Alexey A. Novikov
It is difficult to say who and when first came up with the idea to use mechanical systems in architecture and interior design. Until recently, structures capable of changing their geometric shape could only be seen in the space or military industries: solar panels artificial satellites, self-expanding tents and life rafts, etc. The realization that a changing volume can become an element of an architectural technique came, perhaps, only at the very end of the twentieth century.
Dynamic statics
Schematic diagrams There are as many devices of transformable volumes as there are various mechanisms invented by mankind throughout its history. Therefore, in this area, an endless field opens up for constructive creativity. So far, the most common are two main directions of development of transformable structures. The first is the transformation of the volume by dividing it into several typical component parts. These components are attached to the supporting frame or to each other using special hinges. As a result, these elements can be set in motion by any mechanisms (winches or piston systems) and change the shape of the total volume. Quite a few structures have already been built according to this principle, which, as a rule, were used in exhibition architecture.
For example, the Kuwait exhibition pavilion at Expo-92 in Barcelona, designed by the famous Santiago Calatrava, consisted of several elements resembling fish bones... Each such "bone" at the bottom was pivotally attached to the base of the pavilion and opened using a piston system. As a result, the seemingly rather simple volume of the pavilion periodically turned into a futuristic object that attracted the attention of many visitors. The team of the British company Happold Engineering followed the same path while working on the Venezuela pavilion at the Expo_2000 exhibition in Hanover. The huge petals were pivotally attached to the steel frame of the "stem" and were driven by piston systems. And the pavilion, designed in the form of a flower, from time to time "closed" then "blossomed" again. The second direction in the technology of transformable structures is the use of mesh surfaces. There are many possibilities to create a transformable "grid". It is possible to make articulated nodal connections of load-bearing elements, while the elements themselves remain geometrically unchanged (rigid). You can, in addition to this, introduce hinges into the elements themselves (thereby increasing the number of degrees of freedom of the "mesh" as a whole). There is another way - on the contrary, to make the nodes rigid, and the elements (rods) flexible. Most often, all such structures are made of metal: steel or aluminum. Although in "hinged grids" the use of wood is not excluded as load-bearing elements.
Exercises by Chuck Hoberman
American company Hoberman Associates is perhaps one of the most visible companies in the global convertible construction market. Founded by engineer and bachelor of fine arts Chuck Hoberman in 1990, the company has focused from the very beginning on the development and implementation of kinetic structures in the field of architecture and small architectural forms. In parallel, a division for the production of children's toys was created, in the form of models of structures developed by Chuck Hoberman.
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The Explorer of the seas transformable icosahedron was designed by Hoberman Associates for installations on a cruise ship (photo: Joe Dore). Fascinating constructive and light show from time to time brings animation to the interior of the central hall, which has time to "become boring" for long days of travel. |
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Chuck Hoberman's objects use the principle of the hinged connection of rigid elements described above, as well as the introduction of additional hinges into them. Since 1992, when Hoberman's first sphere design was implemented (exhibited at the Liberty Science Center in Jersey, NJ, USA), about a dozen different kinetic objects have been developed at Hoberman Associates. Most of them have found application in the design of major scientific exhibitions in the USA, Japan and Chile.
Transforming spheres, icosahedrons and hypars (hyperbolic paraboloids) became central elements of exhibition installations accompanied by progressive electronic music and light shows. The efforts to transform all of these objects are usually caused by cables wound around special winches, which, in turn, are controlled by computers.
However, the scope of Hoberman Associates designs is not limited to just amusing interior knick-knacks. V last years this team is promoting its next novelty to the architectural market - the Iris Dome. His prototype for a kinetic installation was built at the Expo_2000 exhibition near the German pavilion dedicated to the reconstruction of Dresden's Frauenkirche cathedral. This dome is able to "fold" and "unfold", closing or opening the interior of the building for outside world... Such a design, according to developers from Hoberman Associates, can be a good solution for covering gyms or stadiums where maximum access to fresh air and sunlight is required and at the same time it is necessary to protect athletes and spectators from precipitation from time to time.
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A transformable hypar (hyperbolic paraboloid) installed at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. The entire structure is propelled by four rods that are wound on computer-controlled winches. In this construction, Chuck Hoberman applied the same principle as in transformable spheres and domes - the hinge connection of all rod elements at their intersection points. In addition, all rods are designed to be foldable according to the "accordion" principle. This allows the length of the elements to change in proportion to the force applied to them, which makes the entire structure even more flexible (photo: Brian West). |
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In general, transformable structures as elements of kinetic design objects and urban environment have a great future. As implementation progresses computer simulation in the design business, the problems associated with the development of dynamic models of future buildings are not as difficult as with the "manual" method. And penetration high tech in construction is already a fait accompli, though, unfortunately, not in our country.
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The transforming dome over the model of Dresden's Frauenkirche Cathedral at the Expo 2000 exhibition in Hanover. This cathedral was destroyed during the Second World War by British aircraft. A united Germany is currently working hard to rebuild it. The installation, using a transformable structure designed by Hoberman Associates, was intended to draw public attention to the project. The dome had a diameter of 6 m and a height of 4.2 m at the moment of "closing". It was driven by four hydraulic pistons and controlled by a computer system. |
Mankind has been constructing buildings and constructions-transformers for many years - it is enough to remember drawbridges. However, today dynamic architecture has entered a new stage, in a matter of moments changing not only its function or our environment, but also the quality of life.
Any transformation of a large object - be it the aforementioned opening of bridges, or opening secret doors on the dial of a tower clock, or turning a wall into a screen for video mapping - is always a sight, always an attraction. It is no coincidence that such techniques are most in demand in buildings that are themselves in one way or another connected with spectacles: theaters, museums, exhibition galleries, sports arenas.
For example, sliding roofs near stadiums have become practically common place, starting with our Sochi one with a rather simple transformation mechanism and ending with the Olympic one in Madrid by Dominique Perrault, in which the roof, consisting of three movable "covers", can take up to 27 different configurations. It all depends on what is needed at the moment - to let in more sun and air, or, conversely, to protect the courts from wind and rain. The concrete slabs are lined with aluminum panels, driven by hydraulic mechanisms, and the largest "cover" weighs 1200 tons!
London Aquatics Center during the 2012 Olympics. Zaha Hadid
Spatial tricks are functionally justified in exhibition centers and galleries. If only because the organization of any exhibition is associated with the need to create new scenery - just like in a theater. For example, in New York's Sperone Westwater Gallery, Sir Norman Foster, solving the problem of doubling the exhibition space within a limited building area, came up with an elevator gallery. A parallelepiped measuring 3.6 × 6 meters moves inside the "shaft" - an elongated glass-fronted vertical volume - and is perfectly visible from the street thanks to its bright red color. This elevator can be used as a separate small hall through which visitors will be "teleported" to other levels of the building, or "parked" on one of the floors and use its area as a continuation of another exhibition.
An even bolder approach to transforming museum space was shown by Rem Koolhaas (OMA) in his project for Prada in Seoul. The pavilion was named so - Prada-transformer. It is a complex spatial figure - a steel frame covered with fabric, the same one used for the covers of aircraft, yachts and other large objects. I put the figure on one side - and there was a cross at the base, and the rest of the walls acquired the same configuration. I put it on another - and now the floor has become round, and the space has changed dramatically. At the same time, the shape is thought out so that at every turn the entrance to the pavilion (on the usual Velcro, which is used in sports jackets or tents) remains within reach.
However, the craving for spectacles is often felt by the designers - together with the customers - of residential buildings. Not so long ago, an archspeech with David Fisher (Dynamic Architecture), the author of the world's first rotating skyscraper. His idea is to place wind turbines on each floor, which will not only rotate the floor modules, opening up new views for apartment residents, but also generate energy sufficient for the building to self-sustain. So far, the implementation of the project is in question, but in a conversation Fisher hinted that the first such skyscraper could appear in Miami, and its owner will be able to control the voice by moving the movement of the penthouse located at the very top.
In the meantime, the ideas of dynamic architecture in residential construction are being implemented on a small scale. The young filmmaker's Caja Obscura summer home in Paraguay, near Asuncion, when closed, looks more like a garage: a sandstone plinth topped with a concrete slab on which rests a "box" of galvanized steel sheets. In fact, the "box" turns out to be a lid, which, rising from one end, opens the second floor with a terrace, living room and kitchen in the back. According to the project of the architect Xavier Colan, the mechanism is driven by a conventional winch. To some, this process may resemble raising a flag, but for the owner of the house it is more like turning the handle of an old movie camera. Moreover, the winch is located on the second floor, at the front edge of the overlapping slab, and as the roof rises, the landscape unfolds right in front of your eyes, as if on a giant screen.
But the owners of a house in Suffolk, East Anglia, have to use an electric drive - after all, they have to move a module with a roof, walls and windows 28 meters long and weighing 50 tons on specially designed rails. London architects dRMM embarked on a daring experiment codenamed Sliding House. Dexterously and almost silently moving between the main house, the guest house and the garage, the module either protects the outdoor pool from the weather, then darkens the panoramic windows of the glass living room (and then it becomes possible to watch a movie in it even during the day), or hides the roof terrace from prying eyes with the bathroom installed on it. Or it can turn into an additional carport (although the owner prefers motorcycles) or a visor over the entrance to the house. The longest stretch takes only 6 minutes!
A.O. Shilkova
arch. project - prof. A.V. Merenkov
METHODS AND MEANS OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE
Today, the quality of the architectural environment can be realized through transformation - as one of the principles of building an architectural object. Increasingly, attempts are being made to solve existing problems in architecture with the help of dynamic principles of shaping.
In the research work, an attempt will be made to generalize the existing experience in the design and construction of dynamically changing architectural objects, paying attention to such an aspect of dynamic architecture as transformative architecture, to consider the methods and means of transformation and to test the obtained materials in design work.
Transformative architecture- the type of architectural objects, capable, depending on the goals and objectives, to change the volume, composition, internal structure of construction, planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of daily regular and periodic changes, transformation of the layout and space of buildings and structures within a certain time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.
In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-colored and interactive.
Spatial transformation techniques- "qualitative" change of an architectural object by transforming internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, the processes of internal adaptation of an architectural object occur within its outer shell.
Spatial methods of transformation make it possible to adapt buildings to changing conditions and factors throughout their entire service life, thereby ensuring multifunctionality of use, as well as improving performance and increasing the degree of comfort.
With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimization of static elements and parameters of buildings is solved, the transformable space creates an environment “without borders”.
Constructive methods of transformation -"Quantitative" change in the overall dimensions of the building (transformation of developing buildings with the help of drop-down coverings, telescopically sliding parts of the building, sliding walls, etc.).
In this case, processes of external adaptation of an architectural object take place by changing its outer shell, which regulates the relationship between environmental conditions and controlled internal elements.
Constructive transformation techniques maintain the relationship of premises with the environment and landscape. Thus, the clear boundaries of architecture are erased. Depending on the nature of the obstacle, the dynamics of the relationship between man - object - environment develops.
In addition, transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the parameters of the microclimate in the room, changing under the influence of factors external environment.
Light-color methods of transformation allow changing the visual and semantic characteristics of the light environment, forming a new, more complex, dynamic artistic and virtual image. Using modern species media facades, interactive and LED technologies, it became possible to visually change the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the architectural environment, to create a qualitatively new perception of space.
Interactive transformation techniques are a self-organizing system in which, due to the interaction of a person with his environment, an external or internal transformation of the architectural shell takes place. The building becomes an active installation where numerous control devices constantly communicate with other control devices, their users and the environment.
The results obtained were tested in the project of the Multifunctional Cultural Complex in Yekaterinburg. The project includes the principles of dynamic shaping, flexible planning solutions, ideas for the penetration of the external environment into the structure of the building and the relationship with the environment, changes in the spatial characteristics of the premises.
For example, by moving the stands of the sports hall and transforming the enclosing covering, the internal space of the complex is combined with an open theater. Thus, the number of seats increases in the case of various outdoor events (theater performances, light and water shows). Through the use of various means of planning transformation (transformable partitions, lifting-lowering and rotating mechanisms of the floor and ceiling, transformable auditoriums), a universal space of the auditorium was designed. This solution allows you to build multivariate configurations of the auditorium and stage space for various theatrical and film-concert performances.
E.V. Akilova
Leaders: NIRS - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsky,
arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa
TRANSFORMATION OF THE BUILDING LOOK IN THE OPERATION PROCESS
AS A MEANS OF ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION
As an art form, architecture aesthetically shapes the environment of a person, expresses social ideas in artistic images... The nature of architecture lies in the interaction between the architect, the object and the public. Often architectural units are permanent, their appearance does not change over time. Which, of course, leads to dissonance with constantly changing, developing value orientations, ideals, and demands of society.
Today, with the development of science and technology, in the context of globalization, the pace of these changes is only increasing. And those samples that were relevant yesterday are losing their meaning today.
The terms for design and construction of the building are also decreasing, but they are still very significant. If we compare these terms, for example, with the rate of development technical devices, where the moral obsolescence of the product occurs after 5 years of its use, it turns out that when the building is just entering the stage of operation, it can no longer fully respond modern trends... Of course, it should be taken into account that the obsolescence of a building does not occur in 5 years, but not in 20. In fact, obsolescence of a building is more often the reason for reconstruction than its physical deterioration.
The urgency of the problem of adapting a building to constant changes in the surrounding reality is only increasing. With an accelerating pace modern life the need for continuous change of images (fashion, style, brand) increases. At the same time, advances in science, the use of new materials and technologies make it possible to build buildings with a long service life. It is inexpedient, from the point of view of economics and ecology, to erect a building for a shorter period than the time of its physical deterioration.
Reconstruction in order to preserve the original appearance of the building may not always be the best solution. This solution is suitable for buildings that really represent historical, aesthetic, and cultural value for the city. But there are also a large number standard projects, in which there is no individuality, for example, typical buildings of the second half of the 20th century. Today such buildings are visually outdated and do not represent any artistic value. Therefore, in order for the appearance of the building to remain modern throughout the entire period of its operation, it is necessary to transform its appearance.
Changing the appearance is one of the most optimal ways to extend the life of a building.
V.S. Larionova
Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. The bulk
TRANSFORMABLE FACADES
Dynamic spatial objects using unexpected metaphors are increasingly used in architectural practice of the latest period. Implement " new system"Allow ultra-modern materials and technical means who came to architecture from aircraft engineering, space design and computer technology, as well as rapidly developing development innovative methods architectural modeling. This interest in "new images" fruitfully influences the development of experimental architectural thought.
Today, in the period of an "aggressive" economy, information expansion, architecture is also becoming a part of communication fields, network infrastructure, and a system of investment deposits, that is, it is of interest not only from the point of view of the history of architecture, the history of technology, but is also located in the area of social research.
O.V. Zeiser
Head - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya
THE CONCEPT OF ADAPTABILITY OF A SPORT FACILITY
The concept of adaptability determines the specifics of the formation of an architectural object, aimed at openness to changes in the structure of a sports object for the implementation of changing needs modern man and improving the organization of interactions with the external environment.
An architectural object must be capable of certain transformations based on the needs of users.
There are two main problems, the first is theoretical problem the formation and development of concepts of an architectural object, the second is a practical problem that reveals the existing possibilities of adaptation and transformation of various elements of a sports object for different needs.
The urban environment is usually shaped according to the needs of the average resident, but for people with disabilities, such an environment becomes an obstacle course.
Russian urban environment, unlike the European one, is just beginning to adapt to the needs of people with limited mobility. To date, there is a lack of the necessary material and personnel base to provide the entire range of social services to the population and to introduce modern rehabilitation technologies.
One of the tasks identified by the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the Sverdlovsk Region is to eliminate or compensate for the limitations on the life of people with disabilities and to promote social adaptation and their integration into society.
In the modern urban environment, the following contradiction can be identified: newly created and reconstructed objects take into account accessibility requirements, but they can only be considered as “islands” of the accessible environment. In general, the urban environment is torn apart.
In practice, the movement of MGN is considered either within the space bounded by the quarter, or along the streets. At the same time, the intersection of streets and carriageways is one of the most difficult barriers. The concept "City without Borders" aims to offer a variant of comfortable movement of MGN in conditions of a significant difference in relief marks (lowering to the river) and safe crossing of the main street of city significance.
Within the framework of the concept, the following are proposed:
- the scheme of movement of MGN on the site along the Iset River, combined with the scheme of objects of cultural, household and social services;
- project of a residential area for disabled people;
- theater project, taking into account the requirements of MGN;
- the concept of a training water base for athletes with disabilities.
When designing various functional zones for MGN, the tasks of humanizing the urban environment are set; improving the functional organization; creating an aesthetically harmonious living environment.
The concept's openness to urban space can become an impetus for the further development of a barrier-free environment in the city of Yekaterinburg.
E.I. Pankova
Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. The bulk
TRANSFORMABLE MODULAR GRIDS IN ARCHITECTURE
The dynamics of modern life often requires the creation of transformable, multifunctional architectural forms and spaces. To solve these problems, you can use transformable modular grids that can be easily applied to any surfaces, such as a facade, plan and other elements of buildings and structures.
The modern approach to architecture involves not only creating favorable conditions for human needs, but also solving environmental problems. Therefore, transformable modular grids can be based on the use of the idea of reversible plant transformations and their response to the impact of the external environment. The embodiment of the principles of natural expediency in architecture leads to the convergence and unification of the natural and artificial environment.
Grids, like plants, react to changes in various environmental factors, for example, illumination, air temperature, humidity, etc. In architecture, this is the movement of structural elements: enclosing surfaces, roofs, shutter systems, which is used to maintain the microclimate of a room.
A.O. Shilkova
Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. The bulk
METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE
(on the example of the architecture of a multifunctional residential complex)
A distinctive feature of our time is the ever-increasing dynamism of society. The world around us is changing, and a modern person, without noticing this, is daily faced with the transformations of the environment. The architecture must meet all the requirements of a person and also dynamically change with him.
Considering architecture as a living organism, responsive to the needs of people, an understanding of architecture is formed as a changing artificial environment, adapted to the dynamic processes of reality and meeting the requirements of society.
In this regard, it becomes necessary to transform the space of human life.
The main idea of research work is the development of flexible transformable variable space-planning and structural systems of the structure of a multifunctional residential complex that can meet the needs of people.
Among the tasks and features of the application of transformation in the structure of residential buildings, the following can be distinguished:
1. Multifunctional use of space.With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimization of static elements and parameters of buildings is solved, the transformable space creates an environment “without borders”.The structures formed using transformation should combine the maximum number of functions: "home-rest", "home-communication", "home-work", "home-study", while ensuring the dynamic development of the residential unit itself;
2. Microclimate regulationdue to reversible movements of structural elements. Transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the parameters of the microclimate in the room, constantly changing under the influence of the environment: sun, wind, precipitation, etc .;
3. Changing the spatial characteristics of an object:openness / closeness in relation to environment, a change in the level of natural light, etc., which contributes to the creation of a more comfortable environment for a person's stay.
4. Aesthetic aspect. AND The action of a changing space, complex conceptual structures of a mobile form, the possibility of its modification, depending on specific conditions, acquire unexpected effects and create expressive architectural solutions.
V.S. Berdnikov
Leaders: NIRS - prof. N.S. Akchurin,
arch. project -
prof. N.S. Akchurina, prof.
A.A. Raevsky
MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AS A METHOD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
The state of the human environment on the planet is determined by environmental indicators. And the influence of architecture, as one of critical areas human life in this area is very significant.
Everything is interconnected in the world, just like in nature. The abundance of opportunities and resources is inexhaustible when used correctly.
MOBILE architecture is a solution to the issue of the interaction of global elements - ARCHITECTURE and ENVIRONMENT.
Consider several principles for the implementation of nanotechnology that ensure maximum interaction between architecture and the natural environment:
The principle of conservation of energy,
The principle of "cooperation" with the sun,
The principle of respect for the inhabitant,
The principle of respect for the place,
Integrity principle.
I.S. Popova
Leaders: NIRS - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsky,
arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa
TRANSFORMABLE FACADES AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE
Transformable architecture is the next step in the evolution of architecture. In the age of high technologies and innovative materials, the idea of architecture as static, solid and heavy begins to fade into the background. The need of our environment for the ability to change, due to the fact that change is a constant process of our time, leads to the emergence of the ability of architecture to acquire the ability to physically adapt to human needs.
For a kinetic object, movement is the most essential part of design. Even if a structure can exist in a static state, it is only in motion that the idea of its creator is fully revealed. When designing buildings with transformable facades, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between utilitarian and decorative functions in kinetic buildings, as well as the influence of transformable facades on the perception of architecture by a person, and the identification of means of expressiveness of such facades. The technical elements of kinetic architecture need an architectural rethinking and the identification of their role in the creation of an artistic-figurative solution of architectural objects. Based on the materials studied, a number of criteria have been developed that make it possible to structure the problem of applying transformable architecture in local conditions. What matters is the urban planning aspect, the variability of the setting of the building with elements of transformation (setting as a dominant in the composition of the building or fitting into the existing static building). The artistic-figurative solution of kinetic buildings reveals the degree of participation of the transformed element in the general compositional solution, its independence or subordination to the general compositional structure. Structural types of building dynamics include the transformation of façade systems, roof dynamics, floor rotation, and the movement of the entire building. The most common goal of all types of transformation of an architectural structure is the need to create the necessary microclimatic characteristics inside the object, as well as the reasons for saving energy. In addition to environmental aspect the dynamics of buildings endows them with certain aesthetic properties. The type of building dynamics determines its space-planning structure, in which the complexity of the volume, the nature of the construction of the planning composition, and also the functional content are manifested. The specificity of the structural arrangement of the dynamics of the building also determines its artistic and figurative solution.
