In the history of the economy of primitive society, the following periods are distinguished:
- Paleolithic - the ancient Stone Age (400-40 thousand years BC);
- Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age (40-14 thousand years BC);
- Neolithic - New Stone Age.
The economy of primitive society had the following characteristic features:
- creation of life benefits on the basis of collective labor;
- collective communal ownership of the means of production;
- equalizing distribution of the benefits of life.
The first economic unit of primitive people was the tribal community, which replaced the primitive herd. The tribal community is based on joint management of the economy, the division of labor was carried out according to gender and age. Each community existed autonomously, that is, separately from another community, independently of it.
Nomadism originated in the late II - early I millennium BC. in the course of the social division of labor with the separation of cattle breeding into an independent type of economy. Nomadism contributed to the development and settlement of previously uninhabited areas, the development of ties between tribes. Ancient tribes developed the beginnings of barter deals. Nomads combined their main occupation - cattle breeding with gathering and hunting. During this period, the most primitive stone, wood, and bone tools were used.
With the advent of a new stone processing technique, more advanced tools of labor, including agricultural ones, began to be created. In this regard, agriculture began to develop at a faster pace. The development of agriculture has led to sedentary lifestyle and contributed to the formation of peasant villages.
Assigning farm- This is the simplest form of economic activity, including gathering and hunting.
With the invention of more perfect instruments of labor, a productive economy comes to replace the appropriating economy.
Producing farm- this is a form of economic activity in which there is a transition from the appropriation of finished products of nature to their production with the help of human activity. Primitive people they deliberately begin to tame animals, engage in the cultivation of cereals, and master the simplest crafts. The emergence of such skills and abilities has allowed people to systematically achieve sustainable results and to be less dependent on the natural environment. So the tribal community of hunters and fishermen was replaced by the tribal community of farmers and cattle breeders.
Ancient civilizations, which originated at the dawn of human history, are also called primary, since they grew directly from primitiveness. Unlike civilizations later in origin, they were not yet preceded by a civilizational tradition, the experience of which could be used. On the contrary, the primary civilizations had to create it themselves, overcoming primitiveness.
In the IV-III millennia BC. centers of civilizations arose in Egypt, in the valley of the Nile River, and also in Mesopotamia - between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The foundations of the Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations were laid there. Later, in the III-II millennia BC. in the valley of the Indus River, Indian civilization arose, and in the II millennium, in the valley of the Yellow River, Chinese civilization.
Let's note some facets separating primitiveness from civilization:
- clearer division of labor;
- the emergence of various social strata of society, differing from each other in material status, professional characteristics, etc.;
- the emergence of writing;
- the emergence of cities.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Producing property- an economy where the main source of livelihood is grown cultivated plants and pets. With the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one, society moved from hunting and gathering to cattle breeding and agriculture. It was a complex and lengthy process that began in the most ancient centers (centers) 12 - 10 thousand years ago, when various centers for the domestication of animals and plants arose. Only the combination of crop production with cattle breeding became a decisive moment in the development of the economy. Labor productivity increased and the possibility of accumulating surplus product appeared: for farmers - grain, for early livestock breeders - livestock. With the development of agriculture (especially irrigation) and mobile livestock raising, social stratification gradually emerges, early class relations, in particular slaveholding and feudal ones. Urban shopping centers, the craft separated from agriculture, the exchange between different ethnic groups and historical and cultural regions increased, various economic and cultural types were formed both on the basis of manual labor in agriculture, and on the basis of the use of the draft power of livestock in the processing of fields, which was the next important stage in the economic and cultural development of mankind.
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An excerpt characterizing a producing economy
Another day, two, and paradise will come ...But oh! your friend will not live!
And he hasn't finished yet last words when the youth in the hall got ready to dance and the musicians kicked and coughed in the choirs.
Pierre was sitting in the drawing-room, where Shinshin, as with a visitor from abroad, started a political conversation with him, boring for Pierre, which was joined by others. When the music began to play, Natasha entered the living room and, going straight up to Pierre, laughing and blushing, said:
- Mom told me to ask you to dance.
- I am afraid to confuse the figures, - said Pierre, - but if you want to be my teacher ...
And he extended his thick hand, lowering it low, to the thin girl.
While the couples were settling and the musicians were building, Pierre sat down with his little lady. Natasha was perfectly happy; she danced with a big one, with someone who had come from abroad. She sat in full view of everyone and talked to him like a big one. She had a fan in her hand, which a young lady had given her to hold. And, having assumed the most secular pose (God knows where and when she learned this), fanning herself and smiling through the fan, she spoke to her gentleman.
- What is, what is? Look, look, ”said the old countess, walking across the hall and pointing at Natasha.
Natasha blushed and laughed.
- Well, what are you, mom? Well, what kind of hunt are you? What's so surprising about that?
The apogee of the development of the appropriating economy was the achievement of a relative provision with natural products. This created the conditions for the birth of two of the greatest achievements of the primitive economy - agriculture and cattle breeding. Although agriculture and animal husbandry did not become the main branches of the economy in the Neolithic, nevertheless, these new phenomena in industrial life played a huge role in the further development of society.
Agriculture arose from highly organized gathering, in the process of development of which man learned to take care of wild plants in order to obtain a new product. The inventor of agriculture was a woman.
There are two points of view on the emergence of agriculture - monocentric and polycentric. Monocentrists argue that the primary focus of agriculture was Asia Minor. Polycentrists believe that agriculture originated in several independent centers of the subtropical zone - the Yellow River basin, Peru, where from the III millennium BC. e. pumpkin, cotton, acira tubers were grown.
Around the same time, the emergence of the initial cattle breeding. With regard to this time, we can only speak with confidence about the domestication of the dog. The taming and domestication of other species of animals was hindered by the constant movement of hunting tribes.
The question of the place of origin of cattle breeding also remains a subject of controversy between monocentrists and polycentrists. According to the first, this innovation spread from Western Asia, where they were first domesticated cattle, pig, donkey. According to the second, cattle breeding arose among various groups of primitive mankind, and some species of animals were domesticated regardless of the influence of the Central Asian focus: the bactrian camel in Central Asia, the horse in the European steppes, the llama and guanaco in the Andes.
With the emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry, a transition was made from the appropriation of finished products of nature to their production with the help of human activity. Producing farm at first it was in one way or another combined with appropriating, and in many areas highly organized hunting remained the main or even the only type of economy for a long time.
The invention of agriculture and animal husbandry related to certain conditions natural environment, increased the unevenness in historical development humanity.
The fastest growing Neolithic culture developed in the countries of the Middle East, where agriculture and livestock breeding earlier arose. In northern Iraq, settlements have been discovered whose inhabitants have domesticated sheep, goats and cattle. The found fragments of grain grinders and flint products for sickles suggest that gathering was highly developed here, immediately preceding agriculture.
The growth of productive forces in the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one contributed to the further development of the communal-clan system. The early tribal community of hunters and fishermen was replaced by a developed tribal community of farmers and herders.
It is the basis in the food, raw materials and technical support of any country. It extends to almost all branches of production and is a set of means used by a person with the help of which he manufactures a particular product. But the answer to the question of what an economy is is not so unambiguous, it involves taking into account many aspects. Since this concept can be applied to a wide range of areas, each case will reveal its own characteristics and nuances of using the term.
General concept
In the simplest sense, an economy means a set of tools and devices through which the owner provides his needs. Now we can complicate the answer to the question of what a farm is. A broader definition means by this term a whole that meets the needs of consumers at different levels. That is, in this case, it is considered not just an organization or enterprise that can produce a certain type of goods, but a segment in industrial or production activities.
The farm can be considered both as a separate stage of production, and as its component. For example, the organization of a garden planting is an element of the activity, which can be included in the framework of measures aimed at maintaining a private backyard. But this is a narrower idea of what an economy is (even from the point of view of a private person). A more complete picture can be built if we include in the concept the totality of all types of activities that a particular farmer is engaged in.
Agriculture
In this case, we are talking about the economy as an integral part of the agro-industrial complex. It should be noted that this is a fairly segmented area, which includes different directions... For a deep understanding of what agriculture is, it is important to single out several industries, including animal husbandry, plant growing, melon growing, etc. Each region receives a certain type of agricultural product as an end result.
It is also important to note several fundamental differences in this area. The fact is that agriculture has the greatest impact on the natural environment. To explain the reasons for this feature, it is worth deciding what a farm on land is. Such activities involve tillage, fertilization, landscape changes and other actions that affect the structure of the natural massif.
Producing farm
In one form or another, any activity is productive. However, there is also the direct manufacture of specific products. To a greater extent, this applies to the industry. At the same time, the question of what a manufacturing economy is should be considered with some nuances, depending on a specific industry. For example, it also has features of appropriating activity that is not directly related to production. The agrarian-handicraft principle of production should be considered as a transitional link from agricultural activity to machine production.
What is subsistence farming?
If the industry in its pure form is characterized by signs of a production process, then agricultural enterprises and private farmers are based on principles.The main feature of such activities is self-sufficiency. That is, when answering the question of what is natural economy, one should be guided precisely by the concept of satisfying the owner's own needs. At the same time, exchange and sale are excluded, since the economy focuses on small volumes of production. From this, two more signs of a subsistence economy can be derived. First, it is the predominantly agrarian nature of the production of goods. Secondly, the use of a minimum amount of technical tools in the course of maintaining the economy is noted. True, in a pure form, farms of this type are extremely rare - in any case, complete isolation is rarely observed.
What's happened
This example shows that the economy is not always directly linked to the production process. We are talking about the maintenance of an apartment or house, in which each member of the family performs their specific tasks. The set of works and activities aimed at maintaining order and life support within the living space, and is the answer to the question of what a family farm is. This can be everyday dishwashing or fixing. household appliances, and the implementation of repairs - these and many other operations can be attributed to the home By the way, this is where the concept of "housewife" comes from. It applies to women, most of whose time is devoted to domestic work.
Commodity economy
To some extent, this is the opposite of subsistence farming. In this case, the production owner not only satisfies his own needs with his products, but also supplies other consumers. To illustrate what a commodity economy is, an example should be given in the form of a chicken farmer. Managing a large farm, he can afford to supply most of the eggs and meat to the market. Moreover, in some cases, manufacturers completely sell all products to buyers.
It is important to note that commodity relations arose against the background of the process of division of labor. The inability to provide their needs with a complete list of products led to the need for interaction with other manufacturers. But this happened during the periods of the formation of market relations, and what is a commodity economy today? Significant differences in the organization of such farms today include clear segmentation with the allocation of narrow specializations, as well as close interaction between the consumer and the supplier.
Economy of the country
On a national scale, we can talk about the totality of not only production capacities, but also about natural resources that allow you to economic activity... In this case, and manufacturing process, and other factors in the use of resources that contribute to improving the quality of life of people. But most often the question of what a productive economy is within a country is considered precisely the activities of enterprises with agricultural complexes. The gross domestic product also largely depends on how effectively a particular branch of industry or agricultural production is developed. Another indicator of the development of the economy is labor productivity. However, against the background of the active introduction of new technological means such criteria for assessing development are becoming less and less relevant.
Conclusion
As already mentioned, any human activity can be considered as an economic one. This can be the organization of everyday life, and caring for pets, and the production of food. Also, with a deep analysis of the question of what an economy is, specialists often use economic aspects. In industry and large agricultural enterprises, profitability is one of the key indicators the success of a particular form of activity. However, the use of economic assessments is not appropriate in all areas. For example, it is difficult to apply such criteria for an ordinary farmer who focuses on growing exotic garden plants for his own needs.
producing farm concept) and got the best answer
Answer from Jan Senko [guru]
A producing farm is a farm where the main source of livelihood is cultivated crops and domestic animals. During the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one, society moved from hunting and gathering to cattle breeding and agriculture.
Source: wikipedia
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: manufacturing concept)
Answer from Alina Dokuchaeva[newbie]
producing farm - an economy where the main source of livelihood is cultivated crops and domestic animals. With the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one, society moved from hunting and gathering to cattle breeding and agriculture. It was a complex and lengthy process that began in the most ancient foci (centers) 12 - 10 thousand years ago, when various centers for the domestication of animals and plants arose. Only the combination of crop production with cattle breeding became a decisive moment in the development of the economy. Labor productivity increased and the possibility of accumulating surplus product appeared: for farmers - grain, for early livestock breeders - livestock. With the development of agriculture (especially irrigation) and mobile livestock raising, social stratification gradually emerges, early class relations, in particular slaveholding and feudal ones. City shopping centers emerged, handicrafts separated from Agriculture, the exchange between different ethnic groups and historical and cultural regions increased, various economic and cultural types were formed both on the basis of manual labor in agriculture and on the basis of the use of the draft force of livestock in the processing of fields, which was the next important stage in the economic and cultural development of mankind.
Answer from Aerat Yumaev[newbie]
Productive household - an economy where the main source of livelihood is cultivated crops and domestic animals. During the transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one, society moved from hunting and gathering to cattle breeding and agriculture.
