Organization of cargo transportation by rail
The carriage of goods by rail in Ukraine is regulated by the Charter of the Railways of Ukraine, the Rules for the carriage of goods, technical conditions for loading and securing goods, and others. regulatory documents, as well as an agreement that is concluded between the transport company and the consignor, freight forwarder or other customer. Work on the organization of transportation to railroad entrusted to the special services of the railway: commodity offices of stations, commodity cash desks, baggage (cargo) yards. Their responsibilities include the execution and verification of documents drawn up by shippers for freight transportation, as well as ensuring the process of delivery of goods.
Transportation of commercial goods by rail is carried out on a contractual basis based on monthly transportation planning. The basis for the monthly planning of transportation are current or long-term contracts for the organization of transportation and the order of shippers or forwarders. To do this, the customer (consignor, freight forwarder) at the local Railway Administration at the latest. 14 days before the beginning of the month in which transportation is planned, must submit an application (lunar order) to receive the required number of wagons or containers. Such an application is submitted in triplicate, each of which is signed by the head of the enterprise and his signature is approved by a seal, in the form of a detailed plan for the carriage of goods according to the established nomenclature, with a distribution by type of cargo, stations of departure and railroad destination, and by cargo, it will be carried out within the railway departures - with distribution by stations of destination. At the same time, the traffic volumes are calculated in tons and wagons or only in wagons. Shippers submit a separate detailed plan for each departure station for each nomenclature group of goods.
After the local railway has developed a monthly plan for the transportation of goods and brought it to the attention of the consignor, he must submit a ten-day order for the provision of wagons in the context of the days of the decade and directions of transportation (no later than 3 days before the beginning of the decade).
Based on the received (no later than 1 day before the beginning of the decade) message from the local railway station on the number of allocated wagons in the context of cargo and railways or destination stations, the consignor must ensure the preparation of the cargo for shipment, determine the method of its movement (i.e., establish for this cargo type of departure, delivery speed, type of message), draw up the appropriate shipping documents and transfer the goods to the transport company.
An important role in the organization of transportation is played by the method of transportation of goods, which is determined by a number of signs based on the classification of railway transportation by territorial principle and type of communication, type of departure, speed of transportation, and the like. The shipper selects and indicates the speed of cargo transportation in the railway bill of lading.
The main transport document for railway transportation is a railway bill of lading, accompanies the cargo to the destination station and is transferred to the consignee along with the cargo. The consignment note contains information about the sender and recipient, the speed of transportation, the name of the cargo, the number of pieces and the weight of the cargo, the declared value of the cargo when it is accepted for transportation, etc. transportation, a receipt for the acceptance of goods for transportation, when transporting goods with a limited shelf life, certificates, quality certificates of goods, veterinary certificates must be issued additionally). In the railway consignment note, the railway is obliged to put a calendar stamp confirming the fact of acceptance of the goods for carriage. The receipt for the acceptance of the cargo for transportation is issued to the consignee against receipt in the corresponding column on the back of the road bill.
Transportation of goods by rail, on a territorial basis, is divided into domestic transportation and international transportation(including transportation of export and import cargo and transit transportation); depending on the type of communication, internal transportation of goods by rail is divided into local transportation (transportation is carried out between two stations of the same Railway Administration); transportation in direct domestic traffic (between stations of two or more railway administrations); transportation in multimodal traffic (by various modes of transport), in particular, transportation in direct mixed traffic (by various modes of transport, one document per document).
By the type of shipment, that is, taking into account the size of the batch, it is sent by rail, transportation is distinguished:
> Small consignments - they occur when a consignment of goods presented for carriage under one carriage document does not require the provision of a separate wagon (the mass of the shipment includes the mass of the cargo, containers or packaging, as well as the mass of the belonging transport devices). Transportation by small consignments is carried out, as a rule, in a groupage universal wagon. In such a wagon, small consignments of cargo belonging to different consignors are combined into one wagon consignment with the registration of transportation under separate railway consignment notes;
> Wagon consignments - a wagon consignment is a consignment presented under one railway bill, for the transportation of which a separate wagon is provided;
> Container shipment - a container shipment is a cargo that is presented according to one carriage document for transportation in a container, or an empty container.
In the practice of railway transportation, transportation by groups of wagons and transportation by routes are also distinguished.
Depending on the speed, all rail freight transportation is subdivided into:
> Transportation at freight speed (it is provided by all freight trains). When transporting the majority of ordinary goods in universal wagons in small consignments, it is conventionally accepted in the amount of 180 km per day; by carriage - 330 km per day, by route - 550 km per day;
> High speed transportation (in fast trains in one direction). It is used for the transport of goods with limited storage periods, for the transport of valuable goods, other goods at the request of the shipper and by agreement to the railway. With such transportation, the rate of mileage of a wagon with cargo is from 550 km per day (for transportation by small shipments) to 660 km per day (for transportation in a refrigerator wagon)
> Transportation by baggage speed (in freight cars of passenger trains). In this case, the speed of transportation depends on the timetable of a particular passenger train.
The railway bill of lading and the receipt of acceptance of the cargo, which are issued to the shipper, confirm the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods, according to which the railway undertakes to deliver the cargo to the destination railway station in a timely manner and in integrity, observing the conditions of its carriage and issue the cargo to the consignee, and the consignor to pay for this transportation ...
The technological process of transportation of goods by rail includes the following technological operations:
Supply of wagons for loading;
Presentation of cargo for shipment;
Loading cargo into the wagon;
Directly transportation and escort of cargo on the way;
Operations upon arrival of goods.
These operations are performed after the shipper prepares the cargo prior to shipment. Before submission of goods for transportation, the consignor is obliged to pack goods of good quality in a standard shipping container (if the cargo is sent in a container, another shipping container is not required). On container units and piece goods, transport markings and, if necessary, special signs and inscriptions must be applied, which warn the performers of work with goods about the methods of handling them ("Top, not turn over", "Caution, fragile", "Center of gravity" The transport (shipping) marking must indicate the name of the consignor and consignee, stations of departure and destination, serial numbers of packages, weight of the cargo. the right to refuse to accept them for carriage.
The goods prepared for transportation are delivered to the railway station or are sent directly from the shipper's sidings (for this, empty wagons are sent to the non-public track). In the latter case, the railway station must inform the consignor no later than 2:00 before the delivery of empty wagons (or containers) for loading.
Serviceable, cleaned inside and outside, and, if necessary, disinfected, wagons suitable for the carriage of specific goods must be supplied for loading. Before loading, the sender's employees must check the serviceability of the presented wagon, since in case of damage or damage to goods in the faulty wagon, the sender is responsible. Particular attention should be paid to wagons for the carriage of goods with limited storage periods - isothermal wagons, refrigerated wagons, which must ensure the maintenance of the required temperature regime. The sender has the right to refuse a faulty wagon (unsuitable for technical or commercial wages) and demand its replacement.
Loading of goods into wagons (and onto cars for delivery to the station of departure), as well as unloading from them, can be carried out by the consignor or consignee, and in cases established by the Charter of the Railways of Ukraine, by the forces of the railway station.
When loading goods into wagons and containers, their carrying capacity must be taken into account and not exceeded; it is necessary to load the wagon up to the height of the sides. When enclosing goods in wagons, it is necessary to take into account the technical requirements for stowing goods in wagons and containers, to secure the goods to prevent their movement during transportation. To reduce the duration of loading operations, it is recommended to widely use appropriate means of mechanization. This is all the more important because there are special terms for loading (and unloading) wagons, for non-observance of which there are penalties.
Loaded wagons (containers) must be sealed by the railway or the sender. As a rule, goods are sent:
Behind the seals of the sender - when the cargo is loaded and weighed by means of the sender
Behind the railroad seals - when the carriage is loaded and weighed by its means.
As a rule, on the sidings of the consignor, they are loaded with the consignor's own forces and means; at the railway station, loading of goods is carried out by the forces and means of the railway (with the exception of goods with limited storage periods, bulky goods and heavy (weighing more than 0.5 tons) goods that are loaded by the sender) loading of goods into containers is carried out by the forces and means of the sender, and their unloading from containers - by forces and means of the consignee. Regulatory documents provide for the possibility of performing all cargo works by the forces of the railway on a paid basis in accordance with the agreement between the shipper and the railway.
As a rule, by the time the goods are shipped, the shipper must pay for the carriage of goods and other stipulated payments, otherwise the road may delay the shipment of the goods.
Payment for the carriage of goods by rail is determined at regulated or negotiated tariffs depending on the amount of goods, type of shipment, distance and speed of transportation, type of wagon used and its accessories (Ukrzaliznytsia wagons or leased or private wagons). In addition to tariff rates, tariff fees are also applied (for storing goods in warehouses, for weighing cargo, for delivering wagons to the entrance when, for disinfection, for escorting goods, etc.).
In confirmation of the fact of acceptance of the goods for transportation, the sender is handed a freight receipt (a receipt for accepting the goods for transportation), which, together with an invoice for payment of goods, is sent to the recipient of the goods. The final payment for transportation is made by the consignee upon arrival of the cargo at the destination station before the date of delivery of the cargo.
The railway is obliged to ensure the delivery of goods to the destination and within the agreed time frame. The duration of the cargo stay in transit is calculated according to the daily mileage of cargo, which depends on the type of carriage, type of dispatch, the nature of the cargo, delivery speed and distance of transportation. In addition, additional time is allocated to perform operations related to the shipment and arrival of cargo and to perform additional operations on cargo in the process of their delivery (for example, when forwarding cargo, accumulating and sorting small and container shipments on freight sorting platforms in wagon norms, etc.) ...
The total standard time for the delivery of cargo, including the time for the operations of unloading and arrival of the cargo, the time for additional operations (if necessary) of the cargo and the time for the direct transportation of the cargo to the destination station, and is calculated by the formula:
where Ttot is the total standard time of cargo delivery, days;
Gv.p - the time to perform operations from the departure and arrival of the cargo, days (for any type of dispatch, 1 day is allocated for these operations);
Gdod - time to perform additional operations with cargo, days;
S - transportation distance, km;
Nn - the rate of the carriage run per day, km.
The countdown of the delivery time of the cargo is carried out from 24 hours of the day of its acceptance for transportation. The date of acceptance of the goods for carriage and the expiration date of the delivery period must be indicated in the cargo receipt.
Cargoes are considered delivered on time if at the destination station they are unloaded by the railway, as reported to the consignee, or if wagons (containers) with cargo are submitted for unloading by the consignee before the expiration of the specified delivery time. The charter of the railways of Ukraine provides for the material responsibility of the railroad for failure to comply with the terms of delivery of goods.
For late delivery of goods and empty wagons belonging to enterprises, organizations, institutions, citizens-subjects of entrepreneurial activity or leased by them, the railway pays to the recipient a fine (unless it proves that the delay was not his fault) in the amount of:
10% of the toll - for 2 days delay;
20% of the toll - for 3 days delay;
30% of the toll - for a delay of 4 days or more.
The specified penalty is not paid if the cargo was not removed by the consignee from the station within 24 hours after receiving the notification of the arrival of the cargo, or if, at the same time, the addressee has been credited with the shipping documents for the cargo that has arrived.
Arrival operations include:
Notification of the consignee about the arrival of the cargo to his address;
Registration of documents for the right to receive goods;
Receiving cargo from a transport company.
The railway station must inform the consignee of the arrival of the cargo at his address on the same day, but no later than 12 hours. the next day. A message about the time of delivery of wagons (containers) with goods to the place of unloading by their consignee must be made by the railway station no later than 2:00 before the announced delivery of wagons (containers).
The delivery of goods can be carried out not only by the method of issuing wagons or containers from the station train or other cargo storage, but also through the supply of wagons to the sidings of the consignee.
Arrived cargo is stored at the station free of charge for 24 hours. This period is calculated from 24 hours of the day of unloading the cargo (container) by means of the railway or from 24 hours of the date of submission of wagons for unloading by means of the recipient. The recipient is obliged during this time to accept and remove from the station the cargo that arrived at his address. For storage of cargo at the station for more than a specified period, a fee is charged, established by tariffs.
To receive the cargo, the consignee's representative must contact the freight office of the station and present the appropriate order. The merchant office checks the correctness and completeness of the calculation of the payment for transportation, additional operations with the cargo are paid, etc. After the final calculation, the consignee's representative is issued an invoice, on the back of which the issuance of the goods is confirmed with a calendar stamp. The cargo is issued by the weigher after providing him with a drawn up consignment note.
Acceptance of goods from the railway station can be carried out at the warehouses of the station or directly from the wagons, as well as directly at the warehouses of the consignee, which have access roads. When accepting the cargo, the consignee's representative is obliged to check whether its preservation during transportation is ensured. At the same time, he checks the condition (serviceability) of the car, the integrity of the seals and impressions on them, the serviceability of containers and packaging, the compliance of the data in the invoice and the marking with the actual number of seats, weight, quality of goods, conducts an internal inspection of the car and the state of the conclusion of goods in it, etc. like that.
The participation of the railway in the process of accepting cargo depends on whose seals (railroad or shipper) arrived the wagon (container). When goods arrive in serviceable wagons with intact seals of the consignor, the weighing of goods is not performed, which is noted in the railway consignment note. After that, the consignee's representative signs the road bill, receives the wagon (container) and organizes further operations with the goods in accordance with the accepted transport and technological scheme.
If the goods arrived in a wagon (container), behind the seals of the railway, the consignee is obliged to demand that the weight of the goods, the number of places and the quality condition of the goods be checked, even if the goods arrive with intact seals.
Also, the railway is obliged to check the goods when:
> Arrival of goods that were loaded by the forces and means of the consignor and behind his seals, if a wagon malfunction or damage to the seals is found at the destination station;
> Arrival of cargo with signs of shortage, deterioration or damage during transportation in open rolling stock;
> Arrival of goods with limited storage periods in violation of the established delivery times or in violation of the temperature regime when transporting goods in refrigerated wagons;
> Issuance of cargo that has been unloaded by the railway station in public places.
Goods received in small consignments are accepted by weight, number of places and their condition with the participation of a representative of the railway.
If violations are detected, the recipient's representative is obliged to demand the registration and publication of a commercial act. If the railway refuses to draw up a commercial act, then the consignee within 24 hours must submit an application-complaint to the head of the department or the head of the Railway Department through the station manager, and the cargo must be accepted with the participation of a representative of an uninterested organization, the public or the transport police. When discrepancies in quantity (quality) are established, the corresponding act on establishing discrepancies in quantity (quality) is filled in upon acceptance of goods. The head of the railway department is obliged to respond to an application-complaint about the refusal to draw up a commercial act within 3 days (for goods with limited shelf life - within 24 hours).
Commercial acts drawn up on special forms in 3 copies are signed by the head of the station, the head of the cargo yard, the person who carried out the weighing of the cargo, the consignee. The first copy of the commercial act is transferred to the relevant railway service, the 2nd copy is issued to the consignee, the 3rd copy is kept in the station's files. Commercial a kg is the main document on the basis of which claims can be made for in go and coding iron material damage. In some cases, an act of the general form and a technical act are also filled out.
In addition to claims for shortage or damage to goods during transportation, customers can make claims to the railway for violation of the delivery time of goods, for failure to present wagons or containers, for overpayment of travel fees, and the like. The amounts of the corresponding fines are stipulated by the Charter of the Railways of Ukraine.
| A commercial act is drawn up in cases where: the actual name, weight, number of seats do not correspond to the data of the accompanying documents; the cargo is damaged or damaged, incl. as a result of violation of the rules, conditions and terms of transportation; cargo arrived without documents or documents arrived without cargo; the railroad returns the stolen goods | A general form act is drawn up in cases where: no accompanying documents; no fillings; the content of the seal impressions does not correspond to the data of the accompanying documents | The act on the technical condition of the car is drawn up in cases where: the wagon or container is damaged; the cargo is damaged due to a malfunction of the wagon or container; found, leaks in the wagon, container |
Rice. 10.1. Conditions for registration of acts on transport
Accepted cargoes must be unloaded from the wagon (container) on time. Unloading operations of wagons can be carried out by forces and means of both the consignee and the railway. The timing of unloading is established by the current regulatory documents and depends on the type of cargo, the method of unloading (mechanized or manual), etc. The duration of the downtime of the wagon under unloading is determined from the moment the wagon is submitted for unloading to the moment the station receives the message from the consignee that the wagons are ready for cleaning. Consignees are obliged to ensure round-the-clock unloading of wagons (including on holidays and weekends) in order to prevent excessive downtime Vehicle.
Rail transportation- a reliable way of delivering cargo (products, goods) to the destination, therefore, in general structure they occupy a significant place in transportation.
When carrying out the transportation of goods, the railways enter into certain relations with the cargo owners. These relationships are governed by certain rules and regulations, uniform and binding both for the railways and for all enterprises, organizations and persons using their services. The main document establishing the rights and obligations, as well as the norms of responsibility of the railways and those organizations and persons who use them. Is the Charter of Railway Transport. Russian Federation, which has the force of law.
There are several stages in the railway transportation procedure:
- planning of cargo transportation;
- operations of acceptance by the railroad of cargo for transportation;
- delivery of cargo to the recipient.
Each of these stages has a certain order and requires the parties to the transportation to strictly adhere to the relevant rules.
Transportation of goods by rail organized on a contractual basis. As a rule, an agreement on the organization of cargo transportation is concluded between the railway and the consignor.
The agreements on the organization of transportation determine the expected volume of transportation of goods, the terms and conditions for the provision of vehicles and the presentation of goods for transportation, the procedure for settlements, the responsibility of the parties for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations, as well as other conditions for the organization of transportation.
However, transportation can be carried out on separate orders without concluding a contract on the terms agreed by the railway and the sender.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the transportation of goods to different types transport documents regulating the organization of the carriage of goods have a different legal form: in the case of direct transport - this is an application (order), an agreement on the organization of carriage of goods; when transporting goods in direct mixed traffic - a daily application, a weekly schedule.
When fulfilling obligations for the carriage of goods with the participation of the shipper and the carrier, the application plays an important role. The application is the most important means of organizing the transportation of goods; it specifies the task and determines the indicators that provide a one-time transportation. The consignor is obliged to submit applications to the carrier at least 10 days before the start of the carriage of goods, and for the carriage of goods sent for export and in direct mixed traffic - at least 15 days before the start of carriage of goods.
The carrier is obliged to consider the submitted application within two days and, if it is possible to carry out transportation, send this application for approval to the owner of the infrastructure with a mark on the approval of the application. The main task of planning freight traffic is to establish the upcoming volumes, structure and directions. The volume of traffic depends on the volume of work of the rolling stock, operating costs and road revenues, as well as the contingent. The structure of cargo transportation and cargo turnover determines the need for wagons different types and the size of the delivery of new rolling stock.
Correctly composed transportation plan is the most important condition for the high quality of the entire transport plan. Therefore, on the basis of the transportation plan, in essence, the indicators of all other sections are determined, i.e. rolling stock work plan, operating cost plan, labor plan, logistics plan, etc.
Along with the turnover and dispatch of goods, the system of indicators of the transportation plan should include the data necessary for calculating all other sections of the railway transport plan.
The transportation planning function is carried out by JSC Russian Railways.
Transportation planning and presentation of goods for transportation is carried out by the shipper. Its right is to present the cargo for transportation, both in its own wagons and in the wagons of Russian Railways or other owners. The choice of a shipper depends on the conditions offered by any of the wagon owners. If the shipper is satisfied with the price and quality of service of a particular operator, this is the main factor in choosing a partner that cannot be influenced by Russian Railways.
The following indicators are provided for the plan for the transportation of goods by rail:
- freight turnover in tariff ton-kilometers;
- dispatch of goods in tons according to the established nomenclature; average daily loading in wagons;
- total operating ton-kilometers with distribution by traction type; average distance of cargo transportation;
- acceptance and delivery of goods as a whole along the road and at each junction point with an adjacent road in tons with the allocation of the main cargo;
- distribution of freight turnover in ton-kilometers and transportation of goods in tonnes by type of communication (import, export, transit and local communication).
- The monthly plans, in addition to the listed indicators, provide for the transportation of goods by routes organized by both shippers (dispatch routes) and railways.
Transportation is categorized by message type:
- local- transportation between stations within the road (local traffic on the road in question is zero);
- export- dispatch of goods to other roads (defined as the difference between departure and local traffic);
- import- arrival of goods from other roads (defined as the difference between arrival and local traffic);
- transit- transportation of goods received from other roads and following through this road to other roads. Transit can be defined in several ways: acceptance minus import, or delivery minus export, or the total size of transport minus other types of communication (import, export, local).
Import, export and transit transport is called direct transport. Two or more roads are involved in their implementation.
Passenger Transportation
Passenger transportation is planned both in general and by type of communication.
Each type of passenger transportation is characterized by its own patterns of development. The growth in the volume of suburban traffic may be influenced by an increase in the frequency of train traffic or the opening of stopping points, a change in the working and rest regime of the population, and the expansion of the suburban area.
Changes in the effective demand of the population, the level of competitiveness of other types of transport, the state of the industry, Agriculture in the economic regions of the country, the development of the transport network and other factors can dramatically change the flow of long-distance passengers. Therefore, when developing an annual plan for long-distance passenger transportation and their unevenness, it is necessary to consider especially, analyzing them for individual regions and the most important railway directions.
When planning passenger traffic, possible changes in income of the population, tariffs of competitors, the state of the sanatorium-resort base in the country, the consequences of measures taken to improve the quality of passenger traffic, develop service and introduce new types of services are taken into account.
Annual plan passenger traffic is compiled by the network as a whole and by rail. The plan defines the following indicators: the number of passengers sent, the number of passengers transported, passenger turnover and average travel distance. Indicators are calculated both in general and by type of message.
When forecasting the volume of passenger traffic, the dynamics of the main macro economic indicators socio-economic development of the country: population, real incomes, level of industrial production, inflationary processes, etc.
Depending on the goal set, passenger traffic forecasts can be developed for different periods. In practice, it is customary to develop medium-term forecasts (for 5-7 years) and for a longer term (10 and more years).
Forecasting passenger traffic, especially over a long period, is much more difficult than current planning. After a long time, the structure of the network of communication routes increases and changes, the country's economy changes. The needs of the population for movement are acquiring a different character. In this regard, the possibility of widespread use of reporting data in forecasting is reduced.
To determine the indicators for forecasting passenger traffic, various methods are used based on identifying general patterns changes in passenger traffic in the country. In the development of short-term and medium-term forecasts, in particular, the extrapolation method is used, when, as a result of the analysis of traffic for previous years, the rates of their change in the forecast period are established with some adjustment, reflecting the influence of various factors. However, this method does not provide the required forecasting accuracy due to insufficient knowledge of the patterns of change in indicators depending on the factors that influence them. Therefore, along with the extrapolation method, other forecasting methods are also used: the method of expert assessments, analogies, and others.
The practice of developing forecasts for a long period is based mainly on the study of changes in the population in the future and changes in its transport mobility, taking into account the trends in the distribution of passenger traffic by type of transport. Analysis of various methods used in forecasting traffic for a long period shows that forecasting the volume of traffic and passenger turnover based on the transport mobility of the population provides the highest accuracy in obtaining these indicators.
Wide application computing technology in the passenger complex makes it possible to effectively use operational reporting prepared by an automated system in current planning
"Express"... It takes into account the number of tickets sold for trains and wagons of different categories by direction of transportation, which is important for determining the density of passenger traffic on the lines, keeps records of passengers transported free of charge, and provides other information necessary to identify the demand for different conditions of transportation.
Planning types
With the implementation of the structural reform, the previous procedure for planning the transportation of goods foreign trade changed significantly . The degree of centralization of planned work has decreased. The main role in planning began to be played not by transport ministries, but by foreign trade organizations and direct carriers - railways, shipping companies, airlines, ports, road transport enterprises. The transfer of the main planned work from the center to the localities affected rail transport to a lesser extent, which is explained by its production and technological features. Foreign trade rail transportation on the territory of Russia only in rare cases is carried out by any one road.
More often, several roads are involved in the transportation process, and not only Russian ones. Many transport enterprises, including joint ventures, foreign trade associations, firms and organizations have the right to direct access to foreign markets... Numerous freight forwarding and other firms appeared on the territory of the country and abroad, taking over some of the functions associated with planning foreign trade transportations, including transit ones.
Not only the organization of planning has changed, but also its content. The demand in the transport services market is used as a planning basis, of course, taking into account the supply, the requirements of cargo owners for the quality of transport services and competition between various transport companies. At the same time, the rational combination of methods does not lose its significance. state regulation with the action of market mechanisms.
The general approach to the organization and planning of foreign trade transportation has also changed. This type of transport activity began to include transportation between the CIS countries. As a result, foreign trade transportation currently consists of two parts: transportation between Russia and non-CIS countries and transportation between Russia and neighboring countries.
Annual transportation plans are developed on the basis of promising for individual roads and for the network as a whole. These plans establish the volume of freight turnover in tonne-kilometers with distribution by quarters; shipment per year in tons total and with the allocation of the most important bulk cargo.
Quarterly transportation plans are based on annual plans taking into account the working conditions in different periods of the year (seasonal transportation).
The main type of planning in modern conditions is monthly planning... It applies only to the transport of export goods with the participation of rail transport, both in direct international railway traffic and for transportation in international traffic through the sea and river ports of Russia.
Consignors-suppliers no later than 20 days before the beginning of the planned month shall submit to the railway authorities detailed plans for the transportation of export goods. These plans indicate the type and quantity of goods in tons and wagons, border stations of the railways through which these goods are sent and countries of destination.
On the basis of detailed plans for the carriage of goods provided by consignors according to the accepted nomenclature, for the planned month, the railway administrations draw up a draft plan for the carriage of these goods by road, through border stations, sea and river ports, and submit it to JSC Russian Railways no later than than 17 days before the planned month.
Based on the data provided to the railway administrations, for the planned month, draws up a draft plan for the transportation of export goods through the railway network - by types of goods, according to the established nomenclature, in tons and wagons on average per day, by countries of destination separately through border stations of railways and seaports - and no later than
14 days before the beginning of the planned month, sends it to interested organizations, as well as to foreign railways to agree on the amount of export cargo for individual transfer points and types of cargo. In the event that the volume of transportation of export goods for the planned month exceeds the technical capabilities of individual seaports, or in case of difficulties with the passage of goods through border transfer stations, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and JSC Russian Railways make decisions on the direction of certain goods for transshipment through other seaports or border transfer stations, and in exceptional cases, when the indicated seaports or border transfer stations are not able to receive the cargoes sent to them in full, - on reducing the delivery of export cargo to seaports or border transfer stations for the planned month by consignors.
Unloading rates export cargo in seaports are set for each month in wagons and tonnes on average per day based on the approved monthly plans for loading goods, taking into account the availability of wagons awaiting unloading at the port railroad departments, and wagons with goods additionally accepted for transportation.
Export cargo, provided by the transportation plan and shipped during the planned month, as well as cargo shipped according to additionally agreed tasks, are freely accepted by the ports from the railways, regardless of the time of their arrival at the unloading port.
Shippers and railways provide, as possible, uniform shipment of bulk export cargoes (coal, coke, ore, oil and oil products, timber and other cargoes) throughout the month, taking into account the delivery times of goods specified in the contracts.
An important part of the program for optimizing the operational work of Russian railways is setting parameters for reliable and economical functioning of the system organization of locomotive operation as a significant factor in improving the economic performance of Russian Railways and improving the quality of transportation. At present, the operating costs of the industry associated with the maintenance of trains by locomotives and locomotive crews, as well as the maintenance of locomotive facilities, reach 29% of the total costs.
The cost of the locomotive fleet is about 12% of the value of the fixed assets of Russian Railways. To solve the problem of rationalizing the transportation process in railway transport by optimizing the functioning of the locomotive operation control system, reliable operational planning of the work of freight locomotives is required within the framework of the daily shift and current train plans of Russian Railways divisions based on the creation of a modern dynamic model.
The traditional technology of operational scheduling of the work of freight locomotives, as a rule, provides for the development of a final task plan for the next three (four) hours, drawn up without the necessary linkage with the current and shift-daily plan, as well as without linking with the locomotive supply plan for current repairs and Maintenance, in the implementation of which the best conditions for the use of traction facilities are achieved.
Waste can be significantly reduced by implementing consistent end-to-end interconnected execution calculations for drawing up a plan for attaching locomotives to trains for any period of operational planning (for three (four) hours, for the period of current planning and for a day) at the expense of integrated approach to solving the problem of operational planning of the work of freight locomotives. These calculations should be based on the formation of a unified road model and an integrated database using local area networks.
In this way, railway transport- this is the type of transport that is most adapted to mass transportation, operates day and night, regardless of the season and atmospheric conditions, has a high carrying and carrying capacity. Railways are a universal mode of transport for the transportation of all types of goods in international and domestic traffic. Therefore, in order to correspond to the efficiency of the use of railways, to ensure the safety of transported goods, the safety of train traffic must be at an extremely high level, which can be achieved by correct and accurate planning of the work of all railway transport.
The relationship between rail transport, shippers and consignees is governed by Transport Charter of the RF Railways, the rules of freight traffic, concluded contracts.
At large stations, forwarding offices are organized, performing the operation of servicing consignors and consignees (FECs). In some large cities, freight forwarding services are organized by motor transport companies. Freight forwarding offices under contracts with shippers and consignees undertake the delivery of goods prepared for shipment from the station to the consignee's warehouses, containers - to the places of unloading and loading, processing of all transport documentation, and also informing consignees about the goods that have arrived at their address.
Rail transportation is classified according to several criteria. According to the specifics of planning, they are divided into local - within the limits of one railway, direct - if the cargo is transported on several railways, mixed - if other modes of transport are involved. Distinguish between rail transportation and speed. Goods can be shipped at freight (low), high AND passenger speed. Most of the traffic is carried out at freight speed in ordinary freight train wagons.
Perishable goods are sent mainly at high speed in special trains. Small consignments of goods are transported in baggage cars of passenger trains at a passenger speed.
The lowest railway tariffs for transportation of freight (low) speed, higher - high speed and the highest - passenger.
By the size of shipments, small shipments are distinguished, container, povagoyp and route (a group of wagons or a whole train). Small consignments are considered to be the carriage of goods in containers weighing up to 10 tons. Tariffs for small consignments are higher than those for small consignments. When transporting goods in containers, a special fee is charged, so here the tariffs are slightly higher than those for small shipments.
Before the cargo is handed over to the railroad, the cape is filled, the railway invoices are handed over to the cashier of the station to indicate the day of delivery and
13.2. Organization of transportation of goods by rail ________ 327
the number of the storeroom to which the cargo is to be delivered. This is necessary for completing a wagon batch from shipments of various shippers.
The wagons filled with goods sent to the address of several consignees are called groupage wagons. Such wagons are sent both to the address of several consignees located in the service area of one station, and to the address of consignees located in the service area of 2-3 stations of the same railway.
The goods are shipped in wagon lots both from the railroad warehouse of the consignor and from the loading platform of the railway station. The batch size must correspond to the total capacity of the supplied wagon. For incomplete use of the carriage capacity, the station has the right to charge a fine. Before loading, warehouse workers must check the serviceability of the supplied wagon, its sanitary suitability for the carriage of goods.
Loading of the delivered wagon must be completed within the time specified for the given cargo and wagon type. The loaded wagon is locked with a wire twist and sealed, after which it is handed over to the weigher at the freight station and at the same time a railway bill of lading is drawn up.
Personal responsibility for unsatisfactory use of wagons rests with the heads of trade organizations. Damages are collected from the guilty persons, caused by the above-standard downtime of cars.
The railway is responsible for the safety of goods along the route, both in quantity and quality, as well as for the delivery time. In the event of a shortage or damage to cargo due to the fault of the railway, it is liable for the full amount of damage caused.
The delivery time of cargo by rail is determined based on the daily passage of the cargo: at low speed for route shipment - 550 km, wagon and container - ".MIND) km, shallow - 180 km; high speed in trains with machine cooling - 660 km. I add the delivery time to the estimated mileage! 2 days for the processing of goods at the stations of departure and destination. The calculation of the delivery time starts from 24 hours of the day of acceptance of the goods for carriage specified in the waybill. For its delay, the railway pays a penalty.
For the transportation of goods by rail, covered freight cars, platforms, cisterns, insulated wagons and cisterns are used.
5.1.1. Organization of railway transportation
International rail transportation is carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements, which are concluded by the relevant ministries of the states parties to the agreement. The main document that is used to formalize the carriage of goods by rail is the railway consignment note. Rail fares are regulated by the respective national authorities
The largest in terms of freight traffic are the railways of China, the USA and Russia, in terms of freight turnover - in the USA, China and Russia, in terms of passenger traffic - in Japan, India and Russia, in terms of the operational length of railways - in the USA and Russia, in terms of the length of electrified highways - in Russia.
At present, the freight turnover of railways is somewhat reduced in favor of road transport, and passenger turnover - in favor of air transport.
The Central Office of International Railway Transport, headquartered in Bern, Switzerland, regulates international rail transport and negotiates tariffs. The most universal multilateral agreements on international rail services are the Berne conventions on the carriage of goods and passengers, originally concluded at the end of the last century. Later they were revised several times. Currently, there is a single Convention on International Carriage by Rail in the 1980 edition, containing the combined text of the Berne Conventions.
In railway transportation, a fairly large number of types of platforms and wagons are used, the main of which are presented in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1.
Classification of railway wagons
|
Name |
Appearance |
Characteristic |
||||
|
4-axle covered wagon (all-metal or with wooden walls |
designed for transportation of packaged, stacked, packaged and some bulk (grain) cargoes requiring protection from atmospheric precipitation by rail. A universal vehicle for the carriage of goods that do not require special transportation conditions |
Carrying capacity - up to 68 t Wagon weight (container) - 23 t Body volume - 120m 3 |
||||
|
4-axle covered two-deck cattle wagon |
Carrying capacity - 22 t Car tare weight - 25.4 t |
|||||
|
4-axle covered all-metal wagon for cars |
|
Carrying capacity - 42 t Car tare weight - 42 t |
||||
|
4-axle covered hopper car |
|
Provides transportation by rail of grain, cement, mineral fertilizers, granular polymers and other bulk materials in bulk with gravitational loading through the upper hatches and unloading into the interrail space through the lower hatches. The drive of the unloading mechanism is manual. |
Carrying capacity - up to 72 tons, wagon tare weight from 18 to 28 tons, body volume from 55 to 146 m 3. Has from 1 to 4 hatches. |
|||
|
4-axle platform, with or without metal sides |
platform
bunk platform |
Designed for transportation of timber, wheelsets, heavy containers, tank containers, wheeled vehicles within the inner dimensions of this car, which do not require shelter from atmospheric precipitation with unloading at points with receiving and unloading devices. |
Carrying capacity from 20 to 93 tons, wagon tare weight from 20 to 30 tons. |
|||
|
4-axle open top wagon |
|
It is used for the transportation of non-aggressive, bulk and bulk cargoes with tо not higher than + 100оС, which do not require shelter from atmospheric precipitation, as well as stacked and piece cargoes with their fastening in accordance with the Rules for loading and securing cargo. |
Carrying capacity - up to 70 t Wagon tare weight - up to 23 t Volume - up to 73m 3. It can be of a blank design and with technological hatches. |
|||
|
8-axle open top wagon |
|
The same. |
Carrying capacity - up to 225 tons Wagon tare weight - up to 44 t Volume - up to 138m 3. |
|||
|
Refrigerator compartment |
|
Refrigerated rolling stock is used for the transportation of perishable goods by rail, requiring protection from high or low ambient temperatures, and special maintenance on the way. Almost any temperature regime is created in the carriages, from + 15oC to -18 o C, at an outside air temperature from -45 o C to + 35 o C. The temperature is evenly distributed inside the freight car. Its difference at various points in the cargo space ranges from 2 o C to 3 o C |
All freight cars circulating on the railway network are numbered according to a special system. Each freight wagon number consists of seven digits. The first digit indicates the type of car (2 - covered, 4 - platform, 6 - open wagon, 7 - tank, 8 - isothermal, 9 - other. axles near the car (0 or 1 - two axles, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 - four axles, 8 - six axles, 9 - eight or more axles), and together the second and third digits characterize some technical data of the car ; frame length, type of gondola car body, presence of unloading hatches, specialization of tanks, cooling system of an isothermal car, etc. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh digits together with the first three form the number of the freight car. At the same time, the seventh digit indicates the presence or the car does not have a hand brake.
In the RF, rail transportation is regulated by the Charter of the RF Railway Transport. The main body is the Ministry of Railways (MPS)
The functions of the MPS are quite diverse. In particular, the Ministry of Railways has the right, with the participation of interested departments, to develop and approve regulations in force in railway transport and regulating certain aspects of the work of this industry. So, at different times were developed and approved:
Rules for the carriage of goods,
Technical conditions for loading and securing cargo,
Rules for the carriage of goods in direct mixed rail-water and rail-road communications,
Rules for the carriage of export-import cargo.
Weighing accuracy standards;
Terms of delivery of goods;
Cargo storage rules;
Rules for the transfer and readdressing of goods;
Rules for filing and considering claims.
They all have the force of law and are binding on railways, shippers and consignees. It should also be noted that the current legislation primarily protects state interests.
The main conditions for the carriage of goods by rail in international traffic are as follows:
Cargoes are accepted for transportation according to the internal rules of the country of departure;
The dispatch of goods can be carried out both in transshipment and in uninterrupted communications;
Cargoes transported under special conditions not specified in the agreement between the parties may be sent only by prior agreement of the parties;
For direct international traffic, each country can open not all stations, but only some of them. Lists of open stations are named in the corresponding agreement;
Carriage charges for transportation within the territory of each country are calculated according to their internal tariffs and rules. All agreements stipulate that in the absence of the necessary instructions in their text, domestic legislation should be followed;
The contract of carriage is drawn up by the corresponding consignment note, which is filled out in Russian and in the language of the partner country.
Course work
On the discipline "Organization and technology of trade"
On the topic "Organization of the carriage of goods by rail"
carriage cargo railway document
Introduction
1.Theoretical part
1.1 Organization of cargo transportation
1.2 Characteristics of rolling stock
1.3 Characteristics of shipments
1.4 Transportation planning
1.5 Marking of goods
1.6 Loading of goods, sealing of goods
1.7 Documentation of transportation
1.8 Operations performed after the arrival of the cargo to the consignee
1.9 Liability of the railway and clientele for the transport of goods
2.Practical part on the example of the activities of a shopping facility
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications
Introduction
The main tasks of transport are to more fully meet the needs of cargo owners and the entire population in transportation.
Railway freight stations and the adjoining access roads of industrial enterprises play an important role in the process of delivering goods from places of production to places of consumption. Continuous improvement of the technology of their work is one of the main conditions for the successful transportation of goods by rail.
In the organization of the transportation process, the leading role belongs to the engineers of the railways. In modern conditions, transport workers are required to have a high level of knowledge of the organization of production.
The leading role of railway transport in the overall transport system is determined by the relatively low cost, mass scale, versatility, regularity, reliability and speed of transportation, the ubiquity of the network location, the possibility of delivering goods from the consignor's warehouse to the consignee's warehouse. Railway transport works continuously throughout the year and day, carrying out massive transportation of fuel, metals, timber, building materials, fertilizers, grain and many other goods of all sectors of the economy, ensuring the normal functioning of production, the life of people in cities and rural areas.
1.Theoretical part
Railway transport ensures the unity of the economic and strategic space of the country, is an integrating and state-forming sector and a stabilizing factor of the economy. In the new socio-economic conditions, the main task of railway transport is transport services for consignors, consignees, the population, and other individuals and legal entities.
Currently, it is required not only to transport the goods and meet the delivery time, but also to carry out transport services in various quality classes, minimizing transportation losses and costs. For these purposes, it is necessary to use technologies of the transportation process convenient for shippers and consignees, to carry out transportation from increased speeds, to optimally coordinate the rhythms of work of suppliers, consumers, railway transport and the time of delivery of goods for specific consignors and consignees, to ensure the completeness and quality of the services provided.
My tasks term paper I have determined:
1. Organization of cargo transportation.
2. Characteristics of the rolling stock.
3. Characteristics of shipments.
4. Transportation planning.
5. Marking of goods.
6. Loading of goods, sealing of goods.
7. Documentary registration of transportation.
8. Operations performed after the arrival of the cargo to the address of the consignee.
9. Responsibility of the railway and clientele for the transport of goods.
1.1 Organization of cargo transportation.
Transportation of goods by rail is organized on a contractual basis.
Forms of applications for the carriage of goods, the procedure for filling out and submitting these applications, their implementation and accounting are established by the rules for the carriage of goods. By agreement with the consignor, the Belarusian Railways may establish a different procedure for submitting applications for the carriage of goods.
The Belarusian Railways, its enterprises have no right to refuse to accept an application for the carriage of goods if the necessary conditions and possibilities for their transportation are available. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways are obliged to ensure the timely delivery of wagons to all loading points in accordance with the accepted application for the carriage of goods.
Transportation of goods is carried out by route, group, wagon, container and small shipments. The conditions for the carriage of goods by these types of shipments are determined by the rules of carriage of goods.
On the basis of monthly applications from shippers, Belarusian Railways and its enterprises determine the need for rolling stock for the coming calendar month. In monthly applications, if necessary, the volumes of loading of goods by routes are also indicated, indicating the railway stations for their unloading or spraying. Shippers can create routes from homogeneous and dissimilar goods. The transportation routes include agricultural vehicles, automobiles, oil products, fertilizers, chemicals, industrial raw materials, refractory materials, grain, sugar beets, construction and other bulk cargo.
The head of the railway station, together with the consignor, no later than 3 days before the start of the application for the carriage of goods, specifies the number of necessary wagons, containers by day, by type of cargo, and when transporting in international railway traffic - by railways of destination. The specified data are entered into the registration card.
The fulfillment of the monthly and additional applications of the shipper for the carriage of goods is recorded in the registration card. The form and rules for filling out the registration card are established by the rules for the carriage of goods.
Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways, in case of failure to supply wagons, containers due to their fault, for fulfilling an application for the carriage of goods, at the request of shippers, are obliged to allocate them to replenish the underload within the next month. declared in the intra-republican railway traffic, established by the head of the railway station in agreement with the consignors, for goods, the transportation of which was declared in international railway traffic, - by the Belarusian Railway in agreement with the consignors, railways of other states, enterprises and organizations of other types of transport. In case of violation of the agreed procedure for replenishing the underload, the enterprises of the Belarusian Railways for failure to supply wagons, containers and the consignor for failure to present goods for transportation shall bear responsibility established by paragraph 110 of this Charter. The head of the railway station, in agreement with the consignor, can thicken the supply of wagons and containers for loading to form routes and consolidate traffic, as well as to replenish underload. The provision of wagons, containers for loading upon additional requests is carried out for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide. The head of the Belarusian Railway, at the request of shippers, has the right, depending on the availability of vehicles, to allocate wagons, containers for loading upon additional requests without charging a fee for their provision. The head of the Belarusian Railway, for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide, may authorize, at the request of the consignors:
the exit of their vehicles to the railway lines of the enterprises of the Belarusian Railway; change of the railway station of cargo departure provided for by the monthly application. The head of the department of the Belarusian Railways, for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide, can authorize, at the request of consignors: intrastation (within one tariff point) transportation of goods; change in accordance with the application of the railway station of departure of the cargo within the branch of the Belarusian Railway.
The head of the railway station, for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide, may authorize: replacement of one type of rolling stock provided for by the application with another, if the transportation of this cargo in this type of railway rolling stock is allowed by the rules for the carriage of goods; change of the railway station of destination of the cargo specified in the accepted application; replacement of one type of cargo with another within the groups of the nomenclature of goods established by the rules for the carriage of goods.
Under the contract for the carriage of goods, the enterprises of the Belarusian Railways undertake to deliver the goods to the point of destination and issue it to the consignee, and the consignor undertakes to pay a specified fee for the carriage of the goods.
The consignor must submit to the railway station of departure for each shipment of cargo a completed consignment note, consisting of sheets of the original consignment note, road bill, the back of the road bill (an additional copy of the road bill), a receipt of receipt of the cargo (duplicate of the bill of lading), which is a contract for the carriage of goods. The consignor is also obliged to attach to the waybill the accompanying documents required to perform customs and other procedures along the entire route of the cargo, as well as, if necessary, a certificate and specification. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railway are not obliged to check the correctness and sufficiency of the accompanying documents attached by the consignor to the consignment note. If the carriage or delivery of the cargo is delayed due to the failure of the consignor, the consignee to provide the necessary documents for the performance of customs and other procedures, or the incorrectness or inadequacy of the documents submitted by them, then for the delay of the railway wagons (containers) on the railway lines of the Belarusian Railways enterprises, a fee will be charged for the use of wagons, containers or, accordingly, a fee for finding on the indicated tracks wagons, containers belonging to the consignor, consignee or leased by them, as well as the fee for storing cargo. The waybill is drawn up for a specific consignee, signed by the consignor, accompanies the cargo along the entire route and is issued at the destination railway station to the consignee along with the cargo. In confirmation of the acceptance of the cargo for transportation, the railway station, against a receipt in the corresponding column of the back of the road bill, issues to the consignor a receipt for the acceptance of the cargo, in which the calendar stamp of the railway station is affixed. The form of waybills and other shipping documents, the procedure for filling them out are established by the rules for the carriage of goods. When transporting bulk cargo, in cases stipulated by the rules for the carriage of goods, one waybill may be drawn up for an entire route or a group of wagons, as well as for a set of containers. Railway stations issue shippers with forms of shipping documents and applications for transportation for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide, as well as, upon their request, copies of documents, including registration cards, wagon pick-up and pick-up lists, receipt and delivery notes, for a fee by agreement of the parties. The consignor bears the property liability provided for by this Charter and other acts of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus for the accuracy of the information entered in the consignment note, as well as for the consequences arising from the inaccurate, inaccurate or incomplete information specified in the consignment note. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railway have the right to check the correctness of the information specified by the consignor in the consignment note, including making a random check of the mass of the cargo. , properties or quality of the cargo, the consignor is responsible under paragraph 120 of this Charter.
Cargoes are accepted for transportation at freight speed, as well as at high speed with payment at an increased tariff. For transportation at high speed, goods are accepted in the directions established by the Head of the Belarusian Railways. The speed of transportation is determined and indicated in the consignment note by the consignor. If the transportation of this cargo is allowed only at a certain speed, the shipper must indicate it in the waybill.
Carriage charges are charged for the shortest distance from the possible distances for the carriage of goods. The procedure for determining such a distance is established by the Belarusian Railway with its publication in the Tariff Guide. In the cases specified in the Tariff Guide, freight charges are charged based on the actual distance traveled. At the request of the consignors, the enterprises of the Belarusian Railway may accept the cargo for transportation in the direction indicated by the consignors in the manner established by the Belarusian Railway. In this case, the carriage charge is made for the actual distance of carriage.
Customs clearance of goods and baggage transported across the customs border of the Republic of Belarus is carried out in accordance with the customs legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The peculiarities of customs clearance of goods and baggage transported by rail are determined by the Regulations on the interaction of customs authorities of the Republic of Belarus and the Belarusian Railways, approved by the Chairman of the State Customs Committee and the Head of the Belarusian Railways.
During transportation, the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises, consignors and consignees are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus for traffic accidents, pollution, pollution of the environment, interruptions in the movement of trains that have arisen through their fault and reimburse the costs associated with the elimination of the consequences of these situations. In the event that transport accidents occur in the course of transportation, consignors, consignees are obliged, upon receipt of a relevant message from the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises, to ensure that their representative, a mobile unit is immediately sent to the scene of the accident with the necessary means to eliminate these accidents and their consequences.
Upon delivery by the consignor and acceptance by the enterprise of the Belarusian Railways of goods transported in bulk, in bulk, in bulk, in containers, their mass must be determined and indicated in the waybill. Packaged and piece goods are transported with an indication of the weight and number of packages in the invoice. The mass of packaged and piece goods is determined prior to their presentation for transportation. Cargoes transported in bulk, in bulk and in bulk, as well as cargoes that cannot be weighed on a commodity scale, are weighed on a wagon scale. The list of goods that can be transported in bulk, in bulk and in bulk is established by the rules for the carriage of goods. The total mass of the load is determined by weighing on a scale or by counting the mass using a stencil or standard. Determination of the mass of goods, the loading of which to the full capacity of wagons, containers cannot entail their reloading, is allowed by calculation, by measurement. The consignor must indicate the method for determining the mass of the cargo in the consignment note.
Determination of the mass of goods is carried out: by the enterprise of the Belarusian Railway - when loading goods by it in public places; by the consignor - when loading goods by him in places of general and non-general use. Determination of the mass of the cargo by a stencil, standard, by calculation, by measurement in all cases is made by the consignor. If the consignor does not have the appropriate scales, the enterprise of the Belarusian Railway can provide him with its own scales, if available. The enterprise of the Belarusian Railways collects a fee specified in the Tariff Guide for weighing the cargo on its scales from the consignor.
Reception of small consignments from shippers by railway stations is carried out in accordance with the calendar schedule of loading by destination. The schedule for accepting small consignments by day and direction, established for a given railway station, must be announced to the consignors. Household items are accepted for carriage on the day they are presented. Shippers can send goods in small consignments in modular wagons in accordance with the accepted applications for the carriage of goods. In these cases, wagons must be loaded with small consignments in accordance with the plan for their formation and the established loading rates.
The Belarusian Railway, its enterprises have the right, upon the application of the consignor, the consignee, to change the railway station of destination of the cargo and (or) the consignee (redirect the cargo). When redirecting the cargo, the consignor (consignee) pays to the enterprise of the Belarusian Railway the dues in the amount specified in the Tariff Guide. The procedure for redirecting goods is established by the rules for the carriage of goods. For the idle time of wagons, containers during the readdressing of cargo until the end of the processing of shipping documents, a fee is paid for the use of wagons (containers) of the railway or a fee for the time spent by wagons, containers belonging to consignors, consignees or leased by them on the railway tracks belonging to enterprises of the Belarusian Railway roads, and storage fees. Belarusian Railways, its enterprises comply with the order of the consignor, if the cargo has not yet been issued to the consignee.
In all cases of a change in the consignee or the railway station of destination of the cargo, the consignor or consignee, according to whose statement such a change was made, is responsible respectively to the original consignee (consignor) for the consequences of this change and is obliged to settle the settlements between the consignor, the original and the actual consignee.
The destination railway station, upon delivery of the cargo, is obliged to check its weight, number of seats and condition in the following cases: arrival of cargo loaded by the enterprise of the Belarusian Railway; arrival of cargo in a faulty wagon (container), as well as in a wagon (container) with damaged seals (locking and sealing devices) or seals (locking and sealing devices) of associated railway stations; the arrival of cargo with signs of shortage, damage (spoilage) during transportation on open rolling stock or in covered wagons (including specialized ones) without seals (locking and sealing devices), if such transportation is provided for by the rules for the carriage of goods; arrival of perishable cargo in violation of the deadline for its transportation or in violation of the temperature regime of transportation in refrigerated wagons of enterprises of the Belarusian Railways and railways of other states; delivery from public places of goods unloaded by enterprises of the Belarusian Railways. In these cases, packaged and piece goods are issued by the railway station with a check of their weight and condition only in damaged areas. If the container is damaged or other circumstances that may affect the condition of the cargo, the railway station is obliged to check the cargo in the damaged places, taking into account the available accompanying documents (invoices, invoices, etc.), opening these places. Checking the weight of the cargo during delivery is carried out, as a rule, in a way similar to the method of determining it when loading this cargo. In the absence of wagon scales at the consignee and at the destination railway station, cargoes transported in bulk and in bulk that arrived without signs of shortage are issued without checking their weight on the scales.
If, when checking the mass, the number of places or the condition of the cargo at the destination railway station, its shortage or damage (spoilage) is found, if these circumstances are certified by a commercial act drawn up along the route, the destination railway station is obliged to determine the actual size of these shortages, damage (spoilage). If it is necessary to carry out an examination, the enterprise of the Belarusian Railways, on its own initiative or at the request of the consignee, invites experts or relevant specialists.
Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways carry out transportation of goods in containers, transport packages and on pallets. For the transportation of goods, universal and special containers are used. Special containers belong to consignors and consignees and are used for goods requiring special conditions of transportation. Loading of goods into containers and unloading from them is carried out by consignors and consignees. The loading of containers into cars and cars and their unloading from cars and cars are carried out: by the enterprises of the Belarusian Railway - in public places; consignors and consignees - in places of non-public use. In terms of dimensions and carrying capacity, universal and special containers must meet the requirements of the relevant standards and rules for the carriage of goods. Cargoes in containers are accepted by the railway station for transportation behind the weight and seals (locking and sealing devices) of the shippers. Household items are transported in containers with seals or locking and sealing devices of enterprises of the Belarusian Railway or enterprises, organizations that provide freight forwarding services. Cargoes arrived in a serviceable container with intact seals or consignor locking and sealing devices are issued to the consignee without checking their weight, condition and number of items.
The Belarusian Railways, its enterprises can carry out, in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, freight forwarding services to consignors and consignees using the services and work performed by rail, as well as create freight forwarding enterprises for these purposes in accordance with the established procedure. Under the contract of freight forwarding, transport and forwarding services for shippers and consignees on railway transport may be carried out by other subjects of transport activities in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. Settlements with the Belarusian Railway, its enterprises, consignors, consignees are carried out in non-cash form, in some cases - in cash in the manner and within the limits established by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.
Settlements with the participation of individuals not related to the implementation of entrepreneurial activities are made in cash or in non-cash form in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. All payments due to the Belarusian Railways and its enterprises for the carriage of goods are made by the consignor at the railway station of departure before the goods are accepted for transportation. The final calculations related to transportation are made by the consignee at the destination railway station prior to the release of the cargo. An agreement between the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises and the consignor (consignee) may establish a different settlement procedure. Under an agreement between the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises and consignors, consignees, settlements related to the carriage of goods can be made through special enterprises (subdivisions) of the Belarusian Railways (centralized settlement). In this case, in case of untimely payments from the consignor (consignee) in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, in favor of the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises, a penalty is collected. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways have the right to terminate operations for receiving or delivering cargo until the shipper or consignee pays for its transportation and other payments due to the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises, including for previous transportation, in the manner prescribed by the rules for the carriage of goods. The consignee pays a fee in the amount specified in the Tariff Guide for completing additional documents in case of non-discrediting of the transportation document within 48 hours from the moment of notification of the arrival of the cargo at the railway station of destination. The procedure for settlements between the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises and consignors, consignees for the carriage of goods is determined by the rules for the carriage of goods.
If, as a result of force majeure, hostilities, blockade, epidemics and other circumstances of an extraordinary nature, obstacles to the further carriage of cargo and baggage by rail, their delivery to the destination and delivery to the proper consignee (recipient), as well as if it is impossible to determine the belonging cargo and luggage, and in the cases provided for in clauses 57, 103, 125 of this Charter, the Belarusian Railway has the right to sell these goods and luggage. The implementation procedure is determined by the rules for the sale of goods and baggage transported by rail, approved by the Belarusian Railway in agreement with the Ministry of Finance and the State Tax Committee, as well as other legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus.
The amount received from the sale of the cargo, minus the amount due to the Belarusian Railway, its enterprises, is transferred: to the consignee indicated in the consignment note - in case of payment of the cost of the cargo; to the consignor - in all other cases. If it is impossible to transfer the specified amount to the consignee or consignor, it is transferred to the republican budget within the time frame established by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. Amounts due to the Belarusian Railways and its enterprises are transferred to the Belarusian Railways and its enterprises only in the absence of their fault.
Enterprises of the Belarusian Railway have the right to withhold the goods transferred to them for transportation against the due carriage charge and other payments for transportation in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The demand of the enterprises of the Belarusian Railways holding the cargo is satisfied in the prescribed manner from the value received from the sale of this cargo. In the event of the sale of the cargo turned in the established manner into the income of the state by authorized government bodies the amount of payments due to the Belarusian Railway, its enterprises for the carriage of this cargo, shall be reimbursed to the Belarusian Railway, its enterprises at the expense of the amount received from the sale of this cargo, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.
1.2 Characteristics of rolling stock
The design of the freight carriages affects the safety of goods, the speed of carrying out freight operations, the efficiency of transportation, the safety of train traffic, the safety of goods, the maximum use of carrying capacity and capacity, ensuring the comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading operations and reducing the idle time of freight cars. The freight car fleet consists of universal (covered, platforms, open wagons) and specialized. Almost all goods can be transported in universal wagons, in specialized ones - only those for which they are intended.
Specialized cars include tanks, isothermal, grain carriers, flour carriers, cement trucks, dump cars, hoppers for transporting cement, mineral fertilizers, grain, special tanks for transporting cement, flour, caustic soda, alcohol, liquefied gases, viscous substances, two-tier platforms for cars , transporters for heavy cargo, etc. According to the method of loading, wagons are divided into open and closed. Carriages open type have significant advantages over covered ones: the possibility of mechanization of loading and unloading operations is wider, the idle time of cars is lower due to the acceleration of loading and unloading, the costs of construction, repair, maintenance are lower, the transportation of long, bulky goods is possible. One of the important characteristics of a freight car is its carrying capacity, which is understood as the maximum allowable design of the load of the car, established by the Ministry of Railways, taking into account the full provision of the safety of train traffic. The specific carrying capacity of a car is the number of tons of carrying capacity per 1 m "of the geometric volume of the body (t / m"). The carrying capacity and capacity of the wagon can be fully utilized at a specific carrying capacity equal to the density of the cargo, that is, the mass of 1 m "of the cargo in the form and condition in which it is transported by rail. completely, and the carrying capacity - not completely, with a high density - vice versa. When developing plans for the transportation of goods by rail, the indicators are used for the technical loading rate and the static load of the wagon. with full use of the capacity or carrying capacity.This rate is established for each specific type of wagon when loading it with a specific load (for wagons - in tons, for containers in kilograms).
Network technical standards for loading wagons are developed and established by the Ministry of Railways, local - loading roads. The static load of a wagon is the number of tons of loaded cargo per wagon on average. The rolling stock numbering system made it possible to combine in an eight-digit number a non-repeating inventory number assigned to a given rolling stock unit, its main characteristic and code protection of the number reading reliability. The first number characterizes the type of rolling stock: 2 - covered freight cars, 4 - platforms, 6 - gondola cars, 7 - tanks, 8 - isothermal cars, 3 and 9 - other cars (specialized, etc.). Common to all freight wagons (except for the numbers of other wagons starting with the number 3) is the axle coding. The second character of the number characterizes the axle and the main characteristics of the car. Numbers 0-8 represent four-axle cars, number 9 - eight-axle cars. All six-axle cars and transporters are classified as other cars, the numbers of which begin with the number 3 (for six-axle cars, the second digit of the number is 6, for transporters - 9). In addition to the axle, the second digit determines: for covered wagons - the volume of the body (0 - up to 120 m ", 1 - more than 120 m", 4 - more than 120 m "with widened doorways), for platforms - the length of the frame (0 - up to 13 , 4 m, 2 - 13.4 m and more), for four-axle gondola cars - the presence of hatches in the floor and end doors (0 - with hatches and end doors, 4 - with hatches without end doors, 8 - with a blank body), for tanks - specialization, for refrigerated cars and glaciers - design features. The fourth, fifth and sixth characters in the car number determine their serial number and do not contain characteristics. In the seventh character, the number 9 indicates that the car (except for refrigerator cars) has a transition platform. - control. With its help, the correctness of reading (transmission) of the number is checked. It is applied together with the rest of the digits of the number. Platforms are used for the transportation of heavy, bulky, long cargo, containers, etc. They have metal and wooden sides and are equipped with a rack and brackets for securing loads. The main type of platform is a four-axle, with a lifting capacity of 71 tons with metal sides made of bent sections and wedge locks of the sides. When transporting goods, these platforms do not require additional fastening of the sides with short wooden struts. For the transportation of large-capacity containers, there are special platforms equipped with fitting attachment points. They are built on the basis of four-axle platforms, but unlike them, they do not have sides and wooden flooring.
The car is designed for the transportation of bulk non-dusty, bulk (coal, ore, etc.), stack and piece cargo that does not require shelter from atmospheric precipitation.
The tank car is designed for the transportation of petroleum products by rail with a track gauge of 1 520 mm. The structure of the car consists of a boiler and a typical platform with a welded frame, two biaxial bogies of model 13-100, automatic coupler and automatic braking equipment.
The boiler is made of 09G2S-12 low-alloy steel and consists of a cylindrical, all-welded shell with an inner diameter of 3000 mm and two elliptical bottoms. In the upper part of the boiler there is a manhole, hermetically sealed by a manhole cover, a safety valve and a drain-filling device with a triple lock. At the request of the customer, a universal drain device can be installed. Opening, closing and fixing the stitching device is carried out from above on the boiler, an additional shutter is installed from below. To ensure complete drainage of the transported goods, the lower generatrix of the boiler is made with an inclination towards the drain device.
This is a special type of rolling stock used for the transportation of long goods, i.e. goods that, due to their weight or dimensions, cannot be transported on ordinary platforms or in open wagons. On CIS railways, conveyors with a carrying capacity of 55 to 480 tons are used. The gross weight of the conveyor determines the number of wheelsets and, accordingly, the design and number of elements transmitting the load to the axles, and the dimensions of the transported cargo - the device of the main beam. The conveyor has a reinforced supporting frame of a special shape, supported by two or more two-axle, three-axle or four-axle bogies. All conveyors, according to their design, can be conditionally divided into the following types: conveyors with a lowered loading area. The presence of a lowered loading area makes it possible to eliminate oversize or reduce its degree when delivering goods of great height; platform-type conveyors. They have a flat loading area covered with a solid metal sheet and are designed mainly for the transport of heavy loads of small overall dimensions.
1.3 Characteristics of shipments
Wagon- a consignment of cargo presented under one consignment note, for the carriage of which a separate carriage is required.
Container- a consignment presented under one waybill, for the carriage of which a separate container is required
Small- presented on a single consignment note, limited in weight and volume (from 0.02 to 5 tons and a volume of not more than 1/3 of the wagon's capacity), not a consignment for the transportation of which a separate wagon or container is not required.
Group- a consignment of cargo presented under one consignment note, for the carriage of which more than one wagon is required, but less than a route
Route- a consignment of cargo presented on one waybill, in an amount corresponding to the weight norm or the length of the train established for the routes. Invalid route names - tour trains or "turntables". Routes are subdivided into:
Circular - when the route follows a ring (for example, at station A, coal is loaded to the address of station B, upon arrival of the route to station B and coal unloading, crushed stone is loaded to the address of station C, upon arrival at station C and unloading of crushed stone, the route follows to the address of station A in an empty state, after which the cycle repeats). Only such a route can be called a "spinner". Direct dispatching - when the route is not tied to specific stations and a specific scheme (like circular). Direct, following to spray - when the route follows from one consignor to different consignees located at the same unloading station or when two or more routes follow from the loading station, combined into one, to the nearest technical station, after which they are separated.
Prefabricated wagon train- cargo of different names and items of the nomenclature presented on one consignment note, following to the address of one consignee in one carriage.
1.4 Transportation planning
Improving the efficiency and quality of railways to a large extent depends on the level of planning and organization of their operational activities.
In terms of operational work, the volume of work of the rolling stock and the qualitative indicators of its use, as well as the size of the required parks of locomotives and wagons, are established. Therefore, operational scheduling is often referred to as rolling stock scheduling.
The work of the rolling stock is planned in such a way that the plan for the transportation of goods and passengers is carried out in full, efficiently and with minimal costs.
In freight traffic, a rolling stock work plan is developed on the basis of freight traffic patterns by sections or by road.
The procedure for developing a plan is as follows:
1) the norms for loading wagons for certain types of cargo and indicators of loading, unloading, acceptance and delivery of goods are established. The density of traffic in tons is recalculated for wagons and the mileage of loaded wagons is determined;
2) a balance of empty cars is compiled by stations and sections. The points of unloading of goods and excess of empty wagons are attached to the points of loading of goods and the lack of empty wagons, taking into account the structure of the wagon fleet. A diagram of empty car flows is constructed and the empty, and then the total mileage of cars is determined;
3) gross tonne-kilometers by section are calculated. On the basis of the available lengths of receiving-departure station tracks and the accepted weight norms of trains, the mileage and density of their movement along the sections are established;
4) the linear mileage of locomotives is determined based on the accepted number of train pairs by sections, as well as the placement of push and double traction sections;
5) the number of special shunting locomotives and their mileage are established based on the planned volume of car processing at individual stations.
According to the data on the number and duration of stops of modular trains at intermediate stations, the size of the shunting work of train locomotives is determined;
6) the required working fleet of wagons and locomotives is calculated based on the section-by-section data on the mileage of the rolling stock and data on the operation of the depot and stations.
In the economic movement, the indicators are determined in the same order as in the freight. As the individual parts of the plan are developed, summary indicators are calculated that characterize the quality of work of branches or roads.
The rolling stock is planned to operate in physical wagons. The amount of work is determined on average per day. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to recalculate freight flows into car flows. The conversion is carried out using the static load indicator. Each indicator, expressed in tons (loading, reception, density of movement of goods, etc.), is divided by the value of the static load.
It is very important to correctly determine the average static load value, since both the size of the run of the rolling stock and the required fleet depend on this.
The static load is determined separately for each bulk cargo and each planned cargo group. This takes into account the types of wagons in which this cargo can be transported (covered, platforms, tanks, etc.), specific gravity of each type of wagons in the carriage of goods and the technical standard of loading of each type of wagons when transporting this cargo.
1.5 Marking of goods
In accordance with the Rules for Acceptance of Goods and Carriage, the consignor is obliged to affix transport markings to packaged and piece cargo, regardless of the compliance of the marking with the requirements applicable to other modes of transport. The content of the transport marking, the place and method of its application, the order of arrangement, the dimensions of the marking labels and inscriptions must comply with GOST 14192-96 "Marking of goods". Transport marking consists of basic, additional, information labels and handling signs.
The main inscriptions should contain:
Full or abbreviated name of the consignee;
Full name of the destination station;
The number of packages in the shipment and the serial number of the place inside
shipment (indicated by a fraction: in the numerator - the ordinal number of the item in the shipment, in the denominator - the number of items in the shipment).
The number of packages and the sequential number of the place must be indicated in cases where dissimilar or miscellaneous goods are transported in the same type of container (for example, tobacco products of different types and brands in boxes) or homogeneous goods in different types of containers, or when it is not permissible to mix varieties in the shipment of homogeneous cargo. They are also indicated when transporting sets of equipment, when transporting with reloading along the route or when transporting goods in one car in small consignments.
Additional inscriptions should contain:
The name of the point of departure with the indication of the station of departure and the carrier;
Railway markings applied to each cargo
Place when transporting goods in small consignments.
Railway marking is a fraction: the numerator is the carrier's brand and, after a dash, is the number of items in the shipment; the denominator is the code of the departure station in accordance with Tariff Guide No. 4 (book 2): in the case of the marked places, two places are placed at each door with the marking outward, two places at each longitudinal side of the platform or gondola car with the marking upwards. When transporting goods in bulk and in bulk, transport markings are not applied. Transport markings should be applied to paper, cardboard, metal and other labels. Railway markings are applied by the consignor (before the cargo is presented for transportation) in public places. Railway markings are also indicated in the corresponding column of the transportation documents. The presence of railway markings speeds up the search for goods when they are disconnected from the shipping documents, it makes it possible to establish the responsibility of the receiving and receiving goods who accepted the goods for transportation.
Information labels contain the gross and net weight of the package in kilograms. It is allowed to indicate the number of items in pieces instead of the net weight. This information may not be applied if they are indicated in the marking characterizing the packaged product: overall dimensions of the package in centimeters (length, width and height, or diameter and height). Such dimensions are not indicated if none of the overall dimensions exceeds 1 m when transporting goods in open rolling stock and 1.2 m in a covered wagon.
Manipulation signs are images that indicate how the cargo is handled. The need for these signs is established in standards, technical specifications for products.
It is allowed to use warning labels if it is impossible to express the way of handling the cargo with manipulation signs.
Transport markings must be affixed to each package. It is allowed to apply basic, additional and informational inscriptions (except for gross and net weight) not on all cargo places, but on at least four, when transporting homogeneous goods in direct railway traffic by wagon consignments.
Manipulation signs: 1 - careful, fragile; 2 - afraid of heating; 3 - afraid of dampness; 4 - afraid of radiation; 5 - compliance with the temperature range; 6 - perishable cargo; 7 - hermetically sealed packaging; 8 - do not take hooks directly; 9 - slinging place; 10 - lifting point by trolley; 11 - do not turn over the top; 12 - center of mass; 13 - tropical packaging; 14 - stacking is prohibited; 15 - to lift directly by the load; 16 - open here.
Forms of shipping documents and requirements for their filling
Sheet 1 - machine-printed form GU-27uVTs, sheets 2, 3, 4 - machine-printed form GU-29uVTs. Sheet 1 is filled in by the consignor by a computer method and is transferred to the carrier for further processing, as well as for the formation of sheets 2, 3, 4 by a computer method on its basis.
Erasure and blots are not allowed in the shipping documents.
Special rules and regulations with goods that do not require compliance with such Rules and regulations.
Shipping documents contain coded information along with text information. Spaces for encoding information are provided in the corresponding, outlined areas of the forms of transport documents.
Registration of transportation documents in electronic form - an electronic waybill is made:
Shipper and carrier in the presence of an agreement on electronic data interchange or exchange electronic documents between the shipper and the carrier;
The carrier for the carriage of goods accompanied by an electronic waybill;
The consignee and the carrier in the presence of an agreement on the electronic exchange of documents between the consignee and the carrier.
Transportation of goods under an electronic waybill is carried out accompanied by an electronic waybill without shipping documents in paper form. If there is an agreement on the electronic exchange of documents between the carrier and the consignee, the carrier at the destination station issues an electronic original of the waybill, signed by an electronic digitally signed carrier. Confirmation of receipt of the electronic original of the consignment note is an electronic road bill signed by the electronic digital signature of the consignee.
Filling in the waybill by the shipper
On the front side of the consignment note, the consignor indicates the speed of transportation, data about the wagon, the name of the carrier and its code, the station of departure, the station of destination, the full name of the consignor and consignee, their codes according to all-Russian classifier enterprises and organizations (OKPO), postal addresses, legal name or surname, name and patronymic natural person carrying out settlements for the carriage of goods upon departure and delivery and the payer's code, the transfer station, their codes, the number of places, the type of packaging, the name of the cargo and its code, the weight of the cargo, if it is determined by the sender or with his participation. In numbers and in words, the total number of pieces is indicated and in words, the total weight of the cargo presented for transportation, and the method for determining the weight (if it was determined by the consignor or with his participation). In addition, information about the locking and sealing devices, their type and control signs and the declared value of the cargo, the number of the agreed application for the carriage of goods and the date the loading is scheduled for are indicated.
For goods requiring special precautions during transportation and storage, the consignor in the upper part of the consignment note indicates the inscriptions and marks provided for by the rules of carriage of this cargo, characterizing the special properties of the cargo.
For the correctness of the information entered in the consignment note, the consignor shall legibly sign and indicate his surname and initials.
On the reverse side of the waybill in column 1, the consignor confirms the correct placement and securing of the cargo in accordance with the requirements Technical conditions stowage and fastening of goods in wagons and containers. In column 2 "Special statements and marks of the consignor" in cases stipulated by the rules for the carriage of goods and technical conditions, the consignor makes the appropriate marks (name of the attached documents, the number of pallets, information about removable or non-removable equipment that is not issued to the consignee along with the cargo, preventive measures to protect the cargo from freezing, etc.).
1.6 Loading of goods, sealing of goods
Loading of goods into wagons and cars, as well as unloading from them, is carried out: by enterprises of the Belarusian Railway - in public places with the necessary devices and mechanisms, with the exception of dangerous, perishable, oversized and other goods specified in the rules for the carriage of goods; consignors and consignees - in places of non-public use, as well as in public places, if the loading and unloading of goods is optional for the enterprises of the Belarusian Railways. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways, under contracts with shippers and consignees, can undertake loading and unloading operations in non-public places, as well as in public places, if loading and unloading of goods is optional for them. For the loading and unloading of goods, enterprises of the Belarusian Railways charge a fee from consignors and consignees by agreement of the parties.
40. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways are obliged to submit for loading wagons, containers that are technically sound, suitable for the carriage of a specific cargo, cleaned of cargo residues and debris, with the fastening details removed, and, if necessary, washed and disinfected. Tank cars and gondola cars corresponding to the type of the product to be poured should be supplied for loading. The preparation of tanks and bunker gondola cars for loading is carried out by the consignors.
Commercially suitability for the carriage of a particular cargo is determined by: wagons - by the consignors, if the loading is carried out by them, or by the enterprises of the Belarusian Railway, if the loading is carried out by these enterprises; containers, specialized wagons - by shippers. Before filling the tanks, the consignor first of all checks the tightness of the tank boiler, the technical serviceability of its fittings and universal drain devices. Submission of uncleaned wagons for loading is allowed only with the consent of the consignor, port (pier). In this case, the enterprise of the Belarusian Railways, upon their request, pays a fee in the amount of 2 base units for a universal carriage and 3 basic units for a specialized carriage in favor of the consignor, an inland waterway transport company, which are obliged to clean these cars. The consignor, port (quay) is given the necessary time to clean the wagons, determined by the agreement of the parties. (Part 6 of clause 40 as amended by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of 15.07.2002 N 949) (see the text in the previous edition)
41. Loading of goods into wagons, containers should be carried out on the basis of the established technical standards for their loading, but not higher than the carrying capacity according to the stencil indicated on the wagon, container. The technical standards for loading wagons and containers are established by the Head of the Belarusian Railways based on the need to maximize the use of their carrying capacity and capacity, to ensure the safety of goods. If technical loading standards have not been established for cargo, the Belarusian Railways, its enterprises may require the loading of these cargoes until the full use of the capacity of wagons, containers, but not more than their carrying capacity. In the case of loading a wagon, a container in excess of its carrying capacity, the consignor is obliged to unload the excess cargo. Stowage and fastening of goods in wagons, containers are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Technical conditions for loading and fastening of goods. The list of goods that can be transported on an open rolling stock is established by the rules for the carriage of goods.
42. Equipment, fixtures and materials (stands, pads, wire, etc.) necessary for loading, fastening and transportation are provided by the consignors. Separate transportation devices (bread and vegetable boards, ovens) and packaging equipment (pallets, slings, ties) can be provided by enterprises of the Belarusian Railways for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide. The provided devices must be technically sound. Installation of equipment, fixtures and materials during loading and their removal during unloading are carried out by the consignor, consignee or enterprise of the Belarusian Railways who carried out the loading or unloading. The consignor shall indicate information about the installed equipment, fixtures and materials in the waybill in the manner prescribed in the rules for the carriage of goods. All equipment, fixtures and materials belonging to the consignor are handed over to the consignee at the destination railway station together with the cargo.
43. During the time spent by railroad cars (containers) with consignors, consignees under loading, unloading, as well as during the delay of these cars (containers) at railway stations of departure, destination and en route for reasons depending on the consignor, consignee (registration transportation documents, customs clearance, etc.), they pay the Belarusian Railways and its enterprises the appropriate fee specified in the Tariff Guide. During the time spent by wagons, containers belonging to consignors, consignees or leased by them, at railway stations under loading, unloading, as well as during the delay of these wagons, containers at railway stations of departure, destination and en route for reasons depending on the consignor, consignee (registration of shipping documents, customs clearance, etc.), they pay the Belarusian Railway and its enterprises a fee in the amount of 50 percent of the fee specified in the Tariff Guide for the use of railroad cars (containers). The payment for the use of refrigerated section cars of enterprises of the Belarusian Railways and railways of other states is calculated based on the time of completion of loading and unloading of the last car of the section. The payment for the use of railroad cars (containers) submitted for loading is collected from the consignor, regardless of the payment of a fine for non-fulfillment of the application for the carriage of goods.
44. The head of the railway station is obliged to notify the consignor or consignee about the time of delivery of wagons, containers for loading and unloading by means of the consignor or consignee no later than 2 hours before the delivery of wagons, containers. Enterprises of the Belarusian Railways, on contractual terms, can inform the consignee in advance about the approach of the cargo to him.
49. Loaded covered wagons (including specialized ones), tanks must be sealed with seals or locking and sealing devices: enterprises of the Belarusian Railway, if the cargo is loaded by them; consignor, port (pier), if the cargo is loaded by them. In addition, loaded containers must be sealed by the shipper. In the case of opening wagons, containers for customs inspection, the imposition of new seals or locking and sealing devices is carried out by the relevant customs authority.
The list of goods allowed for carriage in wagons without seals or locking and sealing devices, technical requirements for seals and locking and sealing devices, their types, as well as the procedure for sealing wagons and containers are established by the rules for the carriage of goods. Seals, sealing vices, as well as twine or wire for sealing wagons and containers, locking and sealing devices are purchased from enterprises of the Belarusian Railway by consignors for a fee specified in the Tariff Guide. For sealing wagons and containers, enterprises of the Belarusian Railways may provide for temporary use to consignors station sealing vices and other devices for sealing in the manner prescribed by the rules for the carriage of goods.
1.7 Documentation of transportation
The carriage of goods is formalized in the same for all participants in the transportation process on the railroad transport documents. A carriage document - a railway waybill consists of four sheets: sheet 1 - the original waybill (issued by the carrier to the consignee); sheet 2 - road bill (drawn up in the required number of copies for the carrier and participants in the transportation process, including at least two additional copies for each infrastructure involved in the transportation of goods - one for the entrance railway station located in this infrastructure, the second - for the exit station from the infrastructure); sheet 3 - the spine of the road bill (remains with the carrier); sheet 4 - receipt of cargo acceptance (remains with the consignor).
The original consignment note together with the road bill should be carried with the cargo to the destination station, where it is issued to the consignee against receipt in the road bill. If the consignment note confirms the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods, then the road bill is a document of calculated, financial and informational value. According to the road sheets, the performed volume of traffic is determined, income receipts from them, the correctness of calculations, the fulfillment of delivery times, is carried out Information Support automated system EKIODV (a single complex of integrated processing of the road bill).
The receipt for the acceptance of the cargo is issued to the shipper against signature in the corresponding column on the back of the road bill, confirms the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods, indicates the acceptance of expensive cargo for transportation from the shipper.
The spine of the road bill remains at the departure station. It serves for accounting and reporting and compilation of messages in the EC IODV and ASOUP systems.
The carriage of goods by wagonload, small consignments, as well as empty wagons that do not belong to the carrier, are made out in one of the following forms:
Sheet 1 - on the form of the GU-27 form, sheets 2, 3, 4 - of the machine-printed form GU-29u VTs. Sheet 1 is filled in by the consignor and handed over to the carrier for further filling. Sheet 2, 3, 4 is filled in by the carrier in a computerized way on the basis of sheet 1.
Sheets 1, 2, 3, 4 - on forms of the GU-29-0 form. Sheets 1, 2, 3, 4 of the waybill are filled in by the consignor and handed over to the carrier for further processing. The form of the invoice sheets allows using carbon paper to fill in identically located columns.
Sheet 1 - machine-printed form GU-27uVTs, sheets 2, 3, 4 - machine-printed form GU-29uVTs. Sheet 1 is filled in by the consignor by a computer method and transferred to the carrier for further processing, as well as for the formation of sheets 2, 3, 4 on its basis by a computer method. Cleansing and blots in shipping documents are not allowed.
If it is necessary to change the information entered by the consignor in the shipping document, the consignor fills out a new form for such a document. Changes and additions to the information entered into the carriage document by the carrier are certified by the signature and lowercase stamp of this carrier. It is not allowed to issue one transportation document for transportation:
Cargoes that, due to their properties, are not allowed for joint carriage in one wagon;
Cargoes requiring special precautions during transportation with cargoes that do not require such measures;
Cargoes requiring compliance with sanitary, veterinary, other
Special rules and regulations for goods that do not require compliance with such Rules and regulations. Shipping documents, along with text information, contain coded information. Spaces for encoding information are provided in the corresponding, outlined areas of the forms of transport documents.
2.Practical part on the example of the activities of a shopping facility
LLC "Company" North-West "was founded in 1999. in the city of Vitebsk. The purpose of the company is to organize a network of trade enterprises within the framework of a long-term program.
Direction of activity - wholesale and retail food products. LLC "Victoria" - subsidiary holding LLC "Company" North-West ", created with the aim of implementing this project and which seeks to take its place in the food market as soon as possible. This market niche was not chosen by chance. Undoubtedly, the food market has a very large number of competitors of public and private forms, but food products are, perhaps, the only goods that will always be needed. Even with a sharp reduction in income, and, accordingly, in the demand of the population, the minimum that will remain with the consumer will be spent primarily on food. But the food market has advantages not only in crisis situations. At present, with a good choice of the location of the stores, you can achieve the greatest revenue from the trade in food products. This is exactly what the preparatory work of the enterprise is aimed at.
One of the main activities of the enterprise is: organizing the transportation of food products from the point of production to the point of consumption.
Organization of cargo transportation at the enterprise
When organizing the transportation of goods in LLC "North-West", the following tasks are solved:
The choice of shipping containers and packaging equipment for transportation, determination of the method of fastening on the rolling stock.
Selection of the type of rolling stock used for transportation and the required fleet;
Determination of the route of transportation and stopping points in accordance with the existing routes of communication;
Calculation of the travel time along the route sections on the selected rolling stock;
Determining the estimated delivery time and comparing it with the deadline for transportation;
Determination of estimated air temperatures on route sections and at stopping points;
Selection of the optimal temperature regime for the carriage of goods in accordance with its nature and properties;
Determination of heat inflows into the cargo compartment during the flight and the intensity of compensating work of refrigeration equipment;
Determination of additional costs associated with ensuring the temperature regime of transportation.
INITIAL DATA:
Departure point: Odessa, Ukraine
Destination: Vitebsk, Belarus
Cargo: Bananas
Month: August
Weight: 40 tons
Mode of transport: Railway
SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION PACKAGES AND PACKING MEANS
In accordance with the nature of the transported cargo, boxes with overall dimensions of 400x300x300 mm, with a cargo capacity of 14 kg, and a box weight of 0.2 kg should be used as containers.
Thus, the required number of boxes will be equal to:
It is advisable to pack boxes on pallets with dimensions 1200x1000.
The boxes are placed on pallets as follows:
The pallet contains 50 boxes.
Thus, the required number of pallets: N under = 58 pieces
Weight of one pallet:
gross - 740 kg.
net - 700 kg.
SELECTION OF ROLLING STOCK AND ITS REQUIRED FLEET
For the carriage of goods, an ARV (autonomous refrigerated car) with a length of 21 m is used:
Loading length of the cargo space: 17520 mm.
Loading width of the cargo area: 2615 mm.
Pallets are placed in 32 pieces in 1 wagon, therefore, in total, for the transportation of 58 pallets, 2 ARVs are needed with placement in it as follows:
CHOICE OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTE
In view of the urgency of delivery, the wagons are included in the passenger train and follow the following route:
On this route, we have 2 stops, 2 hours each, at the following points:
Vitebsk is the destination.
Shippers are obliged to prepare goods for transportation in such a way as to ensure traffic safety, safety of goods, wagons, containers. Cargoes, including when transported for export through seaports and border transfer stations of railways not in direct international traffic, as well as to the Far North, in order to protect them from damage, deterioration, loss and shortage, as well as to prevent pollution and clogging of rolling stock, railway tracks and the environment must be presented for transportation in a packed form using shipping containers that meet standards and specifications.
Annex 1
1. Four-axle all-metal covered wagon. Model 11-280 (body volume 138 m3)
| Specifications | |
| Carrying capacity, t | 68 |
| Wagon tare weight, t | 26 |
| 230,3 (23,5) | |
| - running, kN / m (tf / m) | 54,29 (5,54) |
| 120 | |
| Carriage base, mm | 12240 |
| Length, mm: | |
| 16970 | |
| - along the end beams of the frame | 15750 |
| Maximum width, mm | 3266 |
| Height from UGRmax, mm | 4693 |
| 1286 | |
| Number of axles, pcs | 4 |
| The presence of a transition platform | No |
| Parking brake | there is |
| Body volume, m3 | 138 |
| - width | 2764 |
| - length | 15724 |
| The presence of end doors | No |
| Number of loading hatches in the side wall, pcs | 4 |
| Floor area, m2 | 43,5 |
Table. Model 11-270 (body volume 122 m3)
| Specifications | ||
| Carrying capacity, t | 68,8 | |
| Wagon tare weight, t | 24, 5 | |
| - static axial, kN (tf) | 228 (23,25) | |
| - running, kN / m (tf / m) | 61,9 (6,31) | |
| Design speed, km / h | 120 | |
| Carriage base, mm | 10000 | |
| Length, mm: | ||
| - along the coupling axes of automatic couplers | 14730 | |
| - along the end beams of the frame | 13870 | |
| Maximum width, mm | 3266 | |
| Height from UGRmax, mm | 4688 | |
| Height from UGR to floor level, mm | 1286 | |
| Number of axles, pcs | 4 | |
| The presence of a transition platform | No | |
| The presence of a transition platform with a hand brake | No | |
| Parking brake | there is | |
| Body volume, m3 | 122 | |
| Internal body dimensions, mm: | ||
| - width | 2764 | |
| - length | 13844 | |
| Body height along the side wall, mm | 2791 | |
Appendix 2
Table. Four-axle platform model 13-4012
| Specifications | |
| Carrying capacity, t | 71 |
| Wagon tare weight, t | 21,4 | 23,25 |
| Carriage base | 9720 |
| Length, mm: | |
| - along the coupling axes of automatic couplers | 14620 |
| - along the end beams of the frame | 13400 |
| Height from UGRmax, mm | 1820 |
| 1310 | |
| Internal body dimensions, mm: | |
| - width | 2770 |
| - length | 13300 |
| Floor area, m2 | 36,8 |
| Floor size with open sides, mm: | |
| -length | 13400 |
| -width | 2870 |
| Board height, mm: | |
| - longitudinal | 500 |
| - end | 400 |
Appendix 3
3.Four-axle all-metal open top wagon model 2-132 The car is designed for the transportation of bulk non-dusty, bulk (coal, ore, etc.), stack and piece cargo that does not require shelter from atmospheric precipitation. Four-axle all-metal open top wagon
| Specifications | |
| Carrying capacity, t | 70 |
| Wagon tare weight, t | 23,5 |
| Carriage base, mm | 8650 |
| Length, mm: | |
| - along the coupling axes of automatic couplers | 13920 |
| - along the end beams of the frame | 3800 |
| Height from UGRmax, mm | 243 (330) |
| Height from UGR to the lower strapping, mm | 1415 |
| Body volume, m3 | 88 |
| Internal body dimensions, mm: | |
| - width | 2911 |
| - length | 12750 |
| - height | 2365 |
| Floor area, m2 | 37,125 |
| Number of unloading hatches | 14 |
Appendix 4
4. Four-axle tanks The tank car is designed for the transportation of petroleum products by rail with a track gauge of 1 520 mm. The structure of the car consists of a boiler and a typical platform with a welded frame, two biaxial bogies of model 13-100, automatic coupler and automatic braking equipment. The boiler is made of 09G2S-12 low-alloy steel and consists of a cylindrical, all-welded shell with an inner diameter of 3000 mm and two elliptical bottoms. In the upper part of the boiler there is a manhole, hermetically sealed by a manhole cover, a safety valve and a drain-filling device with a triple lock. At the request of the customer, a universal drain device can be installed. Opening, closing and fixing the stitching device is carried out from above on the boiler, an additional shutter is installed from below. To ensure complete drainage of the transported goods, the lower generatrix of the boiler is made with an inclination towards the drain device.
Appendix 5
5.Conveyors
| Specifications | |
| Carrying capacity, not less, tn | 126 |
| Wagon tare weight, t | 84 |
| Load from the axle of the wheelset on the rails, kN (tf) | 176,5 (18) |
| Length along the coupling axes of automatic couplers, mm | 25 300 |
| Base, mm | 13 450 |
| Height from the level of the rail heads, mm | 4 570 |
| Width, mm | 2 920 |
| Design speed, km / h | 100 |
| Track width, mm | 1 520/1 435 |
| Cart type (workpiece model 18-100) | crap. |
| Number of axles | 12 |
| Minimum radius of curve fit, m | 80/75 |
| Assigned service life before write-off, years | 33 |
| Dimensions in accordance with GOST 9238 | 02-BM |
List of used literature
1. Freight and commercial work in rail transport. Ed. A.Yu. Kostenko, Khabarovsk, 1999.-314 p.
2. Deribas A.T., Povorozhenko V.V., Smekhov A.A. Organization of freight and commercial work on railway transport, M., 1980. - 236 p.
3. Nechaev G.I., Babushkin G.F. Management of cargo and commercial work and cargo management, Lugansk, 2002. - 207 p.
1 Egorov, V.F. Organization of trade: a textbook for universities / V.F. Egorov. - SPb .: Peter, 2006 .-- 352 p.
2 Dashkov, L.P. Organization, technology and design of commercial enterprises: textbook / L.P. Dashkov, V.K. Pambukhchiyants. - 6th ed., Rev. And add. - M .: Dashkov and K, 2005 .-- 515 p.
3 Organization and technology of trade: textbook / Ed. Vinogradova S.N. - 2nd ed., Rev. - Minsk: Vysh. Shk., 2005 .-- 479 p.
4 Akulich, I. L. International marketing: textbook. Manual / I.L. Akulich. - Minsk: Higher. Shk., 2006 .-- 544 p.
5 Dashkov, L.P. Commerce and trade technology: a textbook for student universities / L.P. Dashkov, V.K. Pambukhchiyants. - 4th ed., Rev. And add. - M .: Dashkov and K, 2002 .-- 596 p.
6 Economy commercial enterprise: commercial business: textbook / Ed. L.A. Bragin. - M .: Infra - M, 2008 .-- 314 p. (100 years of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics)
7 Vinogradova, S.N. Commercial activity: textbook / S.N. Vinogradova, O. V. Pigunova. - Minsk: Higher. Shk. - 2005 .-- 352 p.
