Municipal educational institution
Staroisakovskaya secondary school
ELECTIVE COURSE
Technology teacher, master
industrial training
Explanatory note.
Livestock raising is one of the most important branches of agriculture. It is designed to meet the needs of the population in such valuable products as meat, butter, milk, as well as to provide raw materials for various industries.
Livestock also affects the increase in plant productivity, since it serves as a source of organic fertilizers. Thus, crop production
and animal husbandry are closely related branches of agriculture.
Due to the application of advanced technology, mechanization and electrification production processes the requirements for the training of livestock breeders are also increasing. They must have good general education, polytechnic and special zootechnical training, know the biological characteristics of animals, a variety of machines and equipment, be able to manage them and use them rationally.
In classes on the basics of animal husbandry, as well as on the mechanization and automation of livestock farms and complexes, students will get acquainted with modern methods of increasing animal productivity.
Relying also on the knowledge gained in biology, physics, chemistry, geography, mathematics, they will learn how to correctly perform the main production work on mechanized agricultural complexes.
Knowledge of this course will help students immediately after school to be involved in socially useful, productive work in animal husbandry, to study at a university or technical school in their chosen profession and specialty.
Academic-thematic plan
Young Farmer's Schools
on the course "Fundamentals of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine"
for the 2008/2009 academic year
Topic name | Number of hours | Including |
||
lectures | practicalclasses |
|||
The state and problems of agriculturalproduction at the present stage | ||||
Legal framework for farming, land laws | ||||
Sustainable agricultural production | ||||
Marketing: research, sales and promotionproduct life | ||||
Optimization of the production structure and reAlization of investment projects in the farmMerchandise | ||||
Business game: "Organization and activitiesmarketing service " | ||||
Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of farm animals | ||||
Agricultural breeding basicsanimals | ||||
Fundamentals of agricultural feedinganimals | ||||
Status and prospects for the development of livestockleadership in Russian Federation | ||||
Horse breeding | ||||
Pig farming basics in farms | ||||
Sheep and goat breeding, their meaning | ||||
Poultry | ||||
Rabbit breeding is a promising industryanimal husbandry | ||||
Beekeeping | ||||
Fundamentals of Zohygiene and Veterinary Medicine | ||||
TOTAL |
Study program
on the course "Fundamentals of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine
The program is designed for 68 hours. Good assimilation of the material will be facilitated personal experience schoolchildren, since living in rural areas, they have a circle of their constant household duties to care for farm animals and work on food corporation farms.
GENERAL ISSUES
Ø State and problems of agricultural production at the present stage (1 hour)
Ø Legal basis for farming, land laws (1 hour)
Ø Environmentally sound agricultural production (1 hour)
Ø Marketing: research, sales and product promotion (1 hour)
Ø Optimization of the production structure and implementation of investment projects in the farm (1 hour)
Ø Business game: "Organization and activities of the marketing service" (1 hour)
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
farm animals (3 hours)
The organism is characterized as a whole. The structure and functions of cells are outlined. The concept of fabric and its types. Organ system: voluntary movement, blood and lymph circulation. Blood composition. Small and large circles of blood circulation. Respiratory system. The digestive system. The concept of metabolism and energy. Protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Exchange of water and minerals. Vitamins. Thermoregulation. The characteristics of the excretory organs systems are given. Reproductive organ system. Pregnancy, its timing in different types of animals. The mammary gland and the process of lactation. Endocrine glands. Nervous system. Sense organs.
Chapter 2. Basics of breeding farm animals (3 hours)
The growth and development of animals. Average data on the duration of the main life periods of animals. The concept of the constitution, exterior and interior of animals. Animal productivity. Milk and meat productivity. The mass of animals. The concept of breed and breed formation. The basics of breeding. Selection and selection principles. Breeding methods: purebred, related mating, inbreeding, crossing (absorption, introductory, reproductive, variable), hybridization. Breeding technique. Sexual maturity, sexual heat. Organization of breeding. Forms of breeding. Zootechnical registration. Animal bonding.
Chapter 3. Basics of feeding farm animals (2 hours)
Chemical composition of feed. A diagram of the chemical composition of plants is given. Water as an integral part of plants and animals. Organic part of feed: nitrogenous and nitrogen-free substances, fats and enzymes. Minerals, trace elements and vitamins. Factors affecting the chemical composition of feed.
The concept of feed digestibility; factors affecting the digestibility of feed: age, size and composition of the diet. Preparing feed for feeding. Evaluation of the nutritional value of feed.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/009/images/image009_16.jpg "align =" left "width =" 234 "height =" 183 "> Concentrated feed: grain feed and by-products of grain and oilseeds processing ( oats, barley, corn, legumes; bran, flaxseed cake).
Remains of technical industries (beet pulp, molasses, stillage, brewer's grains, potato pulp). Animal feed: milk, reverse, buttermilk, whey, fish and meat industry waste (meat, meat and bone, blood and fish meal). Vitamin feed. Antibiotics Amino acids. Mineral feed (table salt, tricalcium phosphate, feed chalk), protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (BVMD). The basics of rationed feeding. Megajoule (MJ). Diet structure and type of feeding.
Chapter 4. State and prospects of development of cattle breeding
in the Russian Federation / with a video screening / (5 hours)
The history of the development of cattle breeding in the USSR and Russia. Classification of breeds. Dairy breeds of productivity. Dutch breed. Black and white breed. Holstein breed. Kholmogory breed. Yaroslavl breed. Double productivity breeds. Simmental breed. Sychevskaya breed. Swiss breed. Kostroma breed.
Breeds meat direction productivity. Hereford breed. Kazakh white-headed breed. Aberdeen Angus breed. Kalmyk cattle.
Cattle productivity. Milk productivity and its relationship with the breed, feeding and maintenance, age, with age at the first mating. Milking frequency and technique; factors affecting the fat content of milk. Meat productivity.
The structure of a herd of cattle. Cattle breeding technique. Puberty. Pregnancy. Preparing cows for calving. Reception of a calf at the hotel. Pedigree work in cattle breeding. Breeding work in the conditions of dairy industrial complexes.
Bonitization of cattle. Breeding planning. Tribal books. Feeding and keeping of cattle. Feeding the cows during the start-up period. Feeding dairy cows. Winter feeding of cows. Summer feeding of cows. Feeding and keeping of bulls-producers.
Milking cows. Milk production on an industrial basis.
Growing young animals. Raising calves during the dairy period. Raising young animals after 6 months of age. Intensive rearing of young animals for meat.
Feeding and fattening of livestock. Industrial complexes for fattening cattle.
Chapter 5. Horse breeding (2 hours)
Condition, direction and tasks of development of horse breeding. Pedigree horse breeding. Sports horse breeding. Productive and enjoyable horse breeding. Equestrian factories. State stations for breeding and artificial insemination. Hippodromes. Classification of horse breeds. Riding, high-harness, harness. Productive horse breeding. Meat and dairy horse breeding. The working qualities of a horse. Traction force. Normal and maximum tractive effort. The mode of feeding, keeping and using horses. Forage: coarse (hay, straw, chaff), concentrated (oats, barley, bran, corn), succulent (carrots, beets, silage, etc.), green forages and vitamin and mineral supplements (premixes). Feeding rates for horses. Horse care. An adobe floor. Temperature and humidity conditions. Skin cleaning. Hoof trimming and horse shoeing.
Horse breeds. Heavy trucks: Brabonsons; percherons; Russian ardens; Vladimir horse. Riding horses: Arabian; thoroughbred horse; Don and others. Tersk Arabian horse farm. Akhal-Teke horse. Tersk horse. Kabardian horse (for the mountains).
Harness horses: the Oryol trotter. The Russian trotter is a cross between the Oryol trotter and the American one. Local breeds: Mongolian horse, Kazakh horse, Trans-Baikal horse, Altai horse, Adayev horse, Bashkir steppe horse.
Sexual and physiological maturity of the mare. Mating season. Sexual hunting of the mare. Intrauterine growth and development of the fetus Dennik. Regular exercise of stallions. Diet: wheat bran, peas, millet, raw eggs, milk and sugar, carrots. The main diseases of horses.
Chapter 6. Basics of pig breeding in farms ah (4 hours)
The role and importance of pig breeding in providing the population meat products... Biological characteristics of pigs. Fertility, gestation period, growth and development indicators. The quality and nutritional value of pig meat. Productive qualities of pigs and main breeds. Premises and keeping of pigs. Development and reproduction of pigs. Receiving and raising piglets. Pig fattening. Feeding pigs.
Chapter 7. Sheep and goat breeding, their meaning (2 hours)
Economic and biological characteristics of sheep. Sheep production. Wool and its types. Fine wool. Semi-fine wool. Crossbred wool. Coarse coat. Semi-coarse wool. Mutton. Sheep's milk. Sheepskin. Sheepskin fur. Sheepskin coats. Leather sheepskin. Smushki. Wool fibers. Down or undercoat. Ost. Transitional or intermediate hair. Dead hair. Technical properties of wool: wool crimp, length and thickness of wool. Strength, extensibility, firmness, elasticity, coat color. Yield of pure wool. Wool defects and ways to improve its quality. Weed wool. Burdock wool. Defective coat. Wool blemishes. Shearing. Manufacturing classification breeds of sheep. Fine-wool breeds. Wool and meat breeds. Meat and wool breeds. Semi-fine wool breeds. Semi-coarse breeds. Coarse breeds. Breeding work in sheep breeding. Selection and selection of sheep. Bonitizing sheep. Sheep feeding. Feeding of rams-producers. Feeding of pregnant queens. Feeding suckling queens. Feeding the young. Dairy, wool, downy, meat and mixed goats. Russian goat. Gorky goat. Negrelian goat. Downy goats (near Don and Orenburg). Feeding and keeping goats. Rejection of goats. Goat meat.
Chapter 8.Poultry keeping (4 hours)
The main breeds, lines and crosses of chickens used in poultry farming. Definition of concepts about breed, line and cross of chickens. List of the main breeds, lines and crosses.
Egg production technology. Cellular content. Standards for growing young egg chickens (area, feeding front, size of cages, feeders, etc.). Temperature conditions for rearing young animals and other parameters of the indoor microclimate. Chickens - broilers production technology. The main technological parameters in the production of meat - broilers. Parameters of the microclimate of the premises when growing broilers. Approximate norms of live weight by age. Basics of meat production of ducks, turkeys, geese. Veterinary and sanitary and preventive measures in poultry farming.
Chapter 9. Rabbit breeding is a promising industryanimal husbandry (2 hours)
Rabbit. Early maturity. Fertility. Features of the sexual cycle. Rabbit milk production. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of rabbits. System of organs of movement. Digestive system. Vascular system: circulatory and lymphatic. Respiratory system. Nervous system. Skin and its derivatives. The structure of the mammary glands.
Feeding the rabbits. Characteristics of the main feed used in rabbit breeding. Concentrates. Remains of technical production. Animal feed. Green forage. Juicy feed. Vitamin and mineral feed (additives). Feeding types. Rabbit breeds and genetics of their coloration. Characteristics of the main breeds of rabbits: Soviet chinchilla, white giant, gray giant, silver, black-brown, Vienna blue, Soviet marder. Short-haired rabbits (rex). Angora downy. White downy. Basics of breeding in rabbit breeding. Selection and selection. Rabbit breeding technique. Okrol, jigging and feeding of young animals. Keeping rabbits. Rabbit products. Skins. Meat. Pooh.
Fundamentals of Zoohygiene and Veterinary Prophylaxis. Non-communicable diseases. Infectious diseases. Invasive diseases.
Chapter 10. Beekeeping(1 hour)
Bee products, their properties and meaning.
Organization, placement and equipment of the apiary. Biology of the bee colony.
Bee keeping and breeding technology. Tribal business. Food base, pollination of agricultural crops by bees.
Chapter 11. Basics of Zoohygiene and Veterinary Medicine (2 hours)
The concept of zoohygiene. The concept of veterinary medicine.
Non-contagious, infectious and invasive animal diseases. Zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary requirements for livestock buildings. Zoohygienic requirements for feed and water. Non-infectious diseases of the stomach and intestines of adults and young animals. Diseases of the respiratory system, metabolism. Diseases of the genitourinary system. Mastitis. Infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, leukemia, necrobacteriosis, calibacteriosis. Zooanthroponosis: rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, trichophytosis (ringworm). Invasive diseases: cysticercosis (finnosis), echinococcosis, fascioliasis, dicroceliosis, ascariasis.
Labor protection when handling animals. Prevention of non-communicable and infectious diseases in humans when working with animals.
LITERATURE
one. . Cattle breeding. M., 1970
2.. Breeding of farm animals, 4th edition, M., 1967
3.,. Ecological agricultural production. The Farmer, issue 4.M., 1997
4., R. A, Khaertdinov. Golishstinsky cattle in Tatarstan "href =" / text / category / tatarstan / "rel =" bookmark "> Tatarstan. Kazan, 1995
5. . Forage of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, their composition and nutritional value. Tatar Book Publishing House, 1975
6. and other Handbook of a farmer-livestock breeder. Kazan, 1993
7., etc. Rates and rations for feeding farm animals. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1985
eight. , . Zootechnician reference book. M., 1986
9., etc. Epizootology and infectious diseases of farm animals. Moscow "Kolos", 1984
10. . Cattle breeding. Cattle, vol. 1, M., 1961
11. and other Hygiene of farm animals. M., "Kolos", 1977
12. , . Educational book of the rabbit breeder. M., 1985
thirteen. , . Diseases of young animals in industrial animal husbandry. M., "Kolos", 1984
14. Veterinary encyclopedia, volumes 1-6.M.,
V study guide M.S. Danilov, candidate of veterinary sciences the data on the sanitary state of livestock farms, the microclimate of the premises, as well as on the breeding and raising of animals are given. The data on some non-communicable diseases of farm animals, methods of their treatment and prevention are presented. Materials on the hygiene of obtaining livestock products are presented.
The textbook is intended for students of agricultural engineering and zootechnical specialties. The book is also intended for managers and specialists of peasant and farm enterprises engaged in breeding farm animals.
Microclimate of livestock buildings.
In animal husbandry, microclimate is understood as the indoor climate. The microclimate of livestock buildings, which is a combination of physical, chemical and biological indicators of the state of the air in them, has a significant impact on the health and productivity of animals.
Physical properties include temperature, humidity, air velocity, illumination, and noise. Of the chemical indicators, the highest sanitary and hygienic value in livestock buildings is the content of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. Indoor air contains dust and various microorganisms. The components of the microclimate act on the organism as a whole. Therefore, all indicators of the microclimate of the room must correspond to the physiological indicators of the animal's organism.
Air temperature affects the heat exchange functions of the animal. Both low and high temperatures, and especially sharp fluctuations, have an adverse effect on the body. Low temperature enhances heat production due to the greater consumption of feed by animals, and its prolonged influence can lead to colds. At high temperatures, the body overheats, especially when the air humidity is high. Animals tolerate high temperatures much harder than low temperatures. In the premises, it is necessary to create an optimal temperature at which the animals give more productivity with less feed consumption.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1 ZOOHYGIENE AND SANITATION
1.1 Zoohygienic requirements for the territory and premises for keeping animals
1.2 Hygiene and safety measures for livestock breeders
1.3 Microclimate of livestock buildings
1.4 Water and drinking hygiene
1.5 Hygiene of feed and feeding
2 FARMING ANIMALS
2.1 Breeding and raising cattle
2.2 Breeding and raising sheep and goats
2.3 Breeding and raising pigs
2.4 Breeding and raising horses
3 DISEASES OF AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS
3.1 Diseases of the digestive system
3.2 Diseases of the respiratory system
3.3 Diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
3.4 Diseases of the reproductive organs
4 OBTAINING ANIMAL PRODUCTS
4.1 Hygiene of receiving milk
4.2 Hygiene of obtaining meat
ANNEX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 4
APPENDIX 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Fundamentals of Livestock, MS Danilov, 2008 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- History of Russia, grade 6, control and training tasks, verification tests, Petrova T.V., 2010
- Programming of agricultural crops yields, Mozhaev N., Serikpaev N., Stybaev G., 2013
- Pain management, pocket recommendations for diagnosis and pharmacotherapy, Danilov An.B., Danilov Al.B., 2018
- Workshop on the organization and management of production at agricultural enterprises, Vodyannikov V.T., Lysyuk A.I., Kushnarev L.I., 2005
Livestock raising is one of the main elements of the country's agro-industrial complex, the existing ones are manifested through a system of interconnections between the elements of the agro-industrial complex.
Livestock is one of the main sources of supply and delivery of such food products to end consumers as meat, milk, eggs, etc. All of these products are vital for the normal functioning and development of the human body.
Apart from this, animal husbandry is a branch of the national economy that supplies funny branches such as light industry and food processing.
In addition, the fundamentals of animal husbandry include elements of fertilization produced by cattle for fields and increasing the efficiency of returns from fertile and infertile lands in Russia. It should be noted that meadows and pastures are not suitable for Agriculture(sowing cereals, etc.) can be used for walking livestock, etc., which helps to optimize the use of all lands of the Russian Federation. In medical practice, many animal products are used for the production of medicines and other medical products.
Livestock also helps to dispose of various agricultural waste, as a means of feed for livestock (waste from vegetable growing, melons, etc.). Thus, the foundations of animal husbandry are supposed to create a production cycle, which reduces waste not only in this area, but also in other related sectors of the national economy. It should be noted that garbage dumps occupy 15% of the land area of the world.
The basics of animal husbandry include opportunities for the formation and organization of a small or private business in this area. economic activity, and high advanced technologies make it possible to organize such activities on a small plot of land and with little involvement of labor resources. Small business can take its rightful place in the process of economic activity of a subject of animal husbandry. In the CIS countries, in particular Russia, private entrepreneurs play the role of an intermediary between livestock enterprises and end consumers. This provides on the one hand simple terms to find the final consumer by the producer, but on the other hand increases the price of livestock products due to the intermediary markup, which in most cases reaches 70%.
The fundamentals of agriculture involve combining livestock with crop production, and this relationship is very close, since the two areas depend on each other to prosper. We should not forget about the breeding and breeding of new individuals (selection and pedigree development of animal husbandry), which in its foundations involves improving the final product of animal husbandry and increasing the protection of individuals from all kinds of diseases and infections, as well as increasing their resistance to climatic conditions. At the same time, new heights in development are reached technical equipment in animal husbandry, which increases the productivity and productivity of this business area.
Federal state educational institution
higher professional education.
Kuban State Agrarian University
Department of Private Animal Science and Pig Breeding
V.A. Kuznetsov, O. N. Eremenko
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK
/ Study guide
for practical exercises
students of the Faculty of Agronomy /
_________________________
(Name of the student)
__________ ___________
course group
__________________________
academic year
Krasnodar, 2009
Developed by: associate professor V.A. Kuznetsov, assistant to O. N. Eremenko.
Under the methodical editorship of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences V.I. Komlatsky.
The teaching aid provides the study by students of the Faculty of Agronomy of the chemical composition and nutritional value of forage crops, the formation of animals of the desired productive type, the growth patterns of farm animals, the determination of productive qualities and the use of animals in conditions modern technologies production of livestock products.
The study guide was reviewed and approved at a meeting of the Department of Private Animal Science and Pig Breeding, Protocol No. 8 from 2nd of March 2009
2. Determination of the yield of nutrients from 1 hectare of sowing
various forage crops 9
3. Calculation of feed requirements for various
species of farm animals 17
4. Determination of the productive type of agricultural
animals 28
5. Determination of body condition of animals 43
6. Assessment of the growth and development of farm animals 50
7. Rationing, balancing and analysis of the ration of dairy cows 58
8. Calculation of the need for silage, haylage, green fodder and equipment
when preparing them at a dairy complex 65
9. Milk production technology. Dairy accounting
productivity 72
10. Meat productivity of farm animals 79
11. Calculation of the output of the pig-breeding complex
with completed production cycle 86
12. Technology of production of poultry products and accounting
egg production of poultry. 90
13. Study of the conditions of detention and the main production - technological processes on the livestock farms. 96
Topic 1. Determination of the total nutritional value of feed
The purpose of the lesson:
To get acquainted with the essence of methods for determining the total nutritional value of feed and energy.
The nutritional value of 1 kg of dry (standard) oats, equivalent to 1414 kcal, is taken as a fodder unit. energy of fat deposition or deposition in the body of a fattening ox 150 g of fat, or this is the amount of digestible nutrients, when consumed in the body of animals, about 150 g of fat is formed.
To calculate the nutritional value of feed in oat feed units, the following data are required:
a) the gross content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV in one or 100 kg of feed;
b) indicators of the productive action of pure nutrients, which show how much fat can be deposited in the animal's body when feeding 1 kg of protein, fat, BEV and fiber.
When calculating fat deposition, it must be remembered that 1 kg of digestible nutrients deposits a certain amount of fat in the animal's body, kg
Table 1. Productive effect of digestible nutrients in kg of stored fat
Methodology calculating the energy nutritional value of feed in oat feed units:
1. Getting the amount of digestible nutrients. (The content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV is multiplied by the coefficient of digestibility of these substances and divided by 100).
2. Determination of the expected fat deposition of individual nutrients. (The resulting amounts of digestible protein, fat, fiber and BEV are multiplied by the corresponding indicator of productive action).
3. The resulting products are summed up. The sum shows the amount of fat stored as a result of the use of all nutrients.
4. The calculated total fat deposition is corrected for fiber, the consumption of which decreases fat deposition in the following amounts:
Table 2. Reduction of fat deposition per 1 kg of consumed cell
From the total fat deposition, the correction for fiber is subtracted, the actual fat deposition is obtained.
5. The number of feed units is found by dividing the actual fat deposition (kg) by 0.150 (kg) (fat deposition of one feed unit).
Exercise 1. Determine the nutritional value below the specified feed in oat feed units.
Table 3. Nutrient content and digestibility factors
| Stern | Contains,% in 100kg | Digestibility coefficients |
||||||
| Crude protein | Raw fat | Crude fiber | BEV | Crude protein | Raw fat | Crude fiber | BEV |
|
| Sainfoin hay | 7,2 | 1,9 | 28,9 | 41,6 | 55 | 50 | 57 | 59 |
| Green oats | 3,1 | 0,7 | 4,0 | 8,5 | 74 | 80 | 60 | 65 |
| Alfalfa herb | 4,4 | 0,9 | 6,1 | 12,5 | 71 | 63 | 43 | 74 |
| Carrot | 1,2 | 0,2 | 1,1 | 9,5 | 67 | 50 | 54 | 96 |
| Fodder peas | 21,7 | 1,3 | 7,3 | 54 | 86 | 62 | 46 | 93 |
| Fish flour | 59,4 | 1,9 | - | 0,4 | 90 | 76 | - | 40 |
Calculate the total nutritional value in feed units per 100kg of feed Table 4.
Table 4. Calculation of the total nutritional value in feed units per 100 kg of feed
| Stern | Digestible nutrients, kg | Productive effect of nutrients, kg of fat | Contains feed units |
||||||||
| Protein | Fat | Cellulose | BEV | Protein | Fat | Fiber + BEV | Total | Decreased body fat | Actual fat deposition |
||
| Sainfoin hay | 3,96 | 0,95 | 16,5 | 24,5 | 0,93 | 0,45 | 10,17 | 11,55 | 4,13 | 7,42 | 49,5 |
| Green oats | |||||||||||
| Alfalfa herb | |||||||||||
| Carrot | |||||||||||
| Fodder peas | |||||||||||
| Fish flour | |||||||||||
Task 2. Calculate the total nutritional value of the feed in Energy Feed Units (ECU).
Our country has developed new system assessing the nutritional value of feed in energy feed units, that is, the energy nutritional value of the feed is determined by the value of the metabolic energy of the feed (EE), which is a part of the feed energy used to maintain life and produce. The amount of exchangeable energy can be determined as follows. According to the chemical composition of the feed and the digestibility coefficients, the amount of digestible nutrients is determined. The metabolic energy content is then calculated using the appropriate regression equation (Nutrient Energy Coefficients).
1 kg of feed contains metabolic energy MJ:
For cattle OE = 19.46 pP + 31.23 pF + 13.65 pC + 14.78 pBEV
For sheep OE = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF + 13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV
For horses OE = 19.46 pP + 35.43 pF + 15.95 pC + 15.95 pBEV
For pigs OE = 20.85 pP + 36.63 pF +14.27 pC + 16.95 pBEV
For poultry OE = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF +13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV
Example: The metabolic energy of 100 kg of sainfoin hay is:
KRS OE = 19.46 * 3.96 + 31.23 * 0.95 + 13.65 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 686000 KJ or 686 MJ
Sheep OE = 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 689.9 MJ
Horses OE = 19.46 * 3.96 + 35.43 * 0.95 + 15.95 * 16.5 + 15.95 * 24.5 = 764.6 MJ
Pigs OE = 20.85 * 3.96 + 36.63 * 0.95 + 14.27 * 16.5 + 16.95 * 24.5 = 768.2 MJ
Bird OE = 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 834.4 MJ
Table 5. Total nutritional value of feed in ECU (OE)
| Kind of animal | Metabolic energy, MJ |
|||||
| Sainfoin hay | Green oats | Alfalfa herb | Carrot | Fodder peas | Fish flour |
|
| Cattle | 686 | |||||
| Sheeps | 689,9 | |||||
| Horses | 764,6 | |||||
| Pigs | 768,2 | |||||
| Bird | 834,4 | |||||
Conclusions___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Topic passed _______________________________________________________
Teacher's signature _____________________________________________
Topic 2. Determination of the yield of nutrients from 1 ha of sowing of various forage crops
The purpose of the lesson:
To study the methodology for calculating the yield of nutrients for various feeds from 1 ha of crops.
Intensive development of animal husbandry is impossible without the creation of a solid forage base that provides farm animals with a sufficient amount of high-grade forage.
The biological value of a particular feed depends on the amount of nutrients contained in it, their digestibility and assimilation by the animal's body, on the presence of taste stimuli in the feed that stimulate the animal's appetite and contribute to its eating. The feed should not have a harmful effect on the animal's body and the quality of the products obtained from it.
X
chemical composition of feed
Nutrients consumed by animals in feed are used to form products, to replenish the costs incurred by the body in the course of its life, and in a growing body are used as material for the formation of new body tissues of animals.
Exercise 1
.
Option ______ . Using information about the chemical composition of feed and their nutritional value, perform calculations to determine the yield of nutrients from 1 hectare of crops of these feed crops.
Introduction
cattle feeding sheep
Livestock is a branch of agriculture that rears farm animals.
Animal husbandry has been known since antiquity. Even in the Neolithic, people, along with hunting and fishing, mastered agriculture and domesticated certain wild animals suitable for living with humans. In addition to being useful in the form of milk, meat and skins, animals were also used as labor. And the use of animals in the form of draft force contributed to the development of trade. Thus, animal husbandry has its roots in antiquity.
Currently, animal husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture, which not only provides the population with meat, milk and eggs, but also provides raw materials for the industry, provides organic fertilizers and live draft power. Moreover, animal husbandry is the basis for the manufacture of various medicines. For example, blood is used to make hematogen and other medicinal products. Horns can be used to make various kinds of decorations for everyday life.
Livestock breeding has several directions - this is cattle breeding, pig breeding, goat breeding and sheep breeding, fish breeding and poultry breeding, fur farming, reindeer breeding and so on.
The purpose of this work is a theoretical study of the foundations of animal husbandry and to answer the questions posed.
1. Describe the characteristics of cattle (or sheep, pigs, poultry) in the farm where you work (or did practice)
cattle feeding sheep
Pigs are one of the most profitable breeding and fattening animals.
In the considered farm 2 breeds of pigs are bred.
Large white breed- well adapted to various climatic and forage conditions and is widespread in almost all areas with developed pig breeding. Animals of this breed are white, not coarse in build, harmoniously built, and have good health. Large white pigs have a small head with slender, taut ears, slightly tilted forward. The body is long, wide, deep, with a strong back without interceptions behind the shoulder blades. The hams are well executed. Legs are relatively low, without folds of skin, with short elastic pasterns and strong hooves. The skin is dense, elastic, without folds. The bristles are thin, smooth, densely covering the entire body.
Live weight of adult boars is 300-360 kg, sows - 220-260 kg. The body length in boars is 178-183 cm, in sows 160-165 cm.
Multiple pregnancy of 10-12 piglets with an average weight of 1.2-1.3 kg, milk production (nest weight at 21 days) 48-50 kg. By the age of 2 months, the weight of 1 piglet is 16-18 kg or more. With intensive fattening, young animals at the age of 6-7 months reach a live weight of 100 kg at a cost of 4-4.5 feed per 1 kg of gain. units. Animals make good use of pastures, as well as succulent feed up to 30% of the total nutritional value of the ration.
Siberian northern breedbred as a result of crossing local short-eared pigs (descendants of the wild European boar) with a large white breed. Pigs of the Siberian northern breed are distinguished by a strong constitution, great endurance and adaptability to harsh living conditions. Animals of white color, with a well-developed chest, wide and straight back and well-executed hams. The bristles are long, dense, often with undercoat. Adult boars have a live weight of 320-360 kg, sows - 240-260 kg. Multiple sows - 11 or more piglets. The average daily growth of young stock for fattening is 720 - 740 g, with feed consumption per 1 kg of growth of 4.0 - 4.2 feed. units, meat yield in carcasses - 53-54%.
At present, it occupies 60% of the total pig population.
Pigs have a high productivity, due to which at the age of 6-8 months, animals reach a live weight of 100-120 kg. Thus, for one farrowing from one pig, you can get 10-12 centners of pork in live weight.
With intensive fattening, only 4-4.5 feed units are consumed per 1 kg of increase in live weight of pigs.
Pigs have the highest slaughter yield (the ratio of the weight of edible parts of the carcass to the weight before slaughter). So, when fattening young stock to a live weight of 100 kg, the slaughter yield is about 73%, and when fattening up to 130-150 kg - 80% or more.
Feeding rations... Pigs are omnivores. Therefore, both plant and animal feeds are suitable for feeding them. The profitability of pork production is largely due to the availability of animal feed. Pigs are especially sensitive to the completeness of the diet. The basis of feed rations for pigs is concentrated feed. They are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates, but do not contain enough protein. Protein from cereals also contains few essential amino acids. Therefore, an important place in the formation of the fodder base for pig breeding is given to fodders that replenish the biological inferiority of grain fodders. These feeds include legumes and high quality alfalfa grass meal. All vegetable concentrate feeds are better digested by pigs in a milled form. The finer the grind, the better the feed is used.
The proportion of concentrated feed in the diet averages about 75% of the total nutritional value of the diet. Taking into account the biological inferiority of cereal grains, their specific value in the diet of sows and gilts has been reduced, and the amount of voluminous feed (green mass, grass meal, alfalfa haylage, combined and corn silage) has been brought to 30%. In the pigs ration: 11% succulent feed, 5% grass meal, 5-7% green feed, the rest is animal feed. Per one structural sow, the ration should contain 75% concentrates, incl. legumes - 12; herbal flour - 5; juicy feed - 10.5; green - 7.5. Animal feed in the structure of the diet is 2%.
It is necessary to feed the pigs according to the norms. Both overfeeding and underfeeding are biologically impractical. Feeding a balanced diet reduces feed and nutrient costs.
When preparing feed and feed mixtures with the maximum use of nutrients, the following requirements are imposed:
vegetable feed is harvested at the moment of the highest yield and nutritional value;
Root crops are washed and crushed before preparing feed mixtures in order to avoid their oxidation in the air.
Combined silage is an important component of improving the biological value of rations in winter conditions. In its preparation, corn cobs, wet grain, melons and gourds, benign waste, green mass, alfalfa flour, etc. are used. The ratio of feed components is determined by the availability of a raw material base. However, the following are observed. General requirements: moisture content of the mixture of silage fodder 70-80%; good mixing of components during loading into silos; thorough sealing; the nutritional value of 1 kg of combined silage should be at least 0.25 k. units. The content of digestible protein is 20 g, carotene -20 mg, fiber not more than 60 g. Silage is laid in trenches impermeable to water and air, 15.0-36.0 m long, 3.5-6.0 m wide. can be ground-based semi-buried and buried and made of precast reinforced concrete slabs with a concrete bottom.
Green forage is of great importance in feeding sows and young animals, for which they use beet tops, young quinoa, nettle, dandelion. The best crops for the green conveyor are alfalfa, peas, oat-pea and vetch-oat mixture, root vegetables, zucchini, pumpkin, perennial grasses. Green forage is fed in mowed form or on pastures, when grazing animals.
The efficiency of the use of pig feed resources is largely determined by their correct distribution among groups of animals and the correct choice of methods for preparing them for feeding.
Good food for pigs is table waste, but waste coming from public canteens must be boiled and then fed to pigs in a mixture with concentrates, juicy and green feed.
Containment system... In warm, dry, bright and spacious rooms with fresh air pig productivity is high. When conditions deteriorate, pigs often catch colds and fall ill, which leads to a decrease in their productivity.
In the considered farm dense, frost-proof walls; warm, waterproof roof; hard and warm floor; normal illumination; device for draining liquid; ventilation. The walls of the premises are made of wood. To protect against spoilage by pigs and from the point of view of hygiene, the inner part of the walls (with a height of up to 100 cm) is upholstered with a layer of dense boards, which, moreover, are a good heat insulator. The roof is warm. Covered with slate. Casement window frames. V winter time insert second frames.
To remove the slurry from the room, a ditch with a slope lined with boards is arranged at the front edge of the floor. A pit for collecting slurry was dug next to the room. It is best to pour the slurry onto dry straw manure, which increases its quality as fertilizer for vegetable gardens. Thanks to these conditions, the floor and the room itself are kept dry.
In winter, the room is ventilated during walks of animals. Wooden troughs are installed at the front wall. The trough should accommodate a one-time feed, based on the final growth of the animal. In severe frosts, the temperature in the houses is maintained at 16-22 C.
2. Characterize one main breed of cattle and sheep bred in the area where your farm is located
) In our farm, one of the main breeds is the red-and-white breed of cows - this is a breed for dairy purposes.
General characteristics.The red-and-white breed of dairy cattle in number in the Russian Federation ranks fourth among dairy cattle breeds. The color of the cows, in accordance with the name of the breed, is red and variegated of varying intensity, of a pronounced milk type.
Animals are 132-138 cm high at the withers in cows, 140-145 cm in bulls. The exterior is typical for dairy breeds. The chest circumference of cows is no more than 200 cm, and of bulls 230 - 235 cm. The head is long, the profile is straight. The skin is mobile, elastic, of medium thickness.
Live weight of calves at birth: heifers - 31-40 kg, bulls - 34-45 kg. Live weight of adults: first-calf cows - 530-550 kg, full-aged - 600-650 kg, bulls - 720 kg.
The udder is bowl-shaped with an index of 42-43%. Cylindrical nipples, evenly spaced. Milk flow rate reaches 1.8 kg / min. Milk yield ranges from 3300 to 6200 kg of milk with a mass fraction of fat - 3.8%. Average milk yield is 5000-5500 kg of milk per year. The record is 6500 kg. The fat content of milk is 3.7-3.8%, the protein content is 3.2-3.4%. The first calving is possible at 27 months.
It has excellent acclimatization abilities and high responsiveness to improving the content and diet, so 0.89 - 1 part of feed is required to obtain 1 kg of milk.
The meat productivity is quite high, the slaughter yield of 15-18 month old bulls reaches 56-60%. The live weight of the calves is about 37 kg.
Due to its good ability to acclimatize, the breed has become widespread in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. So, in 2011, in the breeding farms of the region, 5770 kg of milk was milked per cow with a fat content of 4.10%, protein content of 3.17%, in pedigree reproducers - 5241 kg, 3.91 and 3.16%, respectively. The number of cows increased with a milk yield of over 8000 kg of milk.
Characteristics of the red-and-white breed in our farm:
Livestock - 14.9 thousand heads, incl. cows - 5.9 thousand heads;
average milk yield per cow - 4934 kg;
the average live weight of cows is 541 kg.
The best characteristics of the farm cows: milk yield from the best cow - 5577 kg of milk; content in milk: fat - 4.13%, protein - 3.08%.
) Main breed of sheep, bred in our farm - Krasnoyarsk breed, which was bred in 1926-1963. To create it, they used local merino, precos and American rambouille. Subsequently, in order to improve the wool productivity of the obtained sheep, they were crossed with the Askanian and Grozny breeds.
Krasnoyarsk sheep are distinguished by their strong constitution and good wool and meat productivity. The animals of this breed are characterized by a strong type of constitution and a proportional physique. They have a wide and deep chest, a straight back, a slightly sagging sacrum. Krasnoyarsk sheep are distinguished by high rates of meat and wool productivity, as well as consistently good fertility (130-140 lambs per 100 queens).
Fleece of Krasnoyarsk sheep of staple structure, not thick enough and uneven length (on average - 7 cm). The fineness of sheep's wool is 23.1-25.0 microns (corresponds to quality 60) or 20.6 - 23.0 microns (quality 64), and the fineness of sheep's wool is 25.1-27.0 microns (quality 58). The pure fiber yield is about 46%.
The disadvantage of sheep of the Krasnoyarsk breed in non-breeding herds is the unsatisfactory density of wool and its uneven length on the main parts of the body, as well as a weak overgrowth of the belly.
Despite the common breed characteristics, the sheep of the Krasnoyarsk breed differ significantly from each other, due to different source material carried out selection. For this reason, there are three intra-breed types in the described breed: Priangarsky, Uchumsky, Khakassky.
In our farm, mainly sheep of the Uchum type, which have a large weight and good meat qualities. Average rate live weight of rams can reach 121 kg, in sheep it reaches 60 kg.
From rams receive 10-12 kg of wool, and from sheep - 4 - 5 kg. The length of the wool is from 7.5 to 9 cm. The fineness of the wool is 21-23 microns (corresponds to quality 64). The yield of pure wool is within 53%.
This is the type of the highest meat productivity, with pronounced meat forms.
3. How does the feeding of animals affect their individual development and the improvement of the productive qualities of the breed?
The individual development of an animal depends on internal and external factors... Of the many external factors affecting the development of animals, the most significant are: food regime, temperature environment, light, training and animal welfare.
It has been established that feeding is the strongest factor affecting the growth and development of an animal's body. General lack of feed or individual nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, as well as the biological value of protein cause various kinds of oppression and disorders in the development of animals. As a result, the overall vitality and resistance to disease decreases, and ultimately this leads to an increase in mortality. In favorable conditions of feeding, animals grow intensively, become strong, with increased vitality and productivity.
Influence is exerted not only by the quantity and quality of the fed feed, but also by their types. For example, for the formation of a physique characteristic of dairy cattle, it is important to feed roughage from the earliest possible age (8-10 days), and from 30-40 days of age, in addition to hay, the diet should include succulent feed. Such feeding promotes the development of the digestive organs, which ensures that the dairy cow eats a large amount of succulent and roughage, and contributes to an increase in milk yield. Young meat production is given large quantities of milk and concentrates, which contributes to the formation of broad-bodied meat animals.
Keeping herbivores in the pasture in summer is also very important. It has been established that cows raised with active exercise and pasture housing exceed the milk productivity of animals raised with insufficient exercise by 10-15%.
Influence of feeding on the growth and development of the animal in the postnatal period. Feeding the animal must be complete. General lack of nutrients in the diet (protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins), i.e. underfeeding of an animal leads to a slowdown in the growth rate, a decrease in productivity, and, on the contrary, abundant feeding accelerates the growth and development of the animal.
Different feeding dramatically affects not only the development of individual organs. N.P. Chirvinsky, and then A.A. Maligonov, as a result of his research, studied the effect of feeding on the growth of the skeleton of sheep, cattle and pigs and came to the conclusion that with poor nutrition those parts of the skeleton that have the greatest increase in development are most lagging behind, this position entered the zootechnical science under the name "The law of Chirvinsky and Maligonov", or the law of underdevelopment.
Chirvinsky-Malibonov's law of underdevelopment: the degree of underdevelopment of various tissues and organs is in a certain connection with the growth rate of one or another organ and tissue. Organs with intensive growth suffer from poor nutrition more than organs with less intensive growth during this period. With enhanced nutrition, at a certain period of animal development, those parts and organs that in this period are distinguished by the highest natural growth rate. So, an adult underdeveloped sheep looks more high-legged, high-back, the body is narrowed and shortened compared to the normal developed one, and the head is larger and relatively wider.
In all cases of suppression of development, the vitally less essential parts of the body or organs of the animal are most affected and underdeveloped. The most protected are parts and organs biologically important for the species (reproductive and nervous systems).
Depending on in which, uterine or postnatal, development there was a growth retardation, the forms of underdevelopment are distinguished: embryonicism, infantilism and neoteny
Embryonicism is a sexually mature animal with structural features and body proportions characteristic of an embryo during uterine development. Embryonic underdevelopment is reflected in the entire further development of the body. The animals are characterized by a low live weight at birth of 15-17 kg, low legs, an elongated body, a large head, thin tubular bones, thin skin, and weak overgrowth. The reason for underdevelopment is poor feeding of the mother.
Infantilism is a sexually mature animal that has retained its youthful features. This is the underdevelopment of the animal in the early stages of the postnatal period. By constitution, the cow resembles a three-month-old calf. They have underdeveloped genitals, high legs, and a shortened axial skeleton. The causes of infantilism are prolonged underfeeding of growing animals, poor feeding during the period of rapid growth.
Neotenia is the premature development of the genitals at a young age, its essence lies in the fact that during the rapid development of the genitals, nutrients are intercepted, as it were, that should be spent on the formation of other organs and tissues, and they go to the formation of the genitals.
The underdevelopment of newborn animals is indicated by long legs, high back, relatively thickened joints and a larger head. In their structure, they retain the features characteristic of the embryo of the fetal period of uterine development.
Infantile animals are characterized by high legs, high back and underdevelopment of the body in depth, length and width. Animals of this type are formed in unfavorable conditions of postnatal development. In adulthood, such animals retain the proportions characteristic of young animals. Animals with different types growth responds differently to the same changes in feeding levels. So, in cattle and horses, underfeeding in the postnatal period affects the underdevelopment of the axial skeleton, the body in length, width and depth, and in carnivores it will most of all affect the underdevelopment of the bones of the peripheral skeleton and growth in height. Consequently, at a low level of feeding in the postnatal period, the bones of the peripheral skeleton and growth in height are most of all delayed in growth in carnivores, and in herbivores, the bones of the axial skeleton and growth in width and length. Growth delays caused by reduced feeding levels or other unfavorable conditions external environment negatively affect not only the live weight, size and proportion of the animal, but also on all organs, its strength and resistance, on the general vitality, reproductive capacity and productivity. The question arises about the possibility of compensating for the growth of the animal. In all cases of cessation of starvation, the animals show a high growth rate and compensation of live weight. However, in no case did the fasting go unnoticed. The bones of starving animals, but later gaining live weight, retained traces of underdevelopment. At the same time, the degree of underdevelopment of individual bones increased in connection with an increase in the natural intensity of growth. Corresponding experiments to study the influence of the level of feeding on the development of the organism and possible compensation of time delays were carried out on all types of animals. It has been established that all parts of the body, which by the time of the birth of the animal had developed relatively weaker, grow better after birth and with abundant nutrition - more intensively. They are more lagging behind in growth due to insufficient feeding and less compensate for such delays with subsequent improvement in nutrition. The parts of the body, which by the time of birth develop better than others, grow worse after birth and, with abundant nutrition, less intensively, but more complete compensation for growth retardation. The possibility of correcting the underdevelopment depends on the age, duration and degree of starvation and on the conditions in which the animals are placed for corrections. The younger the age of the animal and the longer the period of its fasting, the more profound violations occur and the more difficult it is to correct them.
In the process of growth and development of animals, there are two forms of changes: reversible and irreversible. Prolonged underfeeding of animals leads to irreversible changes in the body. Reversible changes are when the underdevelopment of an animal, under appropriate conditions of feeding and maintenance, can return to normal, be compensated. Compensation for underdevelopment can be achieved if unfavorable factors affect the animal for a short time. And if you create good conditions for this animal, then the growth rate increases, the gain in live weight increases.
Bibliography
1.Boyarsky L.G. Feed technology and full-fledged feeding of agricultural animals / L.G. Boyarsky. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2001 .-- 416 p.
2.Demidov N.V. Pigs. Breeds, breeding, maintenance, care / N.V. Demidov. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2004 .-- 252 p.
.Lushchenko A.E. Breeding of farm animals: a course of lectures / A.E. Lushchenko, T.G. Chernogortseva, S.V. Bodrova, N.M. Babkova. - Krasnoyarsk: FGOU VPO KGAU, 2009 .-- 158 p.
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