Purpose of the analysis industrial injuries consists in the exclusion of the manifestation of the causes leading to industrial injuries. Various methods are used in the analysis.
Statistical research method includes the collection of information about accidents, the accumulation and processing of statistical materials with subsequent conclusions and recommendations. This method analyzes a predetermined number of accidents. This method requires the collection of a large statistical data set for all the studied indicators. With the help of statistical analysis, it is possible to discover the patterns inherent in these indicators, to study the features of the occurrence of accidents in certain professions, in certain production areas, in certain categories of workers.
The main sources of statistical information are acts of investigation of accidents in the form of N-1 (act on an industrial accident). The results of the analysis of statistical material are presented in the form of tables, diagrams, graphs.
The statistical approach aims to identify general patterns manifestations of injury. In this case, injury is viewed as a function of various variables. Identification of the most significant of these variables and the nature of their influence on injuries - the main objective method. With its help, it is impossible to develop any specific recommendations for the prevention of individual accidents - it is aimed at defining general ways of dealing with certain types of injuries.
It must be borne in mind that the use statistical method can be effective if the incidents of injury are repeated several times when performing the same operations. If for reporting period(for example, a year) when performing the same work, few injuries occur, then for their analysis it is recommended to take the number of injuries that have occurred over a longer period of time (from three to five years).
Group method- one of the varieties of the statistical method. According to this method, the data is processed after preliminary grouping of accidents according to characteristic (homogeneous) features: types of work, equipment uniformity, climatic conditions, time of injury, age, qualifications and specialties of victims, etc. The method allows the grouping of features measured both quantitatively and qualitatively.
The essence of the group method is to determine the differences in occupational injury rates on the basis of data grouped by characteristic features. If the differences turn out to be significant, then the grouping feature allows you to establish the cause of the higher injury rate in a particular group.
Topographic method consists in studying the causes of industrial injuries at the scene of the incident and serves to identify work areas in which hazardous situations occur with increased frequency. For this, a plan (diagram) of the enterprise (workshop, site) is drawn up with an indication of production facilities on it. Symbols mark places of industrial injuries, including those where micro-injuries were received. After summarizing the data obtained, work areas are identified that require the use of special measures to protect workers from industrial injuries, for example, protective fences, interlocks, and in some cases - changes in work technology, changes in the design of equipment, improvement of work technology and special preventive measures.
Monographic method is an analysis OPF, characteristic of a particular production area, equipment, technological process. The purpose of the method is to identify the main circumstances, subjective and objective reasons a particular hazardous situation, a specific accident or in the definition OPF, that may arise when performing one or another technological operation... The method is based on a comprehensive detailed study of the conditions for the occurrence of a situation in which there could or may be industrial hazards.
The monographic method takes into account a number of factors of a technical, organizational-sociological, psychophysiological and sanitary-hygienic nature that can become the causes of industrial injuries. Such factors, for example, include unfavorable factors external environment: noise, vibrations, lighting conditions, size and condition of the working area, etc.
Using the monographic method (in contrast to the previous ones), not only industrial accidents can be investigated, but also dangerous situations, as a result of which a threat of injury was created, i.e. in the absence of accidents at the investigated object.
Expert method is based on the involvement of qualified specialists in a particular area: a group of experts assesses the significance of a particular cause in the total set of causes of accidents.
Primarily expert method it is used in cases when it is impossible or difficult to identify certain causes or factors that arise in complex multifactorial systems or objects when analyzing industrial injuries.
Method of graphical construction of causal relationships it is used in the analysis of injury cases resulting from the action of several factors.
Obviously, there is a causal relationship between the realized hazard (i.e. the accident) and the causes (factors that caused the accident). Every accident has a cause, which may be due to another cause, etc. The graphical display of such dependencies resembles a branching tree, which is why such graphs are called the "cause tree". With the help of graphical construction of cause-and-effect relationships, the interaction of the unfavorable factors that caused a hazardous production situation is visually displayed and evaluated.
Methodological identification of the reasons falls into two stages: the construction of a model of the situation and the analysis of this model. At the same time, in order to identify the causes of industrial injuries as an event that has already taken place, the model of the situation is built in the reverse order: from the moment of injury to the events that preceded it.
When analyzing this model, sequential, parallel, circular and concentric forms of causal relationships are used (Fig. 2.1).
Rice. 2.1. The main types of forms of causation are: a- consistent; b- parallel; v- circular; d - concentric
Serial form of causation(see fig. 2.1, a) looks like this: there is an initial cause that causes the second, the second causes the third, etc. As a result, the latter cause leads to injury. Parallel form of causation(see fig.2.1 , b) implies the existence of two or more parallel connections that result in trauma.
Circular causation(see fig. 2.1, v) assumes the existence of a primary cause that causes the second, the second - the third and so on. The next reason aggravates the first, the first second and further, until one of the causes leads to injury.
Concentric form of causation(see fig. 2.1, G) suggests that one of the factors is the source of several causes, which, developing in parallel, cause a common cause leading to the injury.
In the real conditions of the analysis of industrial injuries, the given forms of causal relationships in various combinations can serve as constituent elements of complex network models. This method, despite its complexity and laboriousness, makes it possible to identify the true causes of industrial injuries.
When analyzing injuries by the method of cause-and-effect relationship, you can use the construction of the Ishikawa cause-effect diagram (Fig. 2.2), which allows you to represent the relationship between the effect, the result and all possible causes that affect them.
The construction of the Ishikawa diagram (variants of the names: "problem tree", "fish skeleton") can be carried out in the following order:
- 1) collection of factors (causes) associated with an industrial injury;
- 2) grouping of factors (reasons) according to semantic and causal relationships;
- 3) ranking of factors (reasons) within each block;
Rice. 2.2.
- 4) analysis of factors (reasons);
- 5) the establishment of the main factors (causes) that led to an occupational injury, and indirect, accompanying an occupational injury.
Ergonomic method is based on a comprehensive study of the "man - machine - production environment" system.
To every kind labor activity certain physiological, psychophysiological and anthropometric characteristics of the worker must correspond. Only with a comprehensive correspondence of the indicated human properties, rational organization of the workplace to the peculiarities of specific labor activities, it is possible to effectively ensure labor safety. Violation of this compliance can lead to industrial injuries (Fig. 2.3).
Hypothetically, every 10-30 thousand cases of unsafe actions or working conditions in the workplace under certain circumstances can lead to death, therefore, in order to assess the real risk in the presence of hazardous factors, they should be identified. For this purpose, it is necessary to use the results of attestation of workplaces in terms of working conditions, which will make it possible to detect, first of all, production factors that represent a real danger.
Rice. 2.3.
Analysis of statistical data on first aid, as well as unsafe actions and working conditions, allows us to identify the most significant and most common factors and causes that contribute to the occurrence of industrial injuries. To do this, you can apply the method of constructing a Pareto chart.
The essence of the method is that Pareto diagrams can be used as a tool that allows you to identify and display problems, to establish the main factors and causes of occupational injuries that are most often encountered in the workplace.
When analyzing by the Pareto method, diagrams can be built both by possible factors and by possible reasons(for example, unsafe actions of workers) occupational injuries.
We list the general rules for constructing a Pareto chart(fig. 2.4):
- 1) it is necessary to decide what problems (causes of problems) should be investigated, what data to collect and how to classify it;
- 2) develop forms for registering initial data (for example, a checklist);
- 3) collect data by filling out the forms and calculate the results for each investigated factor (indicator, attribute);
Rice. 2.4.
- 1-7 - investigated factors of interest; 8 - other factors
- 4) prepare a table form for the construction of a diagram, providing columns for the totals for each checked factor separately, the accumulated sum of the manifestations of the corresponding factor, percent of the total (accumulated interest);
- 5) fill in the table, arranging the data obtained for the checked factor in decreasing order of importance;
- 6) prepare the axes (one horizontal and two vertical lines) for plotting the diagram. Apply on the left ordinate a scale with intervals from 0 to a number indicating the total sum of the identified factors, and on the right ordinate - a scale with intervals from 0 to 100, reflecting the percentage measure of the factor. Divide the abscissa into intervals according to the number of factors studied or the relative frequency of their manifestation;
- 7) build a bar chart. The height of the column (plotted on the left scale) is equal to the number of occurrences of the corresponding factor or as a percentage of the total. The columns are arranged in descending order (decreasing the repeatability of the factor). The last column characterizes "others", i.e. insignificant factors, and may be higher than neighboring ones;
- 8) draw the cumulative curve (Pareto curve) - a broken line connecting the points of accumulated amounts (quantitative measure of factors or percentages). Each point is placed above the corresponding column of the bar chart, focusing on its right side;
- 9) put all designations and inscriptions on the diagram;
- 10) analyze the resulting diagram.
The advantage of this method lies in its simplicity and clarity, as well as the ability to assess the quantitative significance of each factor or cause that can lead to or accompany an occupational injury, which makes it possible to use the data obtained when planning measures to prevent occupational injuries.
The disadvantage of this method in the analysis of industrial injuries is the difficulty of taking into account the possible consequences of specific factors and causes, which can lead to incorrect conclusions.
For example, some frequently repeated unsafe actions can lead to minor consequences of damage to health, while others can cause serious consequences even if done only once.
The analysis of injuries makes it possible to reasonably develop measures to eliminate the causes of accidents at work and to determine the main directions of work to further improve safety and improve working conditions.
Source materials for the analysis of injuries, there are reports of state statistical reporting in the form of No. 7 - injuries, acts on accidents at work in the form of N-1 and documents for special investigation of group, fatal and serious accidents. The analysis also uses information on the availability and use of equipment, the number of employees by profession, type and volume of work performed, as well as materials of inspections and surveys of the state of safety measures carried out by state and departmental supervision and control bodies, and public organizations.
In practice, a number of methods for analyzing industrial injuries are used: statistical, group, topographic, monographic.
Statistical the method of analysis is based on the systematization and statistical processing of documents on injuries. The initial materials are acts according to the N-1 form, reports according to the form 7 - injuries, registers of registration and accounting of the National Assembly, as well as data on the number of workers, costs of labor protection measures, etc.
To assess industrial injuries in the statistical method, relative values (coefficients) are used: an indicator of the frequency of injuries, the severity of injuries, an indicator of mortality, an indicator of the hazard of production or disability.
The indicator of the frequency of industrial injuries is usually called the average number of emergency situations per 1000 people working. This indicator is determined by the formula
where A - the number of NS for a certain period of time;
N - the average number of employees in this period.
The frequency coefficient characterizes the level of injuries only from the quantitative side, without taking into account the severity and outcome of NS. Therefore, along with the frequency coefficients, the severity coefficient is also determined
where SD p- the number of days of incapacity for work A NS.
The severity coefficient shows how many days of disability on average fall on 1 HC.
Coefficient K T does not take into account severe and fatal NS, therefore, in addition to it, in our country, the number of severe and fatal NS is added and the mortality rate is determined K l(number of fatalities per 1000 employees)
Along with the coefficient of injury frequency, the indicator of disability is also determined or (it is sometimes called the indicator of hazard of production) To N. It is defined as the product of the frequency coefficient by the severity coefficient and shows the number of days of disability for all NS per 1000 workers.
Group analysis method Injury rate provides for the classification of accidents according to certain indicators or signs of injury.
The main tasks of using the group method are:
Establishment of the most dangerous, from the point of view of the possibility of injury, types of work, technological processes and operations, occupations of workers, types of equipment and tools used;
Revealing the influence of gender, age, work experience of workers, time of year and day, duration of shifts on the frequency of injury;
Identification of the most typical traumatic factors, the nature and anatomical localization of injuries inherent in this type of work;
Establishment of the territorial confinement of accidents.
In the group method of analysis, accidents are classified according to:
Sex, age, work experience and profession of the victims;
Type of work, main technological processes, production operations and work elements;
The type of equipment used, fixtures and tools;
Time of the year;
Traumatic factor directly causing injury;
The nature and anatomical localization of injuries;
The place of the accident;
The cause of injury.
Topographic analysis method injury rate is based on a graphic representation using conventional icons (indices) of accidents occurring at work.
The main tasks of this method:
Establish work areas, units or individual units of the mechanism, where the risk of injury to workers most often arises;
Identify hazardous areas where accidents occur;
Establish the boundaries of hazardous areas;
Specify the causes of accidents.
The specific goal of the topographic method of injury analysis is the development of recommendations for eliminating the causes of accidents by localizing hazardous zones and areas, choosing and using more advanced protective and safety devices in certain areas of work or types of equipment, when performing construction and installation work, with an extensive system of mine workings etc.
Monographic method of analysis injury rate is based on the study of the relationship of accidents with process technology, organization of work and the operation of equipment or its individual units.
The monographic method allows you to study the work of individual units and parts of equipment and methods of labor of workers. In this case, the speed, trajectory and movement zone of working units, shafts and other equipment parts are taken into account when workers perform certain production operations. In the monographic method of analysis, special attention is paid to the operation of equipment units and combined operations, during which accidents occurred during the analyzed period of time. It is necessary to find out in what working environment the occurrence of dangerous moments and zones leading to injuries to workers is possible.
The main tasks of monographic analysis:
Establish specific causes of accidents;
Identify violations in technology production processes, equipment malfunction, lack of protective and safety devices that cause injury to workers;
Determine the traumatic factors of accidents;
Establish the boundaries of hazardous areas within which workers may be injured.
The purpose of the monographic method for analyzing injuries is to establish the specific causes of injuries and to develop organizational and technical recommendations for preventing injuries during the operation of certain types of equipment, and for the safe performance of production operations.
The monographic method is more difficult and more complex than other methods of analysis, and therefore to use it requires a deep knowledge of technology and organization of work; he is the most effective method and allows you to more fully and comprehensively study the causes of accidents and develop specific measures to prevent them.
The analysis of injuries by the monographic method is carried out in three stages:
1. Determination of the research area.
Based on the data of the group and topographic methods of analysis, the object of study is established - from the general complex of works, production operations are distinguished in which most of the accidents occur (for example, the installation of the upper panel of the drilling rig, assembled in a horizontal position), a separate unit of a certain type of equipment (chuck lathe, drill oil seal, etc.).
2. The monographic description includes:
A monographic description of the operation of mechanisms, individual units and parts, with the establishment and measurement of their trajectory, as well as the determination of the speed of movement and time consumption;
A monographic description of the methods of labor of workers, with the establishment of the place of work, the measurement of the trajectory of a person's movement and the determination of the time spent;
Description of workplaces, equipment and tools used;
Study of design features used equipment and tools;
Timing of work processes with the determination of the timing of working methods of workers to the movement of parts and equipment units.
3. Analysis of research data. At this stage, the nature of the occurrence of industrial hazards is investigated by establishing hazardous zones, their boundaries and, finally, the influence of the design features of the equipment on the possibility of a hazardous situation arising when performing a specific job.
Industrial accidents should be considered as a signal of an unsatisfactory state of preventive work to prevent injuries on a particular vessel or production site.
Investigation materials and reported data on accidents make it possible to judge the state of occupational safety and serve as the basis for the development and implementation of measures to intensify preventive work to prevent injuries.
The study and analysis of the causes of injuries is carried out on the basis of investigation materials, as well as monographic, topographic, statistical and economic methods.
Monographic method examines technological processes, machines and other types of equipment; organization of workplaces, the state of the air environment, lighting and other types of industrial conditions on ships, loading and unloading yards, ship repair areas, means individual protection and their application.
The purpose of the study is to identify dangerous places and harmful working conditions. The object of the monographic method can be a vessel or a group of vessels of the same type. This method of study is the most perfect and effective, because it makes it possible not only to prevent the recurrence of accidents in advance, but also to reveal the causes of injuries and outline measures to eliminate them. This is its main advantage over other methods.
Monographic studies are carried out as follows. A ship (a group of vessels of the same type), ship repair sites or the enterprise as a whole is subjected to a detailed examination, during which the causes of injuries are revealed, as well as shortcomings in the organization of work on safety measures and industrial sanitation. In addition, materials on traumatism for the past period are used. This method of studying traumatic areas provides material for broad generalizations and various general measures for labor protection.
The topographic method allows you to study the causes of accidents on the spot. The place of occurrence of each incident is marked with a conventional sign on the layout of workplaces on the ship. The hazardous area identified in this way is then studied by the monographic method and, based on the results of the study, preventive measures are taken.
Such visual topographic schemes can be used by the ship's command staff when conducting safety briefings with newly arrived crew members.
The statistical method allows you to determine the quantitative side of injuries, as well as to study the main causes, patterns of their manifestation based on a significant number of facts. This method makes it possible to analyze the degree of training and experience of the employee, the nature of injuries, as well as to determine the organizational and technical reasons as in the period. The frequency coefficient characterizes the number of accidents per 1000 employees during the study period:
where H is the number of victims of accidents with loss of ability to work for one or more days;
С - the average number of employees.
The essence economic method is to determine losses from injuries and occupational diseases in order to find out economic effect for the development and implementation of labor protection measures.
All accidents occurring at enterprises are subject to registration, which is kept in special journals. Microtraumas that caused dismissal from work for less than one day are recorded in the first aid logs, which are kept in ship's first aid posts, and on ships where there are no first aid posts, by the chief mate.
At the end of the year, the administration of the enterprise draws up a report on industrial injuries, the material for drawing up the report is an act in the form of N-1. The enterprises of the Ministry of Fishery report on the 9-T form, which contains more than 20 indicators necessary for the analysis and prevention of injuries in general for the national economy. For example, it includes data on workers injured in the workplace with a loss of working capacity, transferred to easy work... The report also indicates the main traumatic factors, causes of accidents, material consequences of injuries, costs of labor protection measures, etc.
The administration and the trade union committee of the enterprise sign this report and send it to statistical office, the superior economic body or the relevant committee of the trade union. An explanatory note is attached to the report, which reflects the dynamics of industrial injuries for the reporting period compared to the same period last year, and also indicates the main causes of accidents and lists measures to eliminate them.
The study of industrial injuries, the identification of the causes and prerequisites for the maintenance of industrial fishing tools can be carried out in two main directions. The first of them consists in the construction of predictive risk models linking the likelihood of exposure of personnel to hazardous and harmful production factors with technical characteristics fishing gear and its maintenance processes, and other mechanisms. The second is the identification of the causes of injury associated with the analysis of factual data obtained during the investigation of registered accidents.
The objectivity and depth of information obtained during the investigation are determined by its quality, which depends on the level of training of the persons involved in the investigation, and on the content of the guiding documents used in this case. The main document that must be on a fishing vessel is "Instructions for Investigating and Recording Accidents on Fleet Ships."
Accidents are the result of the combined effect of several simultaneously acting factors, which may be physical, but may come from personnel errors, i.e. psychological. All of them arise due to errors in the design and operation of production facilities.
During the investigation, it is necessary to take into account accidental factors, for example, the pitching of ships, the entry of personnel into the danger zone; and factors are constant fishing, and at crossings, in the port, and for them to establish economic costs.
Due to the fact that industrial injuries on ships are the result of not one, but a combination of several reasons acting simultaneously, it is advisable to use mathematical statistics to find out.
It should be borne in mind that the use of a statistical method can be effective when cases of injury are repeated several times when performing the same operations. If a small number of injuries occur at the enterprise during the year when performing the same work, then it is recommended to use the following method for their analysis.
Firstly, not only accounted accidents, but also all microtraumas are analyzed. Secondly, for the analysis, it is necessary to take the number of injuries that occurred over a longer period of time (from 3 to 5 years). Thirdly, an enlarged grouping of accidents should be carried out according to the signs of injuries, professions, length of service and age of workers, dividing them into three - four groups. To obtain an estimate of the level of industrial injuries, the frequency and severity coefficients are determined. To improve the quality of the analysis that begins on the ship from the moment the accident occurs, significant additions to the guidelines that are available on fishing vessels are needed. First of all, crews should be provided with lists of traumatic factors, taking into account the specifics of work on the maintenance of fishing gear. Such lists can be compiled from the analysis of accidents.
Investigation materials should include specific technical data related to traumatic factors and data on the working environment, which facilitates the construction of preventive measures.
The statistical method is based on the generalization of the material of registration of accidents for a certain period of time. Method for dynamic comparison of injury rates - frequency coefficient TO h and the coefficient of gravity TO T - allows you to give the most complete picture of the number and nature of injuries at a given enterprise in workshops, sections, individual processes in one period of time,
Frequency factor represents the number of accidents per 1000 people, and is determined by the formula:
where: n - the number of accidents during the reporting period; N list - the average number of employees at the given enterprise.
Severity factor determines the duration of incapacity for work per one accident, for the reporting period, that is:
(1.3)
The coefficients of frequency and severity are indicators of the comparative characteristics of industrial injuries in various industries and are used in operational work to combat industrial injuries.
All accidents that have resulted in disability for more than one day are subject to statistical accounting. They are registered in a special journal and in the journal of the medical institution of the enterprise. Data on the registration of injuries are annually sent to higher organizations and State Statistics bodies in forms 7-T (for all enterprises), 8-T (for coal mines) and 9-T (for enterprises of the Ministry of Coal Industry, except for mines and enterprises of other industries according to a special list) ...
When assessing the work of an enterprise in terms of labor safety, it must be borne in mind that growth K h characterizes the deterioration of working conditions, and its decrease is the result of improved injury prevention. At the same time, it is necessary to deeply analyze the dynamics of the severity of injuries. Growth K T - the phenomenon is unacceptable, subject to careful analysis.
When analyzing statistics, special attention should be paid to fatal and serious accidents. In the presence of such cases, the general state of labor safety at the enterprise for the reporting period cannot be considered satisfactory.
Topographic method of injury analysis
This method of injury analysis is to study the causes of accidents in the places where these accidents occurred. The essence of the topographic method is when all accidents are systematically applied by conventional symbols to the diagram of the objects being analyzed. As a result of this, the places where the injury occurred, the distribution of injuries in frequency and severity. The result of such an analysis is the selection of areas, equipment, jobs that require special attention, careful examination and the adoption of preventive measures.
In fig. 1.3 shows an example of the distribution of accidents that occurred during the maintenance of the belt conveyor, and Fig. 1.4 shows the frequency of injury to various parts of the human body. The clarity of the topographic method is obvious. However, this method does not reveal the circumstances and causes of injury.
Rice. 1.3. An example of a topographic analysis of injuries when servicing a conveyor belt:
1 - tension drum; 2 - transition bridge; 3 - tape; 4 - mobile unloading cart; 5 - drive drum; 6 - deflecting drum
Rice. 1.4. An example of the application of topographic analysis to determine the frequency of injury to parts of the human body (according to I.A. Babokin)
The causes of industrial injuries are studied by statistical, group, monographic, topographic methods.
The statistical method is based on the study of the causes of injury according to documents registering the facts of accidents, occupational poisoning and diseases for a certain period of time. This method allows you to obtain the comparative dynamics of injuries in individual areas, workshops, enterprises. With an in-depth statistical analysis of injuries, in addition to analyzing its causes, accidents are analyzed by type of work, information about the injured (profession, length of service, gender, age) and data on the period of time (month, day, week, shift, hour of the working day).
Statistical methods provide for the following research stages: observation, accumulation of statistical material and processing (analysis) of the data obtained with subsequent conclusions and recommendations.
To assess industrial injuries, the following indicators are used: the coefficient of the frequency of injuries, the coefficient of severity of injuries, the coefficient of injury losses, the period of work without injuries.
The injury frequency coefficient (Kch), which determines the number of accidents occurring per 1000 employees during the reporting period, is calculated by the formula:
Where A is the number of injuries for the reporting period;
B - the average number of employees in this organization for the same reporting period.
The injury severity coefficient (Kt), which sets the average duration of temporary disability per one industrial accident, is determined by the formula
where B is the total number of days of temporary disability for all cases subject to accounting for the reporting period (half a year, a year); A - the number of accounted accidents that caused disability for one day or more during the reporting period.
For more objective assessment the level of industrial injuries, the indicator of general injuries is used (coefficient of injury losses Kp), representing the number of days of disability per 1000 workers:
Кп = Кт * Кч
Where CT is the coefficient of injury severity; Кч - coefficient of injury frequency.
When determining the specified injury rates, cases with severe (disabled) and fatal outcomes are not included:
The period of work without injuries (TB) is calculated by the formula:
Where A is the number of accounted accidents that caused disability for one day or more for a reporting period equal to one calendar year.
Indicator reflecting the number of cases with severe (disabled) and fatal outcomes:
Ksi = C * 100 / n
Where C is the number of fatalities and disabilities; P is the total number of accidents.
For rate economic indicators Injury and occupational diseases costs (Km) per accident can be determined.
where M is the material costs incurred by the employer as a result of accidents during the reporting period; A - the number of accounted accidents that caused disability for one day or more during the reporting period.
The group method of studying injuries is based on the frequency of accidents regardless of the severity of the damage; the available investigation materials are divided into groups in order to identify accidents that are the same in terms of the same conditions and also repetitive damage. This allows you to determine the professions and types of work that account for a greater number of accidents, to identify defects in this type of production equipment, tools, machines, etc., specific measures to ensure labor safety.
The topographic method consists in studying the causes of the accident at its place of occurrence. All accidents are systematically marked with conventional symbols on production plans, and as a result, the places where the injury occurred, production areas that require special attention, careful examination and taking preventive measures are clearly visible.
The monographic method for the analysis of industrial injuries includes a detailed study of the entire complex of conditions under which the accident occurred: labor and technological processes, workplace, main and auxiliary equipment, individual means protection, general terms and Conditions working environment, etc. Monographic analysis makes it possible to most fully establish the methods of preventing injuries and occupational diseases.
The method of scientific prediction of occupational safety is used for probabilistic assessment of the risk of injury, predicting unfavorable factors of new industries, technologies and developing safety requirements for them.
