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Automobile transport participates in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver goods "door-to-door". This type of transport allows you to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small batches. Here, less stringent packaging requirements are imposed. It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers; in terms of its speed characteristics, it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low carrying capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;

6) vehicles are environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of their use.

Railway transport well suited for the transportation of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances. The key advantage is the relatively low cost and discounts. Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high carrying and carrying capacity of railways. Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.

For the objectivity of the assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, they include: limited number of carriers, impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.

The use of railway transport is beneficial for the transportation of goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with an insignificant freight turnover.

Sea transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international transport. Compared to other types of transport, sea transport has a number of positive differences in providing massive intercontinental transport.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited bandwidth.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;

3) low speed and strict packing requirements.

Sea transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland waterway transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, small capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock, associated with the seasonality of work, lengthening of the routes of cargo, low speed of transportation. River transport is effective in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas, high safety of goods.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger transportation, the freight traffic carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of traffic carried out by other modes of transport, is lightweight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable goods to the northern regions, as well as mail and other valuable goods.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides a low cost with a high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of cargo to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in pumping oil and gas from fields, moving products of oil distillation.

Transport documentation

The main documents governing the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Railways of the Russian Federation, inland waterways, road transport, and the Merchant Shipping Code.

The Statutes and the Code define the duties and rights, as well as the responsibility of transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationship of transport organizations with each other and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, a contract is concluded in the form of an agreement, according to which the carrier assumes the obligation to deliver the goods by his own means from the place of destination to the final point within the specified timeframe, and the sender undertakes to pay the established fee for the carriage.

For different types transportation there are different contracts.

Contract for carriage of goods by rail is the waybill, which is drawn up by the consignor of the goods. Road bill- a document that accompanies the cargo along the route. Wagon sheet- a document drawn up for each loaded carriage.

In liner shipping, the contract is a bill of lading, which at the same time serves as a receipt of the carrier in receipt of the goods. There are bills of lading registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, presentation (valid upon presentation).

Overseas voyage, with a non-linear form of shipping, the contract is drawn up by a charter. When transporting by sea, the primary document is loading order. In direct, water or mixed traffic, an invoice is used instead of a loading slip. Consignment notes are issued towing of rafts and other floating objects, transportation by air.

A standard contract has been established for road transport organizations... The driver of a freight transport, when the car leaves the trip, is issued a waybill, which is the main document for accounting for the work, it is issued, as a rule, for one day and is returned at the end of the work.

The waybill is the basis for settlements between the customer and the trucking company.

The list of documents required for the carriage of goods: consignment note, waybills, power of attorney for carriage, specification, supplier invoice, power of attorney for carriage, summary sheets.

Routing of cargo flows

An important logistics method in determining the optimal route is full cost analysis. The optimal route is developed by freight forwarder of the cargo owner upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the transportation of a new cargo for him or a familiar cargo in a new direction.

At the end preliminary assessment several competitive options are identified, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

It takes into account not only the cost of transportation, but also the time of transportation, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of damage to the goods.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects the participants in the transportation and concludes the necessary contracts.

International road transport

International cargo transportation by car provide economic ties of our country with the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They fall into two main groups: cargo transportation foreign trade(machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of non-commercial goods (diplomatic goods, movable property during relocation, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of performance, can be regular and one-time. International transport is regulated agreements on international road traffic between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Transportation of goods is carried out on the basis of permits issued for each flight and entitling to carry out round-trip transportation.

If the total mass of goods and vehicles or their overall dimensions are not included in the norms established and valid in the territory of another country, as well as if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to the usual permissions, special ones are also required.

All vehicles and their drivers are exposed to customs control... Rolling stock carrying out international transport must have national registration numbers and decals.

In international transport, heavy vehicles and vans are used. The movement is carried out on an end-to-end system. The car's crew consists of two drivers.

Transportation of goods today can be carried out by air and sea, rivers and land. Each type of transport has its pros and cons, and its choice depends on the quality of the cargo and the timing of its delivery. Also, big influence the choice of transport is influenced by the prices for transportation.

If goods need to be transported that need to be transported to another continent, then sea transport is used. Sea transportation develops and strengthens economic ties between countries. Modern seagoing vessels have a large capacity and are capable of carrying very heavy loads. A single ship can simultaneously deliver many cargoes with different physical and chemical characteristics (liquid, bulk, bulky, equipment, various fuels, etc.). One of the advantages of this type of transportation is its low cost compared to the distance. The disadvantages include strong dependence on weather conditions and low delivery speed. In addition, during sea transportation, it is impossible to do without involving other types of transport (train or car). Also, the cargo must be carefully packed and properly stowed on the ship.

When it is necessary to quickly deliver goods to the most inaccessible regions of the world, air transport is used. Air freight is a safe mode of transportation, ideal for express delivery of urgent, valuable or perishable goods. On the negative side, air transportation is highly dependent on weather conditions, and also has a rather high cost.

Transportation by rail is a regular and inexpensive transportation of large volumes of goods. Rail transportation can be produced all year round with a high degree of cargo security. However, this type of transportation also has its drawbacks. One of them is a large number of overloads and a low speed of movement. The latter is explained by the fact that freight trains must pass passenger trains, as a result of which they have frequent and long stops. Also, there are no direct rail flights to some places, so transportation becomes multimodal.

If the cargo needs to be transported over a short distance, then in this case, road transport is best suited, which has good maneuverability and is able to deliver the cargo to its destination in a short period of time. Modern cars have different carrying capacities, allowing you to transport different types of goods. At the same time, such stringent requirements are not imposed on packaging for road transportation as for other types of transportation. Most modern cars are equipped with a navigation system and a walkie-talkie. Thus, the freight dispatcher is constantly in touch with the driver and monitors the transportation process. TO negative sides cargo transportation by road are quite high price, the speed of unloading when the goods are stolen.

Transport as a type of economic activity is subdivided into public and non-public transport.

Public transport satisfies the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transport of goods and passengers, moving various types of products between manufacturers and consumers, providing public transport services for the population. Transportation of public transport includes transportation on a commercial basis for a payment of passengers (including citizens who enjoy free travel on public transport) or goods.

Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law, other legal facts or a permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to carry out the transportation of goods, passengers and baggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.

Non-public transport (departmental), as a rule, transports goods and passengers of its enterprise, association (association, concern, etc.)

There are many classifications of public transport, but one should dwell on the more important for the industry under study.

Public transport is divided into the following types:

1. Railway transport- a type of transport, the carriage of goods and passengers on which is carried out by rail.

It is the leading one in the transport system of Russia, it is the main and most efficient mode of transport for the transportation of bulk types of goods over medium and long distances with a high concentration of freight flows, as well as for the transportation of passengers over medium distances and in suburban traffic.

Provides cost-effective transportation of large loads, while offering a number of additional services, thanks to which it occupied an almost monopoly position in the transport market. And only the rapid development of road transport in the 70-90s. XX century led to a decrease in its relative share in the total income of transport and total freight turnover.

The leading importance of railway transport is due to the following factors:

1) technical and economic advantage over most other types of transport;

2) the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport and economic interregional and interstate (within the borders of the CIS) relations of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railways (as opposed to river and sea transport).

3) the geographical features of our country: the length of railways in Russia (87 thousand km.) Is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work performed by them is greater than in other countries of the world.

The main task of the Russian railways- to ensure reliable transport links between the European part of the country and its eastern regions.

The advantages of rail transport:

1) rail transport is the most economical type of transport, in contrast to air and road transport;

2) has a relatively low cost of transportation (yielding in terms of cost of transportation only pipeline and sea transport);

3) it practically does not depend on climatic conditions, weather, time of year and day (the construction of railways takes place in almost any territory, it has the ability to rhythmically carry out transportation at all times of the year, in contrast to river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to lay railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of the country's railways have elevations ranging from 6 to 10%.

4) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the ability to adjust the car fleet, change the direction of freight flows, etc.);

The effectiveness of rail transport becomes even more obvious when you consider its advantages such as:

5) high carrying capacity (mass);

6) a relatively high speed of the rolling carriage flow;

7) the ability to effectively organize the performance of loading and unloading operations;

8) regularity of transportation.

Among the existing indicators, the most accurately characterize the level of mobility of railway transport are the following:

1) meeting the needs of the national economy in transportation for a certain period of time,

2) compliance with the terms of delivery of goods, average idle time of a wagon under one cargo operation;

3) sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient;

4) adherence to the schedule and timetable, fulfillment of the passenger transportation plan.

Disadvantages of rail transport:

1) congestion of the most important transport lines, because of this, the average speed of movement on the railways is constantly decreasing;

2) a limited number of carriers;

3) the construction of railways requires large capital investments and depends on topographic, climatic and environmental conditions;

4) the share of expenses on railway transport that does not depend much on the size of traffic (repairs of buildings and other devices, maintenance of administrative and technical personnel) is high, it accounts for about half of the total operating costs;

5) the production activities of railway transport have an impact on environment of all climatic zones of our country, but compared to road transport, the adverse impact on the environment is significantly less. This is primarily due to the fact that railways are the most economical mode of transport in terms of energy consumption per unit of work.

6) railway transport is a large consumer of metal (130-200 tons of metal are required per 1 km of the main line, not counting rolling stock)

2. Automobile transport(buses, including fixed-route taxis).

The main reasons for the active use of vehicles in logistics systems are the inherent flexibility of delivery and the high speed of intercity transportation. Motor vehicles are distinguished from railways by relatively small investments in terminal equipment (loading and unloading facilities) and the use of public roads. However, in motor transport, the value variable costs(driver's wages, fuel, tires and repair costs) per 1 km of track are high, while fixed costs (overhead costs, vehicle depreciation) are small. Therefore, unlike rail transport, it is best for transporting small consignments of goods over short distances. This determines the areas of use of vehicles - processing industry, trade, etc.

Despite certain problems in the road transport industry (the growth of costs for the replacement and maintenance of equipment, for the remuneration of drivers, loaders and repairmen) in the foreseeable future, it is road transport that will retain the central position in meeting the transport logistics needs.

The main interdistrict routes run parallel to the railways, which is natural, since all types of transport in the UTS of the Russian Federation perform common task- carry out transport and economic relations. Public motor transport carries out a large volume of passenger traffic (90% of passenger traffic by all mainline transport).

Advantages of road transport:

1) a high ability to establish transport links throughout the country, ensuring the required frequency of movement and placement of highways in all its zones;

2) high speed of movement;

3) rationality of transportation at any distance;

4) high cross-country ability and great maneuverability;

5) the possibility of round-the-clock passenger service in any direction;

6) relatively high operational, technical and economic qualities, greater comfort and convenience of travel;

7) small initial costs to develop new routes;

8) delivery of passengers and their luggage from the place of departure to the place of destination (the so-called "door-to-door").

Disadvantages of road transport:

1) road transport is a relatively expensive type of land transport;

2) has a lower labor productivity in comparison with other modes of transport;

3) the cost of transportation is much higher than that of rail and water transport;

4) vehicles are the main source of air pollution. The number of cars will certainly grow, especially in large cities, and at the same time the gross emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere is growing.

Automobile transport cannot compete with, for example, rail transport in mass interregional transportation, primarily due to:

5) high specific energy intensity of transport;

6) lack of a modern high-tech road network.

An intermediate position in terms of service level between passenger transportation by routed urban transport and taxis is route taxis... Traditional forms of passenger service by mass types of urban ground transport do not fully satisfy the increased needs of the population.

Transportation of passengers by fixed-route taxis in cities is organized in directions that are not served by other types of passenger transport, or in parallel along previously considered and approved routes in buses of small or special small capacity. Passenger traffic in such directions, as a rule, is insignificant for mass modes of transport, but it is stable over time and stable across the territory. Route taxis are also used in cities to replace route buses during off-duty periods.

Feature of route taxi transportation is that it is not an independent, but an auxiliary form of service, designed, on the one hand, to unload mass passenger transport, and on the other hand, to improve the quality of transport services.

Advantages of route taxi transportation:

1) a rational combination of the conveniences inherent in taxis with environmental friendliness of transportation in bus traffic;

2) simultaneous servicing of the necessary group of people makes the trip more comfortable, allows to partially take into account the individual requirements of passengers;

3) partially compensates for the unprofitableness of city buses;

4) reduces travel by individual car owners;

5) covers all the main areas of the city with routes;

6) embarkation-disembarkation on demand;

7) inter-route maneuvering of rolling stock during working hours.

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