprises have always adhered to their familiar, well-tested technologies and equipment to the end. And the old machines did not go into ferrous metal, but were used in ancillary workshops. Why? But because the modernization of production in the USSR promised nothing but a headache to either the chief engineer, or the chief technologist, or the director of the plant himself. Free market industrial equipment in the country THERE WAS NOT AT ALL! The plant could not buy machines and other equipment just like that! The equipment belonged to the so-called "material and technical funds", which were not sold, but distributed by the state. For example, the director wanted to renew production and supply new equipment. This means that he must send his supply-pushers to all central administrations and ministries, so that they collect heaps of completely leftist signatures of officials who do not care about this particular enterprise. Then "knock out" the supply of equipment when permission has already been received. Then all this needs to be assembled, installed, but the enterprise is working and all commissioning works lead to a temporary decrease in production, or even to its termination. And the director has a plan for the shaft. The authorities will not pat him on the head for this. Therefore, all modernization in the Soviet economy took place "out of hand", "by order from above" and nothing else.
That is why our machines survived, for which at any European auction they immediately give 8-10 thousand euros for the simplest ...
And now I will post more photos of interesting old machines.

1906 year. Huge turners for turning large-sized parts, with an installed device for simultaneous grooving of two large parts at once:

Even such gigantic machine tools at that time were driven by a drive belt.

And here is a collection of old machines in some foreign museum:

This MILLING MACHINE, with centers for semicircular milling.

This is it, but from a different angle.

And this is a drilling machine designed "Camel Back", "camel hump" in translation. The same scheme and machines recently found in St. Petersburg (see photo above). You can read more about these machines here: www.beautifuliron.com/gs_drills_camelback.htm but unfortunately in English.

How to "put a paw" on the machine.
I will not call anyone to "habaryatism", even if you find the most valuable machine of the 19th century. If only because it is physically problematic to juggle a machine, sometimes weighing several tons. :) However, those who destroy the enterprise, its nominal owners, will gladly meet you halfway in most cases and return the old machine at the price of scrap metal. On average - 3-4 thousand rubles per machine, I repeat, costing an average of 10 thousand euros at European auctions. This is because there is no established market for "technical antiques" in Russia, and it is impossible to sell it here for the true price. Therefore, they are mercilessly cut into metal ... :(
I gave photographs of the main types of machine tools (turning, milling, drilling) of the "pre-electric era", told the main technical history industrial production using these machines. Now it's up to the readers of this blog, I welcome any corrections, additions and clarifications. Interesting information from the comments can be included in the main post, if the edit is closed, then, hopefully, Red will help. Thank you for your attention!

P.S. When writing this post, I used the photos found in open access, photos provided by the user of this resource, as well as previously written comments - so as not to write again.

History dates the invention of the lathe to the 650's. BC e. The machine consisted of two coaxially installed centers, between which a workpiece of wood, bone or horn was clamped. A slave or apprentice rotated the workpiece (one or more turns in one direction, then in the other). The master held the cutter in his hands and, pressing it in the right place to the workpiece, removed the chips, giving the workpiece the required shape.

Later, a bow with a weakly stretched (sagging) bowstring was used to set the workpiece in motion. The bowstring was wrapped around the cylindrical part of the workpiece so that it formed a loop around the workpiece. When the bow moved in one direction or the other, similar to the movement of a saw when sawing a log, the workpiece made several turns around its axis, first in one direction and then in the other direction.

In the XIV-XV centuries, foot-driven lathes were widespread. The foot drive consisted of an ochep - an elastic pole, cantilevered above the machine. A string was attached to the end of the pole, which was wrapped one turn around the workpiece and attached to the pedal with its lower end. When the pedal was pressed, the string stretched, forcing the workpiece to make one or two turns, and the pole to bend. When the pedal was released, the pole straightened, pulled the twine up and the workpiece made the same turns in the other direction.

By about 1430, instead of an ochep, a mechanism was used that included a pedal, a connecting rod and a crank, thus obtaining a drive similar to the foot drive of a sewing machine that was widespread in the 20th century. Since that time, the workpiece on the lathe received, instead of oscillatory motion, rotation in one direction during the entire turning process.

In 1500, the lathe already had steel centers and a steady rest, which could be fixed anywhere between the centers.

On such machines, rather complex parts were processed, which are bodies of revolution, up to a ball. But the drive of the machines that existed at that time was too low-powered for metal processing, and the efforts of the hand holding the cutter were insufficient to remove large chips from the workpiece. As a result, metal processing was ineffective. it was necessary to replace the worker's hand with a special mechanism, and the muscular force that sets the machine in motion with a more powerful motor.

The emergence of the water wheel led to an increase in labor productivity, while exerting a powerful revolutionary effect on the development of technology. And from the middle of the XIV century. water drives began to spread in metalworking.

In the middle of the 16th century, Jacques Besson (died 1569) - invented a lathe for cutting cylindrical and conical screws.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov (1693-1756), a mechanic of Peter the Great, invents an original lathe-copying and screw-cutting machine with a mechanized support and a set of replaceable gear wheels. To truly understand the worldwide significance of these inventions, let us return to the evolution of the lathe.

In the XVII century. Turning machines appeared, in which the workpiece was no longer set in motion by the muscular power of the turner, but with the help of a water wheel, but the cutter, as before, was held by the turner. At the beginning of the 18th century. Lathes were increasingly used for cutting metals, rather than wood, and therefore the problem of rigidly attaching the cutter and moving it along the processed surface of the table is very urgent. And for the first time, the problem of a self-propelled caliper was successfully solved in copy machine A.K. Nartov in 1712

The inventors went to the idea of ​​mechanized movement of the cutter for a long time. For the first time, this problem became especially acute when solving such technical problems as threading, applying complex patterns to luxury goods, making gears, etc. To obtain a thread on the shaft, for example, at first, markings were made, for which a paper tape of the required width was wound on the shaft, along the edges of which the contour of the future thread was applied. After marking, the thread was filed by hand with a file. Apart from the laboriousness of such a process, it is very difficult to obtain a satisfactory thread quality in this way. And Nartov not only solved the problem of mechanizing this operation, but in 1718-1729. he improved the scheme himself. The tracing pin and the caliper were driven by one lead screw, but with a different cutting pitch under the cutter and under the tracer. Thus, automatic movement of the slide along the axis of the workpiece was ensured. True, there was no transverse feed yet; instead, the rocking of the "copier-blank" system was introduced. Therefore, work on the creation of the caliper continued. Their support was created, in particular, by the Tula mechanics Alexei Surnin and Pavel Zakhava. A more perfect design of the support, close to the modern one, was created by the English machine tool Maudsley, but A.K. Nartov remains the first to find a way to solve this problem.

In general, screw threading remained difficult for a long time. technical challenge because it required high precision and craftsmanship. Mechanics have long thought about how to simplify this operation. Back in 1701, in the work of S. Plume, a method for cutting screws using a primitive caliper was described. For this, a piece of screw was soldered to the workpiece as a shank. The pitch of the screw to be soldered had to be equal to the pitch of the screw that had to be cut into the workpiece. Then the workpiece was installed in the simplest detachable wooden headstock; The headstock supported the body of the workpiece, and a soldered screw was inserted into the rear headstock. When the screw rotated, the wooden socket of the tailstock was crumpled in the shape of the screw and served as a nut, as a result of which the entire workpiece moved towards the headstock. The feed per revolution was such that it allowed the stationary cutter to cut the screw with the required pitch. A similar device was found on the 1785 screw-cutting lathe, which was the immediate predecessor of the Maudsley machine. Here, the threading, which served as a model for the screw being made, was applied directly to the spindle, which held the workpiece and brought it into rotation. (A spindle is called a rotating shaft of a lathe with a device for clamping a workpiece.) This made it possible to cut on screws by a machine method: the worker rotated the workpiece, which, due to the spindle thread, just like in the Plume device, began to translate relatively a stationary cutter that the worker held on a stick. In this way, a thread exactly matched to the thread of the spindle was obtained on the product. However, the accuracy and straightforwardness of processing here depended exclusively on the strength and firmness of the worker's hand, guiding the tool. This was a great inconvenience. In addition, the thread on the spindle was only 8-10mm, which only allowed very short screws to be cut.

Second half of the 18th century in machine-tool construction was marked by a sharp increase in the scope of application of metal-cutting machines and the search for a satisfactory scheme for a universal lathe that could be used for various purposes.

In 1751, J. Vaucanson in France built a machine that, according to its technical data, already resembled a universal one. It was made of metal, had a powerful base, two metal centers, two V-shaped guides, a copper support, providing mechanized movement of the tool in the longitudinal and transverse directions. At the same time, this machine did not have a workpiece clamping system in the chuck, although this device existed in other machine designs. It provided for fixing the workpiece only in the centers. The distance between the centers could be changed within 10 cm. Therefore, only parts of approximately the same length could be processed on the Vaucanson machine.

In 1778 the Englishman D. Ramedon developed two types of threading machines. In one machine, a diamond cutting tool moved along the rotating workpiece along parallel guides, the speed of which was set by the rotation of the reference screw. Replaceable gears made it possible to obtain threads with different pitches. The second machine made it possible to make threads with different pitches on parts longer than the standard length. The cutter was moved along the workpiece using a string that was screwed onto the central key.

In 1795, the French mechanic Senot manufactured a specialized lathe for cutting screws. The designer provided replaceable gears, a large lead screw, a simple mechanized caliper. The machine was devoid of any ornaments, which the masters used to adorn their products before.

Lathe By the end of the 18th century, the accumulated experience made it possible to create a universal lathe, which became the basis of mechanical engineering. It was written by Henry Maudsley. In 1794 he created a rather imperfect caliper design. In 1798, having founded his own workshop for the production of machine tools, he significantly improved the caliper, which made it possible to create a version of the universal lathe. In 1800, Maudsley perfected this machine, and then created a third version, containing all the elements that screw-cutting lathes have today. At the same time, it is significant that Maudsley understood the need to unify certain types of parts and was the first to introduce standardization of threads on screws and nuts. He began producing tap and dies sets for threading.

Lathe Roberts One of the students and successors of the Maudsley business was R. Roberts. He improved the lathe by placing the lead screw in front of the bed, adding a gear busting, and moving the control knobs to the front panel of the machine, which made it more convenient to control the machine. This machine was in operation until 1909.

Another former employee Maudsley - D. Clement created a face lathe for machining large diameter parts. He took into account that when constant speed rotation of the part and constant feed rate as the cutter moves from the periphery to the center, the cutting speed will decrease, and created a system for increasing the speed.

In 1835, D. Whitworth invented the automatic cross feed, which was associated with a longitudinal feed mechanism. This completed the fundamental improvement of the turning equipment.

The next stage is the automation of lathes. Here the palm belonged to the Americans. In the USA, the development of metal working technology began later than in Europe. American machine tools of the first half of the 19th century. significantly inferior to Maudsley machines.

In the second half of the nineteenth century. the quality of American machine tools was already high enough. The machines were mass-produced, and full interchangeability of parts and blocks produced by one company was introduced. In the event of a breakdown of a part, it was enough to write out a similar one from the factory and replace the broken part with a whole one without any adjustment.

In the second half of the nineteenth century. elements were introduced that ensure complete mechanization of processing - an automatic feed unit for both coordinates, a perfect system for fastening the cutter and the part. Cutting and feed conditions were changed quickly and without significant effort. Lathes had automation elements - an automatic stop of the machine when a certain size was reached, a system for automatic control of the front turning speed, etc.

However, the main achievement of the American machine tool industry was not the development of the traditional lathe, but the creation of its modification - the revolving lathe. In connection with the need to manufacture new small arms (revolvers), S. Fitch in 1845 designed and built a revolving machine with eight cutting tools in the turret. The speed of tool change has dramatically increased the productivity of the machine in the manufacture of serial products. This was a serious step towards the creation of automatic machine tools. Special offers for the universal lathe! Hurry up!

The first automatic machines have already appeared in woodworking: in 1842 such an automatic machine was built by K. Vipil, and in 1846 by T. Sloan.

The first universal automatic lathe was invented in 1873 by Chr. Spencer.

Handwheel rope lathe

Foot operated lathe

Manual lathe

Foot operated lathe

Manual Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Jigsaw

Electric motor-driven jigsaw

Foot-operated circular saw

Portable circular saw A lathe made almost entirely of wood in the image of old machines:

Lathe with foot drive (general view)