Relevancetest work is that all organizations are faced with the task of economic assessment of their financial and economic activities. Choice of what to produce, in what quantity and assortment, at what price and for what quality. The price has a very big influence on the market position and profit of the enterprise.
Prices are an active tool in the formation of the structure of production, have a decisive impact on the movement of the social product, help to increase production efficiency, affect the distribution and use work force, predetermine the standard of living of the population.
The market economy is based on independent, economically sound producers, and for them prices are a decisive factor in the results of the production and financial activities of the company. Correctly chosen pricing policy, in accordance with market conditions - correct pricing tactics, economically verified pricing methods form the basis of the successful activity of any organization.
An organization can achieve production efficiency by defining the following objectives:
What product to produce, quantity and quality;
Is it worth expanding the production capacity of the enterprise;
Get maximum profit;
Market conquest;
Reduced costs;
Fight against competing products;
Growth in production and sales.
The purpose control work is a review of the efficiency of the enterprise to analyze the technical and economic indicators of industrial and production activities.
Technical and economic indicators of the enterprise
Technical and economic indicators, a system of meters characterizing the material and production base of enterprises and the complex use of resources. Technical and economic indicators are used for planning and analysis of the organization of production and labor, the level of technology, product quality, the use of fixed and circulating assets, labor resources.
Table 1.
The main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise
for the base period.
| P / p No. | Indicators | Units | First base period | Second base period | The ratio of 2 bases. period to 1,% |
| 1 | Average annual production capacity | Thousand. rub. | 801,7 | 801,7 | 100 |
| 2 | Volume of production | Thousand. rub. | 835,4 | 851,2 | 101,9 |
| 3 | Commercial products | Mln. rub. | 71,5 | 75,9 | 106,2 |
| 4 | Average annual number of PPP | People | 103 | 105 | 101,9 |
| 5 | Full cost of production | Mln. rub. | 68,4 | 70,1 | 102,5 |
| 6 | Average annual cost of fixed assets (OPF) production assets | Mln. rub. | 15,4 | 16,1 | 104,5 |
| Derived indicators | |||||
| 7 | Cost per unit of marketable output | rub. | 0,96 | 0,92 | 95,8 |
| 8 | Commercial products for 1 worker | thousand roubles. | 694 | 722,9 | 104,2 |
| 9 | Return on assets | rub. | 4,64 | 4,71 | 101,5 |
| 10 | Profit | million rubles | 3,1 | 5,8 | 187 |
| 11 | Profitability | % | 4,5 | 8,3 | - |
1. During the analyzed period, the production capacity at the enterprise has not changed and is 801.7 thousand rubles, which indicates the constancy of fixed assets.
The volume of fixed assets and the degree of their use is determined by the production capacity of the enterprise.
The production capacity of an enterprise is characterized by the maximum amount of products and their assortment that can be produced by it per unit of time with full use of fixed assets.
Production capacity is subject to change. The longer the planned period, the higher the likelihood of such changes.
The main reasons for the changes are: installation of new pieces of equipment to replace obsolete ones; depreciation of equipment; commissioning of new capacities; changes in equipment performance due to changes in the quality of raw materials, equipment modernization; changes in structure raw materials, composition of raw materials or semi-finished products; equipment operating mode
The production capacity is influenced by the following factors:
Technical factors: quantitative and qualitative composition of fixed assets; degree of mechanization and automation technological processes; quality of raw materials.
Organizational factors: the level of organization of production, labor and management.
Economic factors: forms of remuneration and incentives for workers.
Social factors: the qualification level of employees, their professionalism; level of training.
The production capacity is determined by the capacity of the leading workshops, units or sections.
2. The volume of production in physical terms in the second base period increased by 1.9% compared to the first base period.
This is due to an increase in product output in physical terms and an increase in prices for manufactured products. Factors determining the volume of production: the provision of an enterprise with labor resources and the efficiency of their use; the provision of the enterprise with basic production assets (OPF) and the efficiency of their use; provision of production with raw materials and materials and the efficiency of their use.
Namely, an increase in the volume of production of marketable products was the expansion of the range, an increase in the quality of manufactured products, an increase in demand for manufactured products and an expansion of the sales market.
The volume of production is the result of the activity of the enterprise for the production of any products and the production services provided. Its scope includes the cost of only that part of the manufactured product that was sold and paid by the buyer. In practice, this figure is called the sold shaft. Commercial products include products actually sold and the cost of products in the warehouse of the enterprise or sent to the consumer, but not paid by him.
3. Marketable output increased in the second base period by 6.2%. Factors determining the release of marketable products: labor resources(people employed in production), means of labor (land, equipment), objects of labor (raw materials, materials).
In this case, the increase in the output of marketable products occurred as a result of an increase in production volumes and an increase in wholesale prices for products.
Commodity products - products designed to be implemented. The release of marketable products depends on external factors: the needs of the sales market, the number of sales markets, consumer demand, and prices.
4. The number of industrial production personnel in the analyzed period increased by 2 people, due to the increase in production.
Rational use of the workforce is a prerequisite for ensuring uninterrupted production and successful implementation production plans and business processes.
In connection with the increase in fixed assets and the volume of manufactured products, the organization required an increase in the number of industrial and production personnel, which in turn increased the number of commercial products and profit, respectively. The main thing in the organization is labor resources, which in turn must be highly qualified in their field of employment in production. The number of products and their quality depends on the industrial production personnel. Further, the manager promotes the product to the sales market.
Labor productivity can be calculated by the volume of production, expressed in gross output, marketable output, or sold output. The calculation of labor productivity in terms of gross output does not fully characterize its actual level, since highly depends on the volume of work in progress, on the cost of materials and components that are not related to labor productivity. The calculation of labor productivity for marketable products reflects its actual level and does not depend on the volume of work in progress, but depends on the cost of materials and components. With constant costs for these items of expenditure and when calculating labor productivity for marketable products, expressed in natural units, this indicator correctly reflects labor productivity if labor productivity is calculated in natural units. In some cases, the labor productivity of only production workers can be calculated.
5. The cost of marketable products in the second base period increased by 2.5%, because the volume of output of marketable products increased.
The cost price is all the costs incurred as a result of the production of goods and the provision of services.
The cost price includes material costs - for raw materials, materials; labor costs of industrial and production personnel, deductions for wages, depreciation of fixed assets, costs of electricity and heat, advertising.
The increase in production costs was due to an increase in production volume by 6.2%, an increase in prices for raw materials.
Introduction of new technology, complex mechanization and automation production processes, the improvement of technology, the introduction of advanced types of materials can significantly reduce the cost of production.
Reducing the cost of production is ensured primarily by increasing labor productivity. With an increase in labor productivity, labor costs per unit of output are reduced, and, consequently, and specific gravity wages in the cost structure.
In the course project, the calculation of the main technical and economic indicators for a residential building should be performed and given in an explanatory note: built-up area (S s), living space (S lived), apartment area (S sq), the total area of the apartment (S about), total construction volume (V p.), including those above ± 0.000 (V supervising parts) and below the ± 0.000 (V subtitle parts).
The area of premises of residential buildings is determined by their dimensions, measured between the finished surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level (excluding baseboards). When determining the area of the attic room, take into account the area of this room with a sloped ceiling height of at least 1.5 m with an inclination of 30 o to the horizon; 1.1 m at 45 about; 0.5 m at 60 o and more. The area of a room with a lower height is taken into account in the total area with a coefficient of 0.7, while the minimum wall height should be 1.2 m with a ceiling tilt of 30 o; 0.8 m when tilted from 45 o to 60 o; not limited when tilted 60 ° or more.
S s- the building area is defined as the area of the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the level of the basement, including the protruding parts. The area under the building located on the pillars, as well as the driveways under the building, are included in the building area.
S lived - the living area of apartment buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of living rooms, excluding built-in wardrobes.
S sq- the area of the apartment is defined as the sum of the areas of all premises of the apartment with the exception of loggias, balconies, terraces, cold storage rooms and outdoor vestibules.
S total- the total area of apartments, is determined as the sum of the areas of all premises of the apartment (with the exception of entrance lobbies in single-family houses), built-in wardrobes and summer rooms, calculated with the following reducing coefficients:
For balconies and terraces - 0.3;
Glazed balconies - 0.8;
Verandas, glazed loggias and cold storage rooms - 1.0.
The area occupied by the stove is not included in the area of the premises. The area under the march of an intra-apartment staircase with a height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding structures of 1.6 m or more is included in the area of the premises where the staircase is located.
V p.- the building volume of a building is defined as the sum of the building volume above the ± 0.000 mark (aboveground part) and below this mark (underground part).
V supervising parts- the building volume of the aboveground part, equal to the product of the horizontal sectional area at the level of the first floor, above the basement, to the full height of the building from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the upper plane of the attic insulation.
V subtitle parts- the construction volume of the underground part of the building as the product of the cross-sectional area at the level of the first floor above the basement to the height from the finished floor of the first floor to the floor of the basement and basement floor. In the absence of a basement, the volume of the underground part is not taken into account.
The calculated technical and economic indicators are summarized in a general table.
GRAPHIC DESIGN OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
Drawings are recommended to be carried out at the stage of a techno-working project, that is, with the elaboration of the fundamental architectural and construction solutions of the building, as well as the details of the building. The graphic part of the project is presented on sheets of A-1, A-2, A-3 format. When drawing up drawings, you must strictly adhere to standards. unified system design documentation ESKD and SPDS.
When completing course projects, graphic materials should be located on the subject of drawings on separate sheets:
Architectural and construction solutions (AC brand drawings): facade, floor plans, sections, details, roof plan.
Constructive solutions (drawings of grade KZh, KM, KD): plans of foundations, floors, coverings.
Approximate schematic plans for the placement of drawings for this project on sheets of A2 format are shown below in Fig. 7.1, 7.2.
Rice. 7.1. Layout diagram of the AR brand drawing.
Rice. 7.2. Layout diagram of the drawing brand KZh, KD
Rice. 7.3. Main inscription to the project (stamp)
Brief instructions for the design of drawings
Drawings for the project are carried out on the basis of a sketch development of all sections of the project, diagrams and assemblies as the structural parts of the building are developed.
The development of all the drawings included in the project is carried out in the mutual projection and dimensional coordination of the space-planning and structural elements of the building with successive refinement in the projections of each designed structure.
Work on a drawing begins with the development of a plan for placing individual drawings on a sheet (sheet layout), taking into account the general list of required views and required scales.
Building elements that fall into the section are outlined with thick (main) lines, projections of building elements that do not fall into the section are of medium thickness, axial and dimension lines are thin, projections of invisible elements are of medium thickness with a dashed line. When designing a project, you should pay attention to the proportionality of the main and secondary inscriptions (signatures). They are executed in simple architectural or drawing type.
Floor plans
The floor plan is the basis for the construction of the building, it reflects the functional and structural schemes and therefore must be carried out with the utmost care. The plan is being developed for the first and second floors. In the case of a one-section residential building project, plans for both floors should be developed. If a two- or multi-section house is being designed, the plans of the first and second floors should be combined in one drawing, dividing the drawings with an axis of symmetry: on the left section, develop a plan for the first floor, on the right - for the second.
Floor plans are shown as projections of the horizontal sections of the building. The plan should show everything that falls into the horizontal section plane, as well as what is located under it. It is conventionally considered that this plane is located at a height of 1000 mm from the floor level.
The plan is developed on the basis of a given planning scheme in the following sequence:
Determine the constructive scheme of the house;
The coordinate axes of the bearing and self-supporting walls are applied. In the process of determining the coordinate axes, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements modular system... The transverse axes are taken out to the bottom of the drawing and marked with numbers; in the case of blind transverse walls, the axes can be taken out to the upper part of the drawing. The longitudinal axes are taken out to the left side of the drawing and marked with letters, starting from the bottom. Axes are assigned only to supporting structures (walls, pillars, etc.) that have foundations;
Binding the thickness of the external and internal walls to the coordinate axes. The axes of the outer walls are located at a distance of 150-200 mm from the inner surface of the wall; internal walls - in the middle of the wall thickness;
Draw a staircase (see section 5.2 for instructions on designing a staircase). Ladders are applied with a breakdown of platforms and steps and an arrow showing the direction of rise. The plan of the staircase reflects its appearance at various levels of horizontal sections: along the basement, along the basement floor, on the first floor (under the interfloor area). On the plans of the stairs, they put the dimensions of the staircase in the axes, the width of the platforms and the laying of the flights, the width of the flights and the gap between them, the binding of the walls to the centerline axes. When executing stair plans, it is necessary to show all the elements that fall into the horizontal section, as well as flights and platforms below the section. In a march that falls into the section, the entire lower step is shown, and for all other steps, a part is "cut off" by a diagonal line running from the lower corner of the march to the opposite upper one.
Determine the size of the interior. The sizes of living rooms and kitchens are chosen depending on the type of apartment in accordance with the recommendations set out in section 5.1. During the development of the layout of apartments, it is sometimes necessary to correct the distance between the coordinate axes, which were specified on the plan scheme. Recommended layout of bathrooms and sizes of sanitary technical equipment shown in Appendix 2... The depth of the built-in cabinets must be at least 600 mm.
Window and door openings in the walls are applied - openings with external quarters for windows and with quarters on the side opposite to the opening for doors. Openings in the inner walls are made without quarters. In the locations of doorways, the direction of door opening is shown, placing the door leaf at an angle of 30 ° to the plane of the wall. Width entrance doors it is recommended to take: to the apartment - 900, 1000 mm; living rooms and kitchen - 800 mm; to the bathroom and toilet - 700 mm, entrance to the house - 1300 mm. The nominal width of window openings is chosen depending on the area of the room and the height of the window; the width of the balcony doors is 750 mm.
For brick walls and partitions, the dimensions of the walls are calculated and indicated so that they are multiples of ½ brick, taking into account the seam (130 mm) - 510, 640, 770, 900, 1030 mm. Each living room and kitchen should have at least one window or window and balcony doors. The plan indicates the types of filling of doorways in circles with a diameter of 5 mm; the position numbers of windows (OK1, OK2 ...) and balcony doors (DB1, DB2 ...) are indicated.
The location of stoves, smoke and ventilation ducts is indicated. Ventilation ducts are placed in interior walls that adjoin rooms with ventilation. In two-storey residential buildings, it is necessary to provide for one channel for each room of the kitchen, bathroom and toilet on each floor. The ventilation ducts are 140x140 mm in size (see. Appendix 30);
In the apartments, the following technical equipment should be designed and indicated on the drawings (see. Appendix 2): in the kitchen - a refrigerator 600x600 mm, a gas stove 600x600 mm and a sink for dishes 600x600, in the bathroom - a bathtub 1700x700 mm and a washbasin 700x500 mm, in the toilet - a toilet bowl with a cistern 670x360 mm (in the toilet, remote from the bathroom, you must install an additional wash basin);
Internal dimension lines are applied in at least two places along the entire length of the building, and in the transverse direction - in the locations of different rooms. The dimensions of the plan show: binding of internal walls and partitions to the alignment axes; thickness of walls and partitions; dimensions of openings in internal walls, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete partitions; snapping openings to a wall contour and to a partition or centerline;
External dimension lines are applied on four (or three) sides of the plan and affixed on three parallel lines. On the first dimension line, located 15 mm from the walls, they show the dimensions of the openings and walls, as well as the dimensions of the protruding and falling elements of the walls (if any) with their reference to the axes. On the second dimension line, which is located at a distance of 7 ... 8 mm from the first, the distances between the axes are shown. The third dimension line shows the size of the building between the outer alignment lines. Linear dimensions are indicated in millimeters. The dimensions are applied in the form of a closed chain, 2-3 mm notches are made at the ends of the dimension lines. The distance from the dimension line to the circle of the center line mark is 4 mm, the diameter of the circle is 8 mm;
In each room, in the lower right corner, the area of the room is indicated with an accuracy of 0.01 m2 (the areas of bathrooms and toilets that are repeated can only be shown in one apartment), the figure is applied above the line without indicating the measurement. The area of the premises is calculated according to the internal dimensions of the premises. The living area and the total area of the apartment are listed in the hallway of each apartment. If an explication of the premises is given on the plan drawing, then the area of the room is indicated in the explication table;
They carry out the marking of windows and doors, show the lines of the transverse and longitudinal sections. Section lines are open dashes with arrows. Take the direction of the arrows from bottom to top or from left to right. If necessary, you can choose a different direction. The lines indicating the position of the cutting plane should not go inside the outline of the plan or come close to it. Depending on the position of the dimension lines and on the workload of the drawing, they can be placed either at the outline of the plan, or behind the extreme dimension line;
If on the plan drawing there are areas with floors at different elevations, these marks should be indicated;
After the completion of the development of plans, the bearing and self-supporting walls are encircled with lines 0.7 ... 0.8 mm thick, partitions - with lines 0.6 ... 0.7 mm thick. The inscriptions are made in a standard font.
For an example of a plan, see. Appendix 31.
Incision
The section serves to identify the volumetric and structural solution of the building, the relative position of individual structures, rooms, etc.
To make a cut, the position of the cutting plane is selected in such a way that it cuts the most important structures of the building and makes it possible to identify characteristics the designed object. In the course project, the cross section is built along the section line assigned on the plan, which necessarily passes along the window openings, the doorway in the inner wall and the stairs so that both staircases and the basement, if any, are visible on the projection (the section line can be assigned a broken line) ...
The cut establishes the following data:
The structure and profile of the foundations of the external and internal supports and the depths of the laying (columnar foundations should be cut not along the pillars, but along the foundation beam);
Basement and basement parts, blind area;
Construction of joining walls and ceilings, a variant of the construction of wall insulation;
Structures for filling openings, lintels;
Architectural and constructive solution of the cornice;
Structural details of ceilings (basement, interfloor, attic);
The structure of the rafter system;
Ladder construction;
Leader of structural elements of floors and roofs.
The cut drawing is developed in the following sequence:
The transverse alignment axes of the structure are applied and the wall thicknesses are tied to them;
The lines of the floor level of the first and second floors and the conditional level of the top of the attic floor are applied, based on the accepted floor height; basement floor, foundation soles, ground surface. Auxiliary lines are applied, which indicate the height of the basement, the top and bottom of window and door openings, the top of the cornice or parapet, the level of the top of the ventilation shaft or chimney, the height of the roof ridge;
Draw a staircase, starting with the application of the width of the interfloor area and the length of the flight of stairs. The lower flight, which leads from the floor level in the vestibule to the floor level of the first floor, is provided in five or six steps in order to provide the possibility of arranging a doorway under the interfloor area.
The thickness of the floors is applied and the structures of the basement, interfloor and attic floors, as well as the floor on the ground on the first floor and in the basement are developed;
Draw the inner walls and partitions that fell into the cut, outline the window and door openings, and the distance from the level of the finished floor to the bottom of the window opening is recommended to be taken as 800 mm;
Draw the foundations of the load-bearing and self-supporting walls of the house, which fell into the plane of the cut;
They develop the structure of the supporting part of the roof - rafters and roofs. The slope of the roof is determined depending on the specified roof material. The construction of rafters is carried out in accordance with the recommendations, see also Appendix 28;
When drawing on the roof section, it is necessary to show the ventilation and chimney pipes that pass through the roofing. The level of the top of the pipe relative to the ridge of the roof is taken in accordance with Appendix 30... For all load-bearing elements of the roof, callouts should be performed, which give the names of the elements and the dimensions of their cross-section;
Dimension lines are applied, counted and measured and marked. On the section, the dimensions of the openings are affixed, the floor structures are in the form of a chain along the entire height of the building, located inside the room. The dimensions of the foundations, the thickness of the walls, the distance from their edges to the alignment axes are indicated, dimension lines are given between the alignment axes. It is necessary to show the level marks of the top and bottom of all floors, window and door and openings, the foot of the foundation, the basement, the levels of staircases, the cornice, the ridge, the top of the pipes;
Carry out flags of inscriptions indicating the composition of all floors and floors, explanatory inscriptions; |
Structural elements of a building made of the material that is basic for this structure are not shaded. In this case, only sections of walls that differ in material are highlighted with conditional shading. For example, in a brick building, reinforced concrete lintels or ordinary brickwork in the walls of lightweight concrete blocks are shaded.
Height marks are indicated with three decimal places. The relative elevation of the floor of the 1st floor is denoted "0.000", elevations below zero are denoted with a “-” sign (for example, -0.150), elevations above zero are denoted with a “+” (for example, +3.000).
For an example of a section design, see. appendix 32, 33.
Facade
You can start working on a drawing of an elevation only after you have developed floor plans and sections.
All visible elements of the external volume of the building are depicted on the facades - the basement, the field of the wall with all openings, the cornice, etc. Shown are external stairs and porches, expansion joints, ramps, parapet slabs and louvered grilles, external drain pipes.
Window and door openings are drawn with a pattern of window bindings, door panels. The number of the type of window opening is affixed at the bottom of the contour of the window opening. The types of openings are marked by sequential numbering, depending on the number and type of window products included in its filling, as well as the nature of the opening of the bindings.
When drawing facades, first, according to the plan and section data, lines are applied that limit the general contour, then the contour of windows and doors, and then they begin to draw elements (belts, visors, etc.). Hatching marks sections of walls made of a different material.
Facade drawings give a general idea of the building, so special attention should be paid to their graphics. Visible contours in the drawings of the facades are outlined in thin lines. The contours of the building and openings have a thickness of 0.3-0.4 mm, the contours of window frames, wall divisions, the contours of belts, cornices and other architectural elements of the walls are drawn with lines 2 times thinner than the contours of the building and openings.
The elevation drawing shows the marks of the ground, basement, bottom and top of window and door openings, eaves and top of the roof. On the facades, alignment axes - angular ones, as well as in places where the heights of the building differ - should be taken out and marked in circles. For designation of the facade, it is recommended to affix axes without specifying dimensions. Facades are named along the extreme alignment axes, for example, Facade 1-4, Facade A-G.
For an example of facade design, see. Appendix 38.
Layout of foundation elements
The width of the foot of the strip foundations is taken depending on the load and bearing capacity of the foundation. In the course work, the width of the soles of foundations for external walls can be taken as 600 ÷ 800 mm, and for internal walls - 700 ÷ 1000 mm.
The drawing of the layout of the elements of the foundations is performed in the following sequence:
Coordinate axes are plotted; tie the accepted width of the soles of the foundations and the basement to the axes;
Dotted ledges are applied in places where the depths of the foundations are laid; if there is a basement - show the stairs to the basement;
Dimension lines and dimensions are applied. The layout diagram of the foundation elements shows the dimensions between the alignment axes of the walls, the width along the foot and edge of the foundation and the ledges. The foundations of free-standing pillars and furnaces are tied to the centerline axes. If there are protrusions, indicate their sizes.
The depth of the foundation is indicated by the elevation. If the placement depth changes, the distance from the ledge to the center line is indicated. In places where the sole marks change, a dashed line is given, and the sole marks are shown next to it.
The drawing is accompanied by notes in which information is given about the material of the foundation, the composition and brand of the solution, the type of waterproofing, and the features of the construction of the foundation.
For a more complete identification of the structure of foundations in places requiring explanation, give 2-3 cross-sections. The sections of the foundations are performed on a scale of 1:20, 1:25. to show the holes and ledges present in the foundation, as well as the location and marks of the foundation blocks, perform a scan of the foundations.
For an example of the layout of the layout of the foundation elements, see annex 34.
Layout of floor elements
Drawings are performed in the following sequence:
The coordinate axes of the structure are plotted;
Contours of load-bearing walls, columns, girders - the main beams and their binding with ventilation and smoke channels are drawn;
Layout between the faces of the bearing walls of the floor elements (beams, shields, roll-up slabs, reinforced concrete floor slabs) is carried out, monolithic sections are indicated. The spacing of the beams must be a multiple of 100 mm. If the slabs intersect channels or holes, they are also shown in the plan. The flooring slabs are laid out against the walls. Particular attention should be paid to ensure that the beams do not rest on the passage of ventilation and smoke ducts.
Elements related to the structure of the floor are enclosed with a line with a thickness of 0.4-0.6 mm, and the contours of the remaining elements - with a line with a thickness of B / 2.
Prefabricated floor elements in the drawing are marked with conventional marks (beams with brand B, plates - P), guided by the catalog of industrial products ( applications 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
In the drawing, dimensions are put down between the alignment axes of the bearing walls, between the axes of beams, floor slabs with the binding of these dimensions to the axes of the walls. The dimensions of individual elements of the floor structure (width of the embedding in place, etc.), holes, channels, fire-prevention sections, etc. are indicated.
Layouts of floor elements are supplemented with notes, which indicate the features of the floor structure.
An example of the implementation of the layout of the elements of the interfloor overlapping on reinforced concrete beams, see. Appendix 35.
Layout of the elements of the rafter system (rafter plan)
On the plan of the rafters, the load-bearing elements of the roof, the spans and the step of their setting should be shown. The development of the drawing begins with drawing the contours of the main walls, pillars, smoke and ventilation ducts, after which the elements of the rafters are drawn: Mauerlat, upper girder, rafter legs, racks. The rafters are depicted showing cuttings and dormer window designs.
On the plan of the rafters, indicate the dimensions between the axes of the rafters, the distance to the chimney and ventilation pipes, the binding of the rafters to the center axes.
On the plan of the rafters, the elements of the rafters are distinguished with a thick line: rafter legs, crossbars, struts, purlins, racks, etc. the outlines of the walls are shown with a thin line, and the outlines of the roof are shown with hatching. On the rafter plan, callouts should be applied indicating the names of the structural elements of the rafters and their sections (see table in Appendix 28).
In addition to the plan, you can make longitudinal and transverse cuts of the rafters. In these drawings, the grades of the rafter elements are indicated, references to structural details are given, and elevation marks are applied in the necessary places.
For an example of the implementation of the rafter plan, see. Appendix 36.
Roof plan
The roof plan can be combined with the rafter plan.
On the roof plan, the coordination axes, the distances between them and between the extreme axes are applied. The outer edge of the outer walls is applied with thin dashed lines, observing the snapping to the axes.
The lines of the roof cutoffs (slopes) are shown, observing the size of the overhang (overhang) of the cornice. On the roof plan, the slopes and the lines of their intersection are shown: the lines of the oblique ribs (at an angle of 45 °), the valleys, the line of the roof ridge.
Dormer windows, gutters, drainpipes, chimneys and ventilation devices are depicted in projection connection with floor plans, roof railings. When installing a roof with a parapet, the outline of the parapet is shown.
On the roof plan, the slopes of the slopes are indicated (in percentage or the ratio of the legs). The direction of the slopes (slope) is shown by an arrow.
For an example of a roof plan, see. Appendix 37.
Architectural and structural units
Work on units and details is performed after working out the basic drawings of the building. The designation of nodes and parts must be shown on the drawings of plans and sections. Nodes are indicated on the section or plan by a circle with a remote ledge on which the node number is affixed, and in the denominator - the number of the sheet on which the node is drawn. Two concentric circles are placed above the knot image (the larger diameter is 16 mm; the smaller diameter is 14 mm): the number of the knot is put down in the numerator, and the number of the sheet on which the cut or plan is located in the denominator.
When composing nodes on a sheet, it should be borne in mind that some of them constitute, as it were, a single whole and cannot be located in different parts of the sheet. For example: the top and bottom of a window, the top and bottom of a flight of stairs, etc. parts caught in the cut are outlined with a line 0.6 mm thick and give a symbol for the material. The nodes are designed to scale to provide a clear and detailed display. On the drawings of assemblies and parts, it is necessary to put down the main dimensions of the elements and carry out explanatory inscriptions. For development, details of rafters, walls, floors, stairs can be given.
The technical and economic assessment of the designed building includes an assessment of space-planning and structural solutions.
Estimated documentation for the construction of buildings is intended for:
Definitions construction costs,
· Registration of financing of this construction, making payments for the completed construction and installation work.
The units of account for buildings are as follows:
Residential buildings, hostels, hotels - apartment or room,
1 m 2 of living space, 1 m 2 of total area;
Kindergartens-kindergartens, schools - capacity (number of places),
1 m 2 total area, 1 m 2 usable area;
· Medical and health institutions - one place for a sick person or a vacationer, 1 m 2 of the total area, 1 m 2 of the usable area;
Assessment cost-effectiveness of space-planning and constructive decisions buildings and comparison with the best existing solutions are usually made according to the following technical and economic indicators:
1. The estimated cost of construction (only construction and installation works), referred to 1 m 2 of the total area and
1 m 2 of the projected building;
2. The quality of the space-planning solution, which are determined by the values of the coefficients K 1, K 2, K 3, (the calculation procedure is given); these coefficients make it possible in the design process to compare various solution options with each other and with reference projects;
3.the consumption of the main building materials(steel, cement) in kg, timber and reinforced concrete products in m 3, blocks in thousands of conventional bricks per 1 m 2 of usable area and
1 m 3 of the building;
4. labor intensity of building construction, determined by establishing the specific labor intensity per 1 m 3 of the building and 1 m 2 of usable area;
5. Assembly factor - the ratio of the cost of prefabricated structures and their installation to the total cost of the building;
6. Weight of 1 m 3 of the building;
TO space-planning characteristics include:
For residential buildings- number of storeys, planning type (sectional, corridor, etc.); number of apartments (places in a hostel), total area, living area, built-up area, construction volume, width and length of the building, area of balconies, loggias, non-apartment communications (corridors, elevator halls, etc.), total floor area for one staircase and elevator node, presence and area of non-residential areas built into a residential building, illumination, specific perimeter of external walls (the ratio of the perimeter of the walls along the heated contour of the building to the total area of a typical floor), K 1 - the ratio of the living area of a building floor to the total area; K 2 - the ratio of the building volume to the total area of the building;
For public buildings- number of storeys, capacity, total, useful and calculated area of the building; floor height, construction volume, building area, specific perimeter of external walls, area of communications (corridors, halls). K 1 - the ratio of the calculated area to the useful; K 2 - the ratio of the building volume to the calculated area; K 3 - the ratio of the area of external enclosing structures to the total area;
For industrial buildings- number of storeys, building area; useful, constructive, working area, utility and storage areas, building volume, coefficient K 1 - the ratio of the working area to the useful area; K 2 is the ratio of the volume of the building to the working area; K 3 - the ratio of the surface area of the enclosing structures (the area of the outer walls) to the useful area;
Comparative assessment of space-planning solutions of residential buildings
The assessment of various options for design solutions for residential buildings is carried out by the method of comparative analysis using a system of space-planning coefficients characterizing the ratio of areas and volumes.
Plane planning factor TO 1 characterizes the rationality of the use of space, is defined as the ratio of the living area (S living) to the total area (S total):
K 1 = S lived. / S total ;
Coefficient K 1 depends on the number of rooms in the apartment. Its optimal value is taken in the existing layout in the range: K 1 = 0.5 - 0.7
Volumetric coefficient K 2 characterizes the use of volume, is defined as the ratio of the building volume of a building (V building) to its total area (S total):
K 2 = V building. / S total ;
The value of the coefficient K 2 depends on the height of the floor, the size of the outside areas (staircase and elevator node), the material of the walls and partitions, therefore its value fluctuates within significant limits K 2 = 3.5 - 5
Compactness factor K 3 characterizes the ratio of the area of external enclosing structures S ogr. (walls, window and balcony openings, roofs) to the total area S total:
K 3 = S limit. / S total
The change in K 3 depends on the configuration of the building and is reflected both in the estimated cost of the building and in the size operating costs(heating, repair of facades and roofs).
Is in the range of K 3 = 0.8 - 1.3
Perimeter coefficient K 4 characterizes the ratio of the perimeter of the outer walls (R n.s) to the building area S built-up.
K 4 = P n.s. / S back
Where K 4 = 0.24 - 0.4 - for urban-type houses
Constructive factor K 5 characterizes the ratio of the cross-sectional area of vertical structures in the plan S design to the building area of the building S back-up:
K 5 = S design / S shot
Coefficient K 5 characterizes the degree of saturation of the building plan with vertical structures (walls, partitions, columns, pilasters). For large-panel houses, the coefficient K 5 = 0.1–0.15; for brick and large-block K 5 = 0.15 - 0.2
Coefficient K 6 characterizes the ratio of the area outside the apartment communications(staircase and lift units) S l.uz. To building area of S building :
K 6 = S l. / S shot
A lower value of K 6 is typical for section-type houses, and a higher value for tower, corridor and gallery-type houses.
Density of the housing stock(net) - total area, m 2, per 1 hectare of residential area of a microdistrict (quarter, settlement).
Density of the housing stock(gross) - the total area, m 2, per 1 ha of the entire territory of the microdistrict (quarter, settlement).
Building density(building factor) - the area of buildings under construction,% of the residential area of the microdistrict (quarter, settlement).
Built-up area is determined by multiplying the length by the width of the building, measured along the outer contour of the building at the basement level.
The residential area includes the area of the building and the free undeveloped area of the residential part of the microdistrict. The undeveloped area depends on the dimensions of the building and mainly on its height. The requirement to insolate apartments for at least 3 hours a day is the main factor that determines the size of the gap between buildings. In the previously existing norms, this gap between the longitudinal sides of buildings, based on the requirements of insolation, was set equal to two heights of the tallest building. In the current standards, the minimum gaps are set according to the table
Minimum gaps between buildings
The rules for calculating areas and volume in residential buildings (hostels) in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 "Residential buildings" are as follows:
Living space equal to the sum of the areas of living rooms for the house as a whole and for the apartment on average.
Apartments area equal to the sum of the areas of living rooms and utility rooms, excluding loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storage rooms, vestibules.
Total area of apartments should be determined as the sum of the areas of their premises, built-in wardrobes, as well as loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storage rooms, calculated with the following reduction factors: for loggias - 0.5, for balconies and terraces - 0.3, for verandas and cold pantries - 1.0.
The area occupied by the stove is not included in the area of the premises. The area under the march of an intra-apartment staircase with a height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding structures of 1.6 m or more is included in the area of the premises where the staircase is located.
Total area of apartments in residential buildings should be determined as the sum of the areas of apartments in these buildings, determined in accordance with clause 2; the total area of public premises built into residential buildings is calculated separately according to SNiP 2.08.02-89 *.
The areas of the underground for ventilation of the building designed for construction on permafrost soils, the attic, the technical underground (technical attic), outside communications, as well as the vestibules of staircases, elevator and other shafts, porticos, porches, outdoor open stairs are not included in the total area of buildings.
Residential building area should be defined as the sum of the areas of the floors of the building, measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, as well as the areas of balconies and loggias.
The area of staircases, elevators and other shafts is included in the floor area, taking into account their areas at the level of this floor.
The area of attics and utility underground is not included in the area of the building.
Area of premises of residential buildings should be determined by their dimensions, measured between the finished surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level (excluding skirting boards). When determining the area of the attic room, the area of this room is taken into account with a sloped ceiling height of 1.5 m at an inclination of 30 ° to the horizon, 1.1 m - at 45, 0.5 m - at 60 ° or more. For intermediate values, the height is determined by interpolation. The area of a room with a lower height should be taken into account in the total area with a factor of 0.7, while the minimum wall height should be 1.2 m with a ceiling tilt of 30 °, 0.8 m at -45 ° - 60 °, not limited with a 60 tilt ° and more.
Construction volume of a residential building is defined as the sum of the building volume above the ± 0.000 mark (aboveground part) and below this mark (underground part).
The construction volume of the aboveground and underground parts of the building is determined within the bounding surfaces with the inclusion of enclosing structures, skylights, etc., starting from the level of the finished floor of each part of the building, excluding protruding architectural details and structural elements, underground canals, porticos, terraces, balconies , the volume of driveways and space under the building on supports (clean), as well as ventilated subfields under buildings designed for construction on permafrost.
Building area is defined as the area of the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the level of the basement, including the protruding parts. The area under the building located on the pillars, as well as the driveways under the building, are included in the building area.
When determining the number of storeys of the overground part of a building, all overground floors, including technical, attic and basement floors, are included in the number of floors, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the average planning level of the earth.
The underground for ventilation under buildings is not included in the number of above-ground floors.
With a different number of floors in different parts of the building, as well as when placing a building on a site with a slope, when the number of floors increases due to the slope, the number of storeys is determined separately for each part of the building.
The technical floor located above the upper floor is not taken into account when determining the number of storeys in a building.
The purpose term paper is the calculation of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise. To complete the task, the proposed product technology and average regulatory data for the engineering industry are used. The calculation method meets the requirements of the real manufacturing enterprise... The calculation of technical and economic indicators is carried out on the basis of the initial data in accordance with the individual option.
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An enterprise means a system of meters that characterize the entire material and production base at an enterprise, as well as the use of resources in a complex. This type of activity is used to analyze and plan the organization of labor production, the level of technology, the use of labor and other resources, fixed and circulating assets, and is the basis for the development of such a document as a technical financial plan, in addition to this, you can also add the establishment of technical and economic standards and standards.
Enterprises are subdivided into general ones, which are the same for enterprises of all industries, and specific ones, which are designed to reflect the characteristics of the production of individual industries.
To indicators general type include various ratios of electrical and labor power, the degree of specialization and mechanization of production and other criteria.
The main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise from the list of specific criteria are determined for each separate industry in the corresponding legislative act issued at the level of the ministry, etc. For example, in such an industry as the electric power industry, when determining the fuel consumption for the production of 1 kWh and 1 Gcal, it is necessary to take into account the increase in the share of high-tech and economical equipment that can operate at high and extremely high steam temperatures, an increase in heat consumption, an increase in the efficiency of heat-generating units, and mechanisms, a decrease (increase) in the amount of fuel oil (gas) when generating heat and electricity.
In order to make a correct analysis and assessment of the enterprise and its technical and economic level, some basic indicators of the enterprise are used, in particular: the share of products whose technical and economic indicators correspond or exceed the highest achievements of science and technology both within the country and abroad; the share of products that are already outdated and will be modernized or completely discontinued; the level of automation and mechanization of the enterprise; relative and absolute decrease or increase in the number of employees in the enterprise, reducing costs and increasing labor productivity by improving the level of production through technical innovations and innovations.
The technical and economic indicators of an enterprise of a specific level usually characterize the structural and qualitative changes in the products that are produced, the level and condition of the technical base and equipment in the industry, as well as the use of equipment. In addition, this also includes the consumption of materials in production, expressed in natural value, the volume of production of products using technical equipment and modern technological processes.
The technical and economic indicators of an enterprise in terms of the level of use of fixed assets and capacities can be characterized by: intensive use (expressed by the ratio of dividing the amount of manufactured products by the maximum permissible periods of use of these funds), extensive (determined by the ratio of the time of actual use and the maximum possible period of use of equipment and funds), integral (determined by the product of the first two indicators).
The technical and economic indicators of the enterprise, built into a clear system for the sectors of the economy, together with the correct method of calculating them, will make it possible to perform a systematic comparison of the technical and organizational level at the enterprise, identify reserves within production and improve the development of long-term and current plans.
