Scientific groundwork for these technologies, as it turned out, has yet to be created, and scientific areas, in which a real breakthrough has already been made, remain without funding.
"It is important for us to build chains from start to finish in such areas as big data, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, new portable energy sources, sensorics, wireless communication technologies, technologies for managing the properties of biological objects, neurotechnology," of the RAS potential in the implementation of NTI Acting President of the RAS, Academician Valery Kozlov - A simple listing suggests that information technologies underlie, as it were, a lot. ".
As you know, NTI was announced by President Putin on December 4, 2014 in his Address to the Federal Assembly. This is a long-term comprehensive program to form fundamentally new markets and create conditions for Russia's global technological leadership by 2035.
“This imposes a serious responsibility on us,” the academician noted, adding that “to date, 6 roadmaps (DC) of the markets have been approved: Energinet, Helsnet, Neuronet, Marinet, Avtonet, Aeronet "and cross-market direction -" Technet ".
More specifically, we are talking about the so-called "smart grids" ("Energynet"), personal medicine ("Healthnet"), distributed systems aircraft("Aeronet"), sea transport without a crew ("Marinet") and cars without a driver ("Autonet"), distributed artificial components of consciousness and psyche ("Neuronet"), etc.
The main idea is that it will not be possible to compete with the West on occupied sites. Accordingly, the slogan of the Soviet era "catch up and overtake" does not work. In Russia today, half of the economy, as one of the participants in the meeting at the RAS noted, is analog. Only 5% is focused on high-tech exports. We import everything else.
“If we do nothing, our economy will shrink by half in the next 20 years,” said Dmitry Peskov, director of the Young Professionals department of ASI. “We must build a digital economy, or a data economy ... All new markets are built on the network principle. , that is, within themselves they are a network in which intermediaries are replaced by control software. "
Today, he said, "in all markets from agriculture to the space market, new markets are emerging in a new network logic." This is where all these "net" names come from. There is one more reason why Russia needs to develop these new markets. They are still free enough. There are no recognized players there, which means that Russia has a chance to take a leading position. A good example Yandex can serve, which arose when there were no generally accepted standards and recognized players on this market. The same was the case during the Soviet era, when nuclear and missile projects were being created. "In all these cases, we, as a country, were able to achieve success," Peskov emphasized.
There are many barriers on the way to technological leadership that need to be overcome. Academic science can help do this. We are talking about the creation of a list of technologies for the implementation of Roadmaps and the involvement of relevant institutions in the work.
“There is the Expert Council of the National Technology Initiative, which out of 22 people included 8 representatives of the RAS,” said Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Sergei Aldoshin. technological barriers it has already been said what directions are planned for the creation of end-to-end technologies. The task of science is to form a scientific and technical reserve for these selected groups of technologies in order to create competitive high-tech products. "
Another problem that specialists pay attention to is the barriers associated with the imperfection of the regulatory framework, as well as the lack of funding and the wrong approach to financing new directions and developments, when funds are allocated only if the business is interested in the product of scientists. "It is impossible to find an investor," complained RAS Corresponding Member Pavel Balaban, speaking of the Neuronet direction. Meanwhile, Russian science has opened a virtually new direction - "thermogenetics", moreover, without financial support. For example, a person with epilepsy can be "implanted" with snake squirrels, and he will get rid of excruciating seizures. And the human eye can be given thermal imaging. Not to mention the possibility, due to these developments, to return sight to the blind.
"The institutes of FANO all suffer from the lack of renewal of infrastructure. Some of the institutes are in poor condition, we simply cannot make repairs. Where scientific technological barriers have been overcome, this should be used as one of the criteria for allocating the little money that FANO has," I am convinced scientist.
According to him, it is necessary to think about the fact that in the Russian Federation there are projects with decent funding, which could "support at least those new areas where a breakthrough has been made." Otherwise, the technology will be mastered abroad. And again we will buy it from the West.
Elena Kovacic
Academician Alexander Sergeev: RAS needs respect for society and government
Presidential candidate of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Sergeev met with representatives of the scientific community at the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev. As is known, Academician Sergeev was the first to be nominated by the Bureau of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Scientific Council of FIAN supported this decision.
Academician Alexei Khokhlov: "Constantly go forward!"
"Tea drinking at the Academy" is a regular section of Pravda.Ru. It publishes interviews of the writer Vladimir Gubarev with academicians. Today his interlocutor is Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Physics of Polymers and Crystals of the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University Alexei Khokhlov.
Three Tomsk residents were elected academicians of the RAS and three - corresponding members of the RAS
Elections of members of the RAS were held in the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Tomsk scientific school once again confirmed its high class. The ranks of academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences were joined by the best representatives of the Tomsk institutions of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations of Russia, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
National academies are proving their worth
In the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimir Fortov met with the leadership of national academies that have been created in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The guests of the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences were the presidents of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Igor Kolodeznikov, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan Alfis Gayazov, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Myakzyum Salakhov and vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic Ibragim Kerimov.
Academic triangle
The effectiveness of Russian science will be tested on 35 parameters Mikhail Kotyukov: All scientific organizations in Russia will pass the performance test Is it possible to significantly increase salaries for scientists without cutting staff? Why consolidate institutions on a massive scale? How painful will it be for science to change almost a third of the heads of institutes in a year? The "RG" correspondent is talking about this with Mikhail Kotyukov, the head of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FANO), to which the academic institutes have been transferred.
On March 27, the first meeting of the Scientific Coordination Council at the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations took place this year. The head of FANO Russia Mikhail Kotyukov took part in it. During the meeting, the planned rotation of the composition of the Scientific Coordination Council was announced.
This editorial is dedicated to a topic that, thanks to my scientific background, I can never remain indifferent. In decent science, the most clear system for introducing definitions is used, and we can say that the accuracy of science is measured by the rigor of the specification of terms, concepts (definitions); the standard of such rigor is generally recognized as mathematics. In engineering, the mathematical rigor of operating with terms is often unnatural and impossible, however, it is clearly not out of place for this area to draw from the exact sciences the always implied accuracy, common sense and even elementary ethics when introducing new concepts.
1. Careful work with concepts and terminology
Those working in real science, by definition, make sure that everyone always clearly understands what is said in a particular article, what is the proposal put forward by the author, what development has been achieved, what is the result, what is criticized, etc. ... On the other hand, in those areas in which an objective scientific examination of proposals and results is impossible, a certain fog of definitions or ascribing their priority to oneself is sometimes dictated or justified by considerations of competition, marketing, advertising, etc.More or less disciplined and competent work with terms and concepts, in my opinion, suggests that you
I will touch upon two terms - "end-to-end technology" and "information modeling" - and I will immediately say that today's propagandists of the concepts behind these terms, ASCON and NEOLANT, respectively, are the real and deserved leaders of the domestic engineering market. software... This is not about doubts about their leadership, but about my doubts about the correctness and / or accuracy of the definitions and uses of the two above-mentioned concepts. More precisely: I want to understand what is what, and I will be glad if readers help me with this.
2. How does ASCON's end-to-end technology (ST) compare with PLM?
The term ST, or end-to-end engineering (DP), has been active in our sky in the last few weeks. For example, let's pay attention to the seminar "End-to-end design in instrumentation at the stage of transition from P-CAD to Altium Designer" or to the article "". In this regard, ASCON became the main newsmaker, placing the announcement of its new ST-course in the focus of its recent main event: "".The through turn of ASCON is considered in sufficient detail in the site given to the portal by Sergey Evsikov. The interview says that “ large ASCON customers need end-to-end automation of engineering processes. A separate CAD tool, however great, is not enough for them, they need an integrated PLM system". From this statement I am trying to draw a pleasant conclusion: large domestic customers have grown to systems approach, which they, together with ASCON, expect to implement using PLM or some kind (part?) of it, called end-to-end technology. My hypothesis is supported by the interviewer - with his phrase “ end-to-end PLM integration”, Which is not denied by the answer of S. Evsikov. One of the illustrations in which the components of the ST are nested in a circle called Life Cycle The items reinforce my hypothesis (as well as all the other relevant drawings in this interview):
On the other hand, the thought arises that if PLM is not mentioned in the detailed and well-designed illustrations coming from the undoubtedly qualified specialists of the market leader, then the leader still means something significantly different ... However, Sergei says, what " end-to-end 3D technology is a modern trend”, From which I conclude: ST3D is not an invention of ASCON. If we were talking about a scientific article, after the words “this is a modern trend,” there would necessarily be links confirming this statement: at least I should look for them on the Internet ...
To begin with, I stumble upon a kind of exotic "Great Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas", which pleased with the amazing definition: " End-to-end design is a process that removes the boundary between the stages of dynamic system synthesis, i.e. synthesis of mathematical models of the control law and the stage (transputer) implementation of this law". I do not give a link to protect the psyche of readers. I will also omit the link to the article (2010), which states that “ On the basis of a 3D model, it is possible to use end-to-end design technology ... This technology allows you to link together all stages of development and production of products ... According to the American National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), the use of end-to-end design allows:... "and further ridiculous assessments of how the joint venture is efficiently effective at different stages of life cycle are given (from 5 to 90%!): Of course, there are no references. I find some other not very intelligible references to ST about fifteen years ago ...
Finally, on the website of the "Equipment and Instrument" magazine I see a very rich article "End-to-end 3D ASCON technology" (2013) by ASCON managers, which says: " The domestic implementation of the ideology and principles of the concept of PLM technologies has become the ASCON end-to-end 3D technology, which meets the main condition for the existence of the method - full integration and interaction of all components". Very good and pleasant! (True, I would like to ask whether, for example, TFLEX-PLM + or Lotsia® PLM are also domestic implementations of the ideology and principles of the concept of PLM technologies, but here I don't care). In general, the article is very informative, and it is all the more offensive that it did not receive any reader questions or comments: in order to correct this injustice, I suggest that the authors of the article and ASCON marketers publish on the website a slightly updated version of this article, which has become even more urgent.
From all that we have seen, we can conclude that ST / SP should be well known in the English-speaking world. However, the search for the term "Straight-Through 3D Technology" taken from Ascon's article leads only to this article itself, and I could not find other English prototypes or analogues of ST / SP. I would be grateful to the readers for their help.
It turns out that the specialists of ASCON, deeply respected by me, are not very careful, in the sense of the above in section 1, and they are not very far-sighted with the terminology. I especially regret the inconsistency with paragraph 2b, since its consistent implementation, in my opinion, would bring significant methodological and marketing benefits to ASCON (including abroad), and would also contribute to the development of a reliable development strategy for the announced direction.
I will try to formulate my hypothesis. It appears that end-to-end technology is the predecessor to PLM, which embodied one of the earliest ideas for integrating engineering design tools that did not include many of the components and techniques of the later full-fledged PLM. At the same time, the narrowing of the scope of consideration and the better (compared to non-CAD components) technological sophistication and logical coherence of CAD components made it possible to keep in mind relatively tighter integration, data separation, communication, etc. Apparently, the revival and refinement of end-to-end technology has become reasonable today due to the development of PLM itself (including methods of joint and distributed data processing), due to the development of the engineering components themselves and their interfaces, as well as the development of those some large domestic customers who have already grown to understand the need to acquire and implement complex integrated systems, but have not yet matured to restructuring a business based on the organization of a full-fledged controlled digital interconnection of all its (business) components, which (restructuring and interconnection) constitute the essence of PLM.
I would recommend to present end-to-end technology, clearly positioning its place in the space of processes, components and PLM methodology, in particular, more emphasizing not just integration and complexity, but an orientation towards joint and distributed (not necessarily sequential) processing of shared data. A clear PLM positioning does not at all prevent you from including special security tools in your solution if they are fundamentally necessary for some customers. I can't imagine how without this it would be possible to tell the world community in an understandable way (of course, if you want to) about this ASCON course, for example, on the same COFES or in the blog of Ralph Grabowski. However, it is clear that "end-to-end technology" and "this is something even better than your already reasonably favorite KOMPAS-3D" sounds much more attractive to the ears of some important customers than, for example, the import-substituting PLM 0.5
3. How does NEOLANT information modeling (MI) relate to BIM and PLM?
On the domestic market of engineering software, one can hardly find propaganda activity comparable in its pressure to the activity of NEOLANT in promoting what this company calls “information modeling”. And this activity is obviously productive: just look at the others. The winners are not supposed to be judged, but the subheading questions I want to ask.As already mentioned, I couldn’t find an English-language analogue or prototype for end-to-end technology, but it’s impossible to imagine that the phrase “information model” would not turn out to be encyclopedic, fundamentally general and, of course, having a clear international meaning (at the level of its generally accepted use!). Indeed, the English-language Wikipedia, in its detailed article with many links, says that “ Information model (IM) in the software sphere is a representation of concepts and relationships, constraints, rules and operations that specify the semantics of data of a particular subject area ... IM provides a shared, stable and well-organized structure of information requirements or knowledge in the context of this subject area».
On the NEOLANT website we read “ In the understanding of the experts of the "NEOLANT" company, an information model (IM) is a database in which information about an object of the real world is consolidated and integrated. Contains 3D models, passports of objects, an archive of documentation and other information on objects in a structured and interconnected form. An information model is a digital prototype of an object, in which each of its elements is uniquely defined and their logical relationship is provided. It is the structure and assigned relationships that are the main features of the information model.».
After making sure that the experts of NEOLANT generally agree with Wikipedia, I read on. " An object of the real world is understood as an industrial enterprise / civil structure / city or part of them - a separate building, system, equipment". Yeah, I think, since we are talking about a concentration of data and knowledge about structures, their parts or their aggregates that allows effective modeling, this is BIM! However, I could not find such a word or some of its Russian-language decoding in the explanations of NEOLANT what IM is. True, in one of the comments to the article "", an erudite reader explains: "... we can say that "information modeling" is a more universal concept that, if necessary, can be attributed, based on the goals and objectives achieved, to various types: PLM, BIM, ERP, asset management, office work, economics, etc. P.". There is not the slightest doubt that IM is a (much) more universal concept: some general cultural training, Wikipedia, and, for example, the article "Information Modeling" in the "Encyclopedia of a Computer Science Teacher" - in my opinion, an excellent article combining breadth, scientific and methodological literacy, clarity, rich illustrativeness and simplicity of language; we should all read this article carefully.
Introductory figure in a computer science teacher article
Taking into account this kind of encyclopedic concepts, with all the deepest respect for the practical achievements of NEOLANT, it is difficult for me to understand how a company can position itself as a world leader in information modeling ...
Further, the NEOLANT website notes: “ Today in the world expert community there are debates about the concept of an information model, and it is not surprising - after all, this area continues its rapid growth, the limits of which have not yet been identified. NEOLANT has developed its own concept of information modeling and, on its basis, proposes the implementation of real applied solutions ". No references to disputes about the concept of IM are given, and, in my opinion, they cannot be, since, outside the philosophy and methodology of science, disputes about what is commonly called information modeling today are hardly possible.
The quoted introductory article by NEOLANT, to which the company tirelessly refers, ends with the table “Typology of Information Models. Types of recommended digital models depending on the tasks of the enterprise ”. This table seems to me quite promising from a methodological point of view: indeed, with all, of course, always and everywhere existing, subtle features of each enterprise and its tasks, the types of enterprises and classes of tasks to be solved must be visible and specified with sufficient accuracy. (The apparent chaos to the observer always reflects the lack of knowledge of the observer.) Therefore, the attempt at classification, undertaken by NEOLANT, can only be welcomed and serve as an example for all vendors and integrators. Another thing is that in this cute table, again, BIM is not mentioned at all (!), And PLM is indiscriminately referred to technologies, which is fundamentally wrong.
And in this case, I want to formulate my hypothesis-diagnosis. NEOLANT has (a) enviable access to large integration, service and consulting orders in the rich sphere of the domestic market (public sector, oil and gas, nuclear and heat energy) and (b) mutually beneficial partnership with a number of the world's largest vendors in the field of PLM, BIM and ERP ... Apparently, solving many problems of NEOLANT customers (for objective or subjective reasons) requires the integration of different genre solutions from different vendors. In such conditions, it is often necessary to integrate PLM, AEC, ERP elements and to develop additional auxiliary modules. I suspect that with a methodologically correct definition and use of the term BIM, this concept could reasonably combine all the solutions used and integrated by NEOLANT. However, since today at the mass level it is often practically "we say BIM, we mean ArchiCAD or Revit or ...", it is not surprising that NEOLANT is very narrow in the concreteness of this term.
In order to break out of the instrumental framework of a narrowly understood BIM, NEOLANT chose, from my point of view, a methodologically naive way out: to pretend that BIM has nothing to do with the company and to call its activity an extremely general term, which, from the point of view of any educated person, refers to encyclopedic concepts and cannot have an alternative interpretation in a separate niche of a particular industry. You would call it, say, Neol-BIM, H-BIM + or, if you are ashamed of BIM, NEOL-3D modeling, and in it they would boldly call themselves world leaders.
4. Conclusions
I repeat that I have no doubts that behind the sloppy (from my point of view) terms used here, there are quite meaningful results and prospects. Moreover, I am sure that the overwhelming majority of users do not notice any inaccuracy and incorrectness and, most likely, conclude or conclude: my vendor is the coolest. However, the development of our market can proceed faster than today's pragmatists imagine. Until recently, it seemed to someone that it was more pragmatic to implement 2.5D in our country, and that BIM can only work under the conditions of the British monarchy. But large Russian enterprises may mature to a complete PLM business restructuring faster than it seems today, and the slogan of import substitution (if it persists) is unlikely to prevent them from profitably implementing full PLM, including, say, Internet of Things, or even 3DExperience. And it cannot be ruled out that BIM will develop so far, including towards the PLM methodology, that at a high architectural and methodological level it will absorb analogs of relatively crude NEOLANT schemes, and these schemes will be imported to us in the form of some BIM2020 from one or another Siemens. Thus, I believe that the manner and practice of manipulation of terms and concepts I have noted not only reflects inaccuracy and incorrectness, but also fixes a very real methodological obstacle (brake) in the minds in the process of forming and implementing by vendors of their long-term strategy.In general, the manipulation of terms and concepts without their honest, unambiguous and qualified correlation with the system of concepts and knowledge accumulated by the culture of mankind seems to be similar to the choice of the so-called special path without taking into account the gigantic world and its own historical experience (either due to illiteracy, or due to considerations of political marketing): such a choice can bring tactical successes, but strategically, as the same experience shows, it is ineffective and dead-end.
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The basis for the delivery of goods to a retail outlet is an application. It is drawn up in the prescribed form. It indicates the name of the goods and their main assortment characteristics (type, grade, etc.), the number of goods. The application, drawn up in duplicate, is signed by the manager or director of the store, then it is stamped and sent to the supplier for execution.
Delivery methods of goods:
W Most effective method delivery of goods to retail trade enterprises- centralized delivery.
Centralized cargo transportation began in 1951 at the initiative of Glavmosavtotrans. Currently only in construction organizations about 60% of cargo is transported centrally. Centralized transportation of bricks, concrete, mortar, reinforced concrete products, oxygen, oil products, ferrous metals, as well as the delivery of goods to railway stations and removal from stations, became widespread.
The main features of centralized cargo transportation are:
Ш execution of cargo transportation with full forwarding
service;
- Ш execution by the supplier, as a rule, of the entire volume of transportation for the assigned clientele;
- Ш conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods according to the shipping principle;
- Strict division of responsibilities between the clientele and the trucking company;
- Ш implementation of all payments for transportation with the party that has entered into an agreement.
In the case of centralized transportation of goods, the responsibilities of the parties are distributed: loading of goods in factories, warehouses and bases is carried out by the supplier, transportation of goods and their forwarding - by a transport company, unloading of goods - by the consignee.
Advantages of centralized cargo transportation: the use of the rolling stock of road transport is improved by reducing downtime at the points of loading and unloading cargo, increasing the duration of work, increasing the utilization rate of mileage and carrying capacity; the forwarding of goods is improved and the documentation for the release and receipt of goods and payment for transportation is simplified; settlements with the trucking company are made by the supplier of goods, which is cut to include the cost of transportation, loading and forwarding in the invoices for released products; the number of service personnel required to organize transportation is reduced as a result of a decrease in the number of forwarders, since freight forwarding is carried out by drivers, with the exception of the transportation of especially valuable goods; conditions are created for the consolidation of cargo shipments and the use of road trains, complex mechanization of loading and unloading operations and specialized rolling stock; there is an opportunity for continuous improvement of the transportation process. The road transport company, acting as an organizer of centralized transportation, has a constant influence on suppliers and consignees of goods in improving the condition of moving tracks, mechanization of loading and unloading operations, more rational storage of goods, better preparation of goods for transportation; labor productivity of drivers increases due to work on the same routes and transportation of the same goods; the duration of the process of transportation of goods is reduced; the cost of transportation is reduced, etc.
The disadvantages of organizing centralized transportation of goods include a decrease in the reliability of transportation for some "unprofitable" consumers and the need, in some cases, to change the order of sales organizations. For the organization of centralized transportation of goods, preparatory work is necessary, which consists in studying the size of the traffic flow, its structure, features of transportation of goods, the state of access roads, means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations, choosing the most rational type of rolling stock, identifying ways to increase the utilization rate of mileage, determining methods operational planning and management of transportation, etc.
Ш The second method of delivery of goods is decentralized.
In case of decentralized transportation, consignees order rolling stock from road transport enterprises independently organizing the export of goods for their enterprises without agreeing on the sequence of transportation with shippers (cargo suppliers).
Recipients of goods independently carry out loading and unloading operations, having for this a certain staff of loaders, forwarders and supply agents.
The advantages of decentralized transportation are that the timeliness and reliability of the necessary transportation increases, the disadvantages are that the use of rolling stock is reduced due to the fact that the organization of the transportation process is carried out by the consignees, and not by the trucking company, the number of loaders and forwarders increases, unproductive costs increase, and cost of transportation, etc.
W of the brigade form of organizing the work of drivers
In recent years, the improvement of centralized transportation of goods on road transport follows the path of development of the brigade form of organizing the work of drivers - complex brigades are created, comprehensively mechanized brigades, brigade contracts, through brigade contracts, etc.
The brigade is such an association of workers in which everyone voluntarily recognizes the authority of their own association over themselves. The scope of work (transportation) is determined in the contract with the administration of the motor transport company. No one can include or exclude an employee from a brigade without the consent of the entire team or the council of the brigade.
Complex mechanized brigades are usually organized during the development of soil, transportation of filter and inert materials. The team includes drivers, excavators and bulldozers. At the same time, delivery of all members of the brigade to the place of work and after work to the place of residence is carried out on service buses; the change of workers is carried out directly in the pit; refueling of vehicles and mechanisms with fuel and lubricants at the place of work from refueling stations; production of minor repairs of excavators, bulldozers and cars, as well as dismantling and mounting of tires at special equipped sites; accounting for the volume of work performed according to the final result, etc.
Distinctive features of the brigade contract: wage distributed to all members of the brigade equally (in proportion to the hours worked), with the exception of the class bonus: expenses for the driver's brigade are planned according to the following items - salary with accrual, fuel, lubricants, tire wear and repair, maintenance and Maintenance cars; if the brigade does not fulfill the daily task of cargo transportation, the amount of profit is reduced to it in proportion to the amount of income falling on the unfulfilled volume of cargo transportation; if the brigade does not fulfill the transportation plan due to the fault of the transport company, its permanent profit is reimbursed, and the customer is paid a fine in the amount of 20% of the cost of delivery of the cargo that has not been exported from the supplier or the excess idle time of the rolling stock during loading caused by his fault, they are paid a fine to the transport company in the amount of 20% of the cost transportation; when placing cars for overhaul with less than normal mileage, the profit of a team of drivers due to this is reduced by the amount of profit not received by the trucking company, and when a car with an incomplete service life is written off - by the amount of residual value.
With an end-to-end brigade contract, a joint agreement is concluded between all participants technological process working on the brigade contract method. For example, when transporting reinforced concrete products, a joint contract is concluded by teams that manufacture, engineer, transport and unload products at construction sites. The progress of the transportation is controlled by the council of foremen together with the management of the transport company and the enterprise that manufactures reinforced concrete products.
An increase in the efficiency of cargo transportation is currently associated with the packaging and containerization of goods, comprehensive mechanization and automation of the transportation process, non-transshipment technology of the transportation process of packages and containers from suppliers to consumers, improving the organization of transportation - creating organizational structure, which would unite the performers of all stages of the transportation process. The combination of the above measures when organizing the transportation of a specific cargo allows us to consider it as the organization of a flexible automated transport system.
Ш Intermodal transportation.
Currently, cargo owners impose requirements on carriers to improve the quality of the transportation process: compliance with the speed of transportation along the entire route, the delivery time of the cargo to the destination at the specified time, the safety of the transported cargo and its useful properties, information about the location of the cargo along the transportation route, presentation to the cargo owner of related services (forwarding, customs operations, packing, packing, packing, etc.).
The highest form of transportation organization that meets these requirements is intramodal transportation. They allow transport operators to use all the best advantages of each mode of transport in an integrated way and offer consumers high quality products and reasonable prices. In economically developed countries this direction development of transport systems is a priority, due to which the annual growth of such traffic is 3-5%.
Intermodal transportation is multimodal door-to-door transportation, prepared and carried out under the unified direction of one center. Its organizer, at all stages of the development and implementation of the transportation process, purposefully links the actions of all parties involved in it: cargo owners, carriers and transportation complexes - in the interests of accelerating the transportation of goods and reducing the total costs of its transportation.
The main features of intermodal transport are:
- 1. participation in the transportation of at least two types of transport;
- 2. the presence of an agreement between the "center" and the cargo owner on the carrier of cargo "from door to door", which provides for the responsibility of the "center" for the safety of the cargo and the timing of its transportation, as well as the size of the tariff payment for the entire range of services provided by the "center" to the cargo owner (through tariff).
Advantages:
- 1. more rational use of available transport facilities;
- 2. more economical energy consumption;
- 3. increasing the reliability of transportation, etc.
At a closed meeting with members of the Moscow Capital Club Minister of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation Nikolay Nikiforov talked about the new world that awaits us very soon, about its opportunities and dangers. The meeting was attended by the correspondent of "AiF". We publish the minister's speech with minor cuts.
Uber for Gazprom
It is extremely difficult to predict anything in the conditions of the technological revolution, which all of us have witnessed. We are faced with some fantastic amount of transformations, complete destruction and rebuilding of existing models.
Perhaps the clearest example of such a transformation is the so-called "uberization", the use of computer platforms and mobile applications for communication between taxi drivers and clients. If we compare the capitalization of Gazprom and Uber, then the capitalization of Uber is based not on the infrastructure created by the company itself, but on a certain virtual point around which a powerful traditional infrastructure revolves - the same cars.
Thus, the digital economy is the same economy, multiplied by new technological opportunities, first of all, the ability to collect, store and transfer huge amounts of data.
This revolution is taking place literally before our eyes. When I joined the ministry in 2012, there weren't even fiber-optic cables everywhere. In December 2012, fiber optics came to Yakutsk, where there had never been high-speed Internet before. I remember that every 100 km there was a communication center with a diesel generator powered by diesel fuel, which ensured the operation of the line. In Russia, there was practically no communication of the 4th generation, 4G. And today more than 25% of operators cellular in Russia they work in this standard. Many no longer imagine anything else and swear at the operators, when there is no high-speed Internet, it is impossible to download a movie. We never thought that the number of SIM cards in different devices, in our cars, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, irons, will start to exceed the number of SIM cards in our phones. This also happened in just a few years. We never thought that it would be possible to lay a fiber-optic communication line to small settlements - for example, to a village where 250-300 people live. And today we have a program through which Wi-Fi comes to 14 thousand of these settlements and, thanks to Rostelecom, this is free Wi-Fi.
This technological revolution is the foundation of the digital economy.
"End-to-end technologies"
Our president at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum this summer called these new technologies “end-to-end”. What did he mean? The meaning of this definition can be revealed if we recall Yandex. We traditionally consider Yandex to be an Internet company. But this is a company that develops "end-to-end" artificial intelligence technology. They use artificial intelligence in search, when plotting routes on a map, when they predict the weather, process a huge number of different sources, predict an increase in the number of taxi calls and direct cars to these areas, finally, using artificial intelligence, they recognize the voice and answer questions by the voice assistant " Alice". The share of artificial intelligence in the latter program is higher than in foreign counterparts.
Digital economy Are end-to-end technologies.
What other end-to-end technologies are there? First of all, it is data processing. Very, very large amounts of data. This makes it possible to record everything. For example, to predict and collect information about traffic jams in Moscow, they use data from mobile network operators. All your movements are recorded and stored in one large database. And the Moscow mayor's office can quite accurately tell how the traffic situation changes daily, weekly and monthly. Why are the Moscow authorities so boldly implementing a large number of road projects? Because they know practically everything about each of us traveling around Moscow. The use of personal data without the knowledge of the citizen is prohibited by law, but anonymized data is used and processed.
Augmented reality, robotics, machine learning, quantum computers, the Internet of things - “end-to-end” technologies can be listed for a long time. Their main common feature is the possibility of application in different industries. And the most gigantic digitalization of the economy will be in those areas that today are not at all covered by it: Agriculture, various industries ... There will not be a single sphere that will not come under serious pressure from new technologies.I feel like a very happy minister because I received the strong support of the first person in the state. The President said: "We will develop digital technologies, the digital economy, because only thanks to this we will be able to remain competitive in 5, 10 and 25 years."
How is blockchain different from bitcoin?
Of course, the digital economy allows things to be done less centrally. And here it is worth mentioning another new technology - blockchain or distributed ledger technology. This is when you do not need to store the entire database, when the entire history of changes and the entire chain of interactions is stored in every piece of information. Encryption allows us to be sure that no one has changed anything in them. Blockchain and bitcoin are not the same thing, bitcoin is just one of the cryptocurrencies, which are also just a special case of using a distributed ledger. Blockchain technology can be used in a wide variety of industries. For example, its application will allow us to abandon the currently existing register of real estate objects - and it will be a much more reliable and cryptographically confirmed register that can be absolutely trusted.
Thanks to blockchain technology and people's agreement on the cost, such a financial instrument as cryptocurrencies has appeared. Yes, as our president said at a recent meeting, this tool can indeed be used for a large number of bad things - tax evasion, terrorist financing, money laundering ... But if you create a legal framework, set the right conditions for the game, you can use them positively ... And such projects are already being prepared. We, of course, must here use our own cryptography (data encryption technology - Ed.), Prescribe clear and understandable rules for the taxation of such transactions. But the instrument itself - let's conditionally call it the "crypto-ruble" - is necessary and appropriate in the Russian economy. As well as in the economy of the EurAsEC, and in the economy of the BRICS. Because these instruments cannot be kept in any one country, they are fundamentally international, they are constantly being thrown out somewhere. Therefore, although it was decided in principle what cryptocurrencies should be, but what rules we apply, is being discussed just these days. After a meeting with the president, I received invitations to a huge number of meetings on cryptocurrencies in federal authorities - including both chambers of our parliament. Therefore, the process has definitely started. Our task is to resolve differences and develop a set of rules.
Who has all our moves recorded?
I would like to point out that the Russian Federation doomed to play her own game - and in the area information security, and the digital economy. For the reason that we are a superpower: we have strategic nuclear weapons, sovereignty and conduct our own policies.
We all have our own smartphones and tablets, which lie on the nightstand next to the bed, move with us in public transport and in cars, we spend the whole day with them, we use them to take pictures. But, I think, none of the average users thinks that none of their photos, messages or notes disappear. Any images and letter combinations will forever remain a part of the world information matrix and are available to those who created it. You can't clean up your digital history - it's very difficult. It is recorded forever and can be used against you.
The creators of the digital matrix are known to everyone. It turned out that most programs and mobile OS for the whole world they produce only 3 American corporations- Google, Apple and Microsoft. They control Russian market 99% like the world. This was not a problem as long as the number of Internet users and mobile devices in our country did not exceed 50% of the population. Now we have come to 60%. Taking into account the fact that we all became hostages of these technologies, we all became hostages of these corporations. What is the conversation of the American special services with these corporations, we know both from the materials of WikiLeaks, and from books Snowden... This is a very tough conversation, not always based on legal methods. Foreign intelligence agencies use the collection of data through these corporations, and not necessarily in the interests of national security, but also in the interests of commercial intelligence, influencing political processes taking place in different countries... Therefore, those countries that care about their digital sovereignty - and without it we cannot talk about any sovereignty at all - have to solve a lot of issues. We need to know what our citizens have in their pockets, we need to think about whether citizens can feel calm and whether their basic constitutional rights are respected in terms of information technology. And to understand whether one fine day it is possible to turn off the Internet on a command from the outside in a single state - such examples are known and documented. It so happened that the Russian segment of the Internet is operated today from the glorious European city of Amsterdam. As we know, in recent years, we have periodically raised certain questions, we are faced with the effect of politically motivated sanctions. We may have our own view of the expression of the will of individual peoples and territories, while other countries have a different view from ours. And the Internet, mobile operating systems, smartphones are becoming tools in this complex game.
Without completing the entire necessary cycle of import substitution, we cannot be a competitive superpower already on the 10-year horizon. That is why, both within the framework of the Digital Economy program and within the framework of other events in Russia, order is being brought about in this area. Without understanding how these platforms and technologies work, without guaranteeing the reliability of this basic digital infrastructure, we will not be able to ensure that very national security.
This is no longer communication for the sake of communication. This is the digital transformation of the world.
