A manager is a person who is empowered to make decisions and lead others towards achieving common goals. The manager is the leader of the organization with formal authority. Power provides the manager with the ability to influence other people. A manager can exert influence in different ways, depending on this, the forms of power differ: power based on coercion, on reward, on knowledge, personal qualities, on the law, on persuading and attracting employees. The work of a manager is specific - his subject and product is information, and his object is people. The work of a manager is predominantly mental, complex, and cannot be measured in terms of the amount of product produced. This is a work that requires deep enough professional knowledge, as well as natural abilities to influence other people. The place of a manager in any organization is very peculiar - being endowed with power, the manager acts as a link between the organization and its employees, between the organization and the external environment, between different levels of the organization's hierarchy.
Managerial work is inherently very different from non-managerial work. The job of a shop floor supervisor has much more to do with the job of the CEO than with the work of the people under his control. Its distinctive features are its short duration, diversity and fragmentation.
Features of managerial work: the characteristic features of this work.
Managerial work is a type of work activity, operations and work for the implementation of administrative and managerial employees of management functions in an organization.
Managerial labor stood out during the period of division and cooperation of labor.
Managerial work is extremely diverse, in connection with which the operations and procedures that characterize the content of this work are difficult to accurately classify and typify. In addition, the range of management operations is constantly expanding, and the operations themselves are being modified due, on the one hand, to the transformation of management methods and their areas of application and, on the other hand, due to the increasing use of new technical means of storing, transferring, accumulating, processing information. Revolutionary changes in the content of operations, managerial labor procedures are introduced by computer technology, which makes it possible to introduce fundamentally new information technologies. Nevertheless, it is possible to single out the most characteristic operations of managerial labor, which occur primarily in the process of developing and adopting management decisions... They are:
· formulation of the problem;
· Search for information manually and using computers;
· Analysis of information;
· Grouping of information (manually or using a computer);
· The simplest calculations without a computer;
· Calculations using a computer;
· Preparation of decisions;
· Making decisions individually;
· Collegial decision making;
· Paperwork, writing letters, etc.
The impact (mediated) of administrative and managerial workers on the product of aggregate labor is carried out by using information and transforming it into appropriate solutions to change the state of this object in the direction of achieving the set goals.
Therefore, the main feature of the labor of administrative and managerial workers is the informational nature of the subject and product of their labor, due to the fundamental difference between the labor process (in its content and results) from other types of labor.
One of the classics of management, the American scientist G. Mintzberg, identifies 10 roles that, in his opinion, are assumed by managers at different periods and to varying degrees. He classifies them into three broad categories: interpersonal roles, information roles, and decision-making roles. However, in modern literature, the point of view has become more widespread, according to which the management process consists in the implementation of the functions of planning, organization, motivation and control.
Management levels
Despite the generality of functions, managerial work, like any other, is differentiated. One of the forms of managerial work is horizontal in nature: the placement of specific leaders at the head of individual departments.
To carry out production work, horizontally divided management work must be coordinated so that the organization can achieve success in its activities. Some leaders have to spend time coordinating the work of other leaders, who, in turn, coordinate the work of other leaders, until we descend to the level of the leader who coordinates the work of non-managerial personnel - people who physically produce products or provide services. ... This vertical division of labor forms the levels of management. Typically, there are three levels of management: grassroots or operational managers, middle managers and senior managers. The control levels are graphically depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Control levels
Grassroots leaders
The junior bosses, also referred to as the first (grassroots) or operational leaders, are the organizational level that sits directly above workers and other workers. They monitor the execution of production targets to continuously provide direct information about the correctness of these targets. This is the foreman, the shift foreman, the head of the department. Most of the leaders in general are the leaders of the lower level.
Middle managers
The work of junior managers is coordinated and supervised by middle managers. Typical middle management positions are: Dean, Regional or Country Sales Manager, and Branch Director. A middle manager often leads a large division or department in an organization. The nature of his work is determined to a greater extent by the content of the work of the unit than the organization as a whole.
Basically, however, middle managers act as a buffer between top and bottom managers. They prepare information for decisions made by senior managers and transfer these decisions, usually after their transformation, in a technologically convenient form, in the form of specifications and specific assignments to grassroots line managers. While there are variations, most of the communication between line managers takes the form of conversations with other line and line managers.
One study of middle managers in a manufacturing enterprise found that they spend about 89% of their time verbally. Another study indicates that line managers spend only 34% of their time alone, and it also emphasizes that most of the time these managers spend on verbal communication.
Senior executives
The highest organizational level - the top management - is far fewer in number than others. Even in the largest organizations, there are only a few senior executives. Typical senior management positions in business are chairman of the board, president, vice president of a corporation, and treasurer of a corporation. In the army, they can be compared with generals, among statesmen - with ministers, and at the university - with chancellors (rectors) of colleges.
Senior executives are responsible for making critical decisions for the organization as a whole or for a major part of the organization. Strong senior executives leave their personal imprint on the entire face of the company. For example, the atmosphere in which the federal government operates, and indeed the entire country, usually undergoes significant changes under a new president.
Think of the contrast between the Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations. The influence of a senior executive in a company can be brilliantly illustrated by the dramatic changes that Chrysler has undergone under the leadership of Lee Iacocca (Lee Iacocca. Manager's Career: Transl. From English. M .: Progress, 1990). Therefore, successful senior executives in large organizations are highly valued and highly paid. But the hardships of such a post are also great: the person in this post is usually very lonely.
After scrutinizing the top five executives, Mintzberg concluded: “The amount of work a manager has to do or thinks needs to be done in a day is enormous, and the pace at which it needs to be done is very intense.
The main reason for this is that the work of a senior executive does not have a clear end. As opposed to a sales agent who has to do
a certain number of phone calls, or a worker in production who must meet the production rate, there is no such moment at the enterprise as a whole, except for the complete stop of this enterprise, when the work can be considered finished. Therefore, a senior executive cannot be sure that he (or she) has successfully completed his or her activities.
As the organization continues to operate and the external environment continues to change, there is always a risk of failure. The surgeon can complete the operation and consider his task completed, but the senior executive always feels that something more needs to be done, more, further. A working week of 60 - 80 hours is not uncommon for him. Below is an example of how this time is spent.
Unscheduled meetings 10%
Trips, inspections 3%
Paper handling 22%
Scheduled meetings, meetings 88%
Phone calls 6%
There are various types of labor, all of their diversity is classified according to the following criteria: by the content of labor, by the nature of labor, by the results of labor, by the methods of attracting people to work.
Depending on the content of labor, the following types are distinguished:
1) mental and physical labor;
2) simple and complex work. Simple labor is the labor of an employee who does not have professional training and qualifications. Difficult work is the work of a skilled worker with a certain profession;
3) functional and professional work. Functional labor is characterized by a certain set of labor functions characteristic of a specific type of labor activity. Professional labor is the concretization of functional labor, forming a broad professional structure;
4) reproductive and creative labor. Reproductive labor is distinguished by the standard of reproducible labor functions, its result is known in advance and does not carry anything new. Creative work is not characteristic of every employee; it is determined both by the level of education and qualifications of the employee, and by the ability to innovate.
Depending on the nature of work, there are:
1) concrete and abstract work. Concrete labor is the labor of a concrete worker transforming an object of nature in order to impart a certain utility to it and creating use value. Abstract labor is a commensurate concrete labor, it abstracts from the qualitative heterogeneity of various functional types of labor, and creates the value of the commodity;
2) individual and collective labor. Individual labor- this is the labor of an individual employee or an independent manufacturer. Collective labor is the labor of a collective, a subdivision of an enterprise; it characterizes the form of cooperation of workers' labor;
3) private and public labor. Private labor is always a part of social labor, since it is social in nature and its results are equal to each other in value;
4) hired labor and self-employed. Wage labor occurs when a person is hired under an employment contract to the owner of the means of production to perform a certain set of labor functions in exchange for wages. Self-employment assumes a situation when the owner of the means of production himself creates a job for himself.
Depending on the results of labor, the following types are distinguished:
1) living and past labor. Living labor is the labor of an employee, which is expended by him at a given moment in time. Past labor is embodied in such elements of the labor process as objects of labor and means of labor;
2) productive and unproductive labor. The result of productive labor is natural material benefits, and the result of unproductive labor is social and spiritual benefits that are no less valuable and useful to society.
According to working conditions with varying degrees of regulation, there are:
1) stationary and mobile work;
2) light, medium and hard work;
3) free and regulated labor.
According to the methods of attracting people to work, there are:
1) labor under non-economic compulsion, when a person is included in the labor process under direct compulsion (slavery);
2) labor for economic compulsion, namely, to earn the necessary means of subsistence;
3) voluntary, free labor is a person's need to realize his own labor potential for the benefit of society, regardless of remuneration.
The means of labor also predetermine the division of labor into different types: manual, mechanized, automated, machine labor.
6. The essence of the organization of labor
Currently, the organization of labor at the enterprise is considered, both in a narrow and in a broad sense. In a narrow sense, the structure of the organization of labor in an enterprise is characterized by its specific content, that is, by those elements that directly form it. In a broad sense, the organization of labor also includes those elements that are not mandatory, but due to various circumstances may be part of the organization of labor.
Therefore, the system of organization of ore at an enterprise in its narrow sense includes the following, mandatory for all manifestations, elements of labor organization:
1) division of labor, which is the isolation and establishment of each employee, group of employees and divisions of the enterprise of specific duties, functions and scope;
2) cooperation of labor, consisting in the formation and establishment a particular system production relationship and interaction between employees, groups of employees and departments;
3) the organization of workplaces in a broad sense includes: the organization of the working meta and the organization of services for workplaces. The organization of a workplace presupposes equipping it with all the necessary means of production and rational planning of all items of equipment at the workplace, based on the principle of convenience of work. The organization of servicing workplaces includes a system of interaction between main and auxiliary workers, in which the main function of auxiliary workers is the timely provision of the workplace with everything necessary for the continuous fruitful work of the main workers;
4) techniques and methods of labor are defined as ways of performing different types works. Techniques and methods of labor should ensure the performance of operations and functions with the least cost of all types of resources, including human efforts. The progressiveness of methods and methods of labor is also determined by the technology of production and the level of implementation of the achievements of science and technology in production;
5) the establishment of labor standards. Labor standards are set for specific working conditions, and as these conditions change, they must be constantly revised in order to optimize the ratio of labor costs with its results. In addition, labor standards are the basis for an effective organization of production planning;
6) planning and accounting of labor are carried out to establish the necessary total labor costs, the optimal number of personnel and its dynamics, the calculation of the wage fund, and, ultimately, to establish the correct proportions in labor costs;
7) the creation of favorable working conditions, that is, a combination of factors of the production environment and labor process that have a beneficial effect on the performance and health of the employee (or, at least, do not worsen them).
The listed elements are indispensable for the efficient organization of the ore. This is the minimum of elements that is the basis for the organization of labor in any enterprise.
Organization of work in a broad sense, along with the listed elements, includes other elements which include:
1) selection, training and advanced training of personnel of the enterprise includes: professional selection, vocational training, retraining of personnel;
2) the establishment of forms, systems and the amount of remuneration, the development of incentive systems and responsibility for the results of work;
3) maintaining high labor discipline, labor activity and creative initiative.
Activity- a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to the goals of a person.
Human activity has a certain resemblance to the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude towards the surrounding world.
Characteristic features of human activity:
Conscious character: a person deliberately puts forward the goals of an activity and foresees its results, thinks over the most expedient ways to achieve them.
Productive character: is aimed at obtaining a result (product).
Transformative character: man is cheating the world(affects the environment with specially created means of labor that enhance the physical capabilities of a person) and himself (a person retains his natural organization unchanged, at the same time changing his way of life).
Public character: a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into a variety of relationships with other people.
The activity is based on human needs.
Motive(from lat. movere- set in motion, push) - a set of internal and external conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of the activity (for example, needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, drives, emotions, ideals).
Purpose of activity- this is a conscious image of the result, towards the achievement of which a person's action is directed.
Material activity- This is the creation of material values and things that are necessary to meet human needs. It includes material and production activities, associated with the transformation of nature, and socially transformative activities, associated with the transformation of society.
Spiritualactivity associated with a change in the consciousness of people, the creation of scientific, artistic, moral values and ideas. It includes cognitive, value-orientated and predictive activities.
Cognitive activity reflects reality in a scientific and artistic form, as well as in myths, legends, religious teachings.
Value-orientated activity- This is the formation of a person's worldview and his relationship to the world around him.
Predictive activity represents the foresight and conscious planning of changes in existing reality.
There are various criteria for classifying activities:
by objects and results of activity- creation of material goods or cultural values;
by subject of activity- individual and collective;
by the nature of the activity itself- for example, reproductive or creative;
for legal compliance- legal and illegal;
for compliance with moral standards- moral and immoral;
in relation to social progress- progressive and reactionary;
by spheres of public life- economic, social, political, spiritual.
Main types human activity:
The game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself is entertainment, rest. Play, like art, offers a certain solution in the conventional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.
Teaching- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, abilities, skills by a person. The peculiarities of teaching are that it serves as a means of human psychological development. Learning can be organized and unorganized (self-education).
Communication is a type of activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). By the means used, the following types of communication are distinguished: direct and mediated, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.
Work - type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency, focus on achieving a specific result, practical usefulness, transformation external environment a habitat.
Creation - it is a kind of activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before. The most important mechanisms of creative activity are: 1) combination of already existing knowledge; 2) imagination, that is, the ability to create new sensory or mental images; 3) fantasy, which is characterized by the brightness and originality of the created representations and images; 4) intuition - knowledge, the methods of obtaining which are not realized.
QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
2. Read the text below where a number of words are missing.
“The simplest, most accessible type of activity is _______________ (A). She wears the conditional __________________ (B) and realizes the child's need for activity and for knowledge of the world around him based on the assimilation of human forms of behavior. A more complex type of activity is ___________________ (B), aimed at assimilating scientific knowledge and acquiring relevant skills and abilities. The most important type of human activity is __________________ (D). It provides not only the existence of a human ___________________ (E), but is also a condition for its continuous _______________ (E). Among its types distinguish between subject-practical and abstract-theoretical, or the first is often called physical, and the second - mental. "
In the list below, words are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.
1) culture
2) character
6) globalization
7) development
8) society
9) sign
3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7
3. It is believed that the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot played an important role in the preparation of the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. What kind of activity can be attributed to the "work" of the French enlighteners? Describe this type of activity.
It is about value-oriented activity.
4. (1−4). Read the text and complete assignments 1-4.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) The machine is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a weapon. The same tool as the plow.
(…) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created for this, to serve people. (...)
Even the machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more and more modestly and invisibly. It seems as if all the works of man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only and are manifested in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed for the column, the keel of a ship or the fuselage of an aircraft to become more and more slender and chased, until they finally found the pristine purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a kind of perfection of forms that naturally developed from the kidney , a mysteriously cohesive and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when nothing can be taken away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. With the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we had an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of the people")
1) Find in the text any three examples of human transformative activity.
2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinguishing features of human activity.
3) Can the process of human labor to create machines captured in the document be called creative? Argument your answer with text. Give a definition of creative activity.
4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
1. Three examples of human transformative activity:
construction of railways;
construction of factories;
oil well drilling.
2. Two distinctive features of human activity:
practical utility ("... a machine is not a target. An airplane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as a plow.");
transformative character (“in the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we ended up with an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea”).
3. 1) An affirmative answer is given.
Argumentation of the answer:
2) The author describes the emergence of the results of a new, more perfect quality of objects as a result of human labor (“It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - is no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms that naturally developed from a bud, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem ”).
3) Creative activity is an activity as a result of which something new appears that did not previously exist in nature.
4. The ultimate goal of human transformative activity, according to the author, is the pursuit of perfection: "As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when nothing can be taken away." Your opinion and your explanation.
The social behavior of each person includes such an element as work activity. This process is strictly fixed, and includes a number of functions that a person must perform. These functions are his responsibilities and are regulated by a specific organization.
Labor activity and its essence
Employment and HR specialists deal with such tasks as:
- creation of means of social life support)
- development of ideas in the field of science, as well as the formation of new values)
- development of each individual employee as an employee and as an individual.
In addition, labor and work activity has a number of specific properties. First of all, it contains a number of specific labor operations. In each enterprise, they can be different, peculiar only to this company. In addition, all enterprises differ in the material and technical conditions for the sale of products or the provision of services. This also applies to time and space.
The concept of work activity includes two main parameters:
- The first determines the psychophysical state of the employee, in other words, his ability to perform physical and mental work, regardless of any circumstances.
- The second parameter defines the conditions under which this employee carries out his labor activity.
The loads during the execution of work depend on these parameters. The physical ones are due to the technological equipment of the enterprise, and the mental ones are due to the volumes of processed information. It is necessary to take into account the risks that arise in the case of performing monotonous work, as well as the relationships that develop between employees.
Nowadays, many functions have been transferred to automation. Thus, the main task of a certain category of workers is the management of equipment and its reprogramming, if necessary. As a result, the amount of expenditure of physical strength decreases, and more and more people give preference to intellectual work. Another advantage of automating some processes is the removal of workers from the area where they may be exposed to harmful effects. environment or other risks.
There is and negative side automation production processes- a decrease in physical activity, which as a result leads to hypodynamia. Due to high nervous stress, it can occur emergency situation, and the employee becomes more susceptible to neuropsychiatric disorders. Also, the speed of data processing is growing too actively thanks to the latest equipment, and as a result, a person does not have time to make the necessary decisions.
Today, one of the main problems that arises during labor activity must be solved, namely, the optimization of the interaction between man and technology. In this case, the mental and physical characteristics of workers must be taken into account, and a number of standards have been developed.
Features and functions of labor activity
Labor activity provides for some features, in particular regarding processes such as productive and reproductive. In this case, the first type of processes dominates over the second.
The essence of the reproductive process is to change one type of energy into another. In this case, part of the energy is spent on the task. Thus, each person tries to spend his energy as little as possible and at the same time get a satisfactory result.
The productive process is fundamentally different from the reproductive one. Thanks to this process, energy is converted from outside world as a result creative work... At the same time, a person practically does not spend his energy, or quickly replenishes it.
Among the functions performed by labor activity, the following should be highlighted.
Socio-economic
The essence of the socio-economic function is that the subject of labor, which is the employee, affects the resources of the environment. The result of this activity is material benefits, the task of which is to meet the needs of all members of society.
Controlling
The controlling function that a person's labor activity performs is to create a complex system of relations between members of the work collective, which are regulated by norms of behavior, sanctions, and standards. This includes labor legislation, various standards, charters, instructions and other documentation, the purpose of which is to control social ties in the team.
Socializing
Thanks to the socializing function, the list social roles continuously enriched and expanded. Behavior patterns, norms and values of employees are being improved. Thus, each individual member of the staff feels like a full-fledged participant in the life of society. As a result, employees receive not only some kind of status, but are also able to experience social identity.
Developing
It manifests itself in the fact that each employee is able to gain experience, on the basis of which skills are improved. This is possible thanks to the creative essence of each person, which is developed in one way or another. Therefore, from time to time, the requirements for the level of knowledge and skills of the members of the labor collective increase in order to improve the results of labor activity.
Productive
The productive function is aimed at realizing employees' creative abilities, as well as self-expression. As a result of this function, new technologies appear.
Stratification
The task of the stratification function, which is also included in the particulars of labor activity, is to assess the results of labor by consumers, as well as to remunerate the work done. Moreover, all types of work are divided into more and less prestigious. This leads to the formation of a certain system of values and the creation of a ladder of prestige of professions and a stratification pyramid.
The essence of the elements of work
Any work activity is divided into separate elements related to different areas.
Labour Organization
One of these elements is the organization of work. This is a series of measures necessary to ensure the rational use of the labor collective in order to improve production results.
Division of labor
The successful course of all production processes depends on the members of the staff, each of whom must be in his place during working hours. All employees have their own labor functions who perform according to the contract, and for which they receive wages. At the same time, there is a division of labor: each individual employee performs the tasks assigned to him, which are part of the overall goal to achieve which the company's activities are directed.
There are several types of division of labor:
- substantive provides for the assignment of employees to certain workplaces who perform the assigned tasks with the help of the provided tools)
- functional distribution depends on the specific functions that are assigned to each of the workers.
Cooperation
Each separate branch or workshop can independently choose personnel who will perform certain tasks. The elements of labor activity also include another concept - labor cooperation. According to this principle, the more the work performed is divided into different parts, the more employees need to be united to perform the assigned tasks. Cooperation includes such a concept as specialization of production, that is, the concentration of the release of a specific type of product in a given division.
Service of workplaces
Since the efficiency and effectiveness of workers depends on the efficiency of the equipment, employees are hired who are engaged in servicing the devices used for production purposes.
- First, planning is carried out, that is, placing the space in the room in such a way as to provide the employee with comfort, as well as efficiently use the usable area.
- Equipment consists in purchasing necessary equipment, with the help of which the employee will perform the assigned tasks.
- Maintenance includes the subsequent repair of the installed equipment and its modernization to improve its performance.
Time rate
This element regulates the time it takes to complete the work. This indicator is not constant: a person can perform more than the norm in a certain period of time. Even if an employee works according to a certain norm for a long time, he can at any time improve the efficiency of his activities and cope with tasks much faster.
Salary
One of essential elements and constraints in the workplace is wage... If an employee copes with his tasks better than required, he can be promoted or given material incentives. Thus, the desire to earn money becomes the reason for the increase in the worker's productivity.
Ways to improve work efficiency
The result of the enterprise's activities depends not only on increasing the staff and improving the material and technical base, but also on improving the qualifications of existing employees. This is achieved through on-site training. Such training, in fact, is the adaptation of the body to new psychophysiological functions, which must be performed by the employee in the future.
To achieve the goal of work, the employee needs rest. One of the most effective ways to improve the quality of the result of the personnel's activity - to optimize the work and rest regime. As a rule, the change of work and rest should be observed in certain periods of time, namely during:
- work shift (break))
- days (standardized working day))
- weeks (weekend))
- years (vacation).
The specific time allotted for rest depends on the conditions in which the employee works, as well as on the conditions employment contract... This applies to both short breaks (during the working day) and long breaks (throughout the year). So, for most professions, the norm of short-term rest is 5-10 minutes. In one hour. Thanks to this break, you can restore the psychophysiological functions of the body, as well as relieve stress.
Work motivation
In addition to the main motivation in the form of material remuneration, the employee may have other motives, which are due to certain circumstances and reasons. For example, one of the main motives is the need to be in the team, and not outside it. This factor influences another motive - the desire to assert themselves, which in most cases is characteristic of highly qualified specialists seeking to get a managerial position.
Other no less important motives include the desire to acquire something new, to competition, to stability. A person can have several motives combined into one motivational whole, which determines work activity. As a rule, three types of core are distinguished, which are characterized by the desire to:
- providing,
- confession,
- prestige.
The first group is associated with the desire to obtain stable well-being, the second consists in attempts to realize oneself as a successful employee, the essence of the third is to show their importance and demonstrate the social steering wheel by taking an active part in social activities.
Having decided on the motives, the employee can achieve certain success, as well as satisfy his needs by completing the tasks set by the management. Thus, it is recommended to carefully study the motivation of employees, and on its basis develop a system of incentives that will increase the efficiency of the work collective.
The incentive system will work more efficiently if the employer applies A complex approach in its development. Incentives should be based on the traditions of the company, taking into account the general direction of the company. At the same time, it is desirable that the employees of the enterprise also participate in the development of the incentive system.
Features of individual activity
The situation is completely different with self-employment. Legislation Russian Federation permits, in addition to setting up an enterprise as legal entity conducting individual activities. As an example - private teaching of subjects, preparing children for school, tutoring. However, such individual activity has its advantages and disadvantages, which is why many do not dare to take up tutoring.
Such a teacher is not required to obtain a license that would give him the right to carry out teaching activities. It is also much easier to keep your own accounting records. However, there are some nuances in which the tutor is obliged to pay a higher percentage of tax in comparison with organizations.
Individual pedagogical labor activity can be classified as intellectual labor. Like any other work, this type of activity is aimed at obtaining a certain income, and therefore must be registered.
Individual labor pedagogical activity can be associated not only with conducting classes in an extracurricular program. It also includes the sale of goods related to the educational sphere, namely: textbooks, pens, notebooks, etc. In addition, any individual entrepreneur can develop teaching methods and programs.
Registration must take place in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The process is regulated by the Civil Code and a number of other documents. When registering, you must submit a photo, identity document, as well as a certificate confirming the payment of the registration fee.
- Corporate culture
1 -1
During life at every moment a person is in one of two states - activity or inaction. Activity (as well as activities, actions as part of an activity) is one of the forms of human existence, an active process in which the physical and mental powers of a person are realized, aimed at satisfying any needs. Inaction is a passive process associated with periods of restoration of working capacity (sleep, passive rest), as well as periods of forced (time of illness, etc.) or voluntary inaction.
Work is a type of human activity. But not every activity is labor. What is the difference between these concepts?
The activity can be divided into parts of the conscious and instinctive. The overwhelming majority of human activity is conscious (conscious), i.e. carried out on the basis of internally reasoned motives. Instinctive activity is determined by inherited unconditioned reflexes at the genetic level. Instinctive behavior of humans and animals is of the same nature and is not labor.
The conscious part of the activity can be divided into labor and non-labor part. The main criteria that distinguish labor from non-labor activity will be:
- connection with the creation of goods,
- connection with purposefulness,
- attitude towards legitimacy,
- demand.
Consider the four points noted:
- labor is creation, i.e. creation and building up of material, spiritual, household goods or restoration of what was lost. Such is the work of a worker, farmer, engineer, artist, doctor, cleaner, etc. Note here that the transportation and storage of goods are necessary parts of the process of bringing them from producer to consumer, and therefore these processes belong to the sphere of material production. An activity that is not related to creation is not labor. For example, games as a means of entertainment, travel and walks as a means of relaxation, taking medical procedures, eating. The activity performed by a person during rest, entertainment, treatment, nutrition, in contrast to labor, is associated with the consumption of goods to restore his working capacity, development, reproduction of life;
- labor can only be purposeful activity; aimless activity has nothing to do with work, since it is a mediocre waste of human energy that has no positive consequences;
- only legitimate (not prohibited) activities are related to work; prohibited, illegitimate, criminal activity cannot be labor, since it is destructive, aimed, as a rule, at misappropriating the results of someone else's labor and is prosecuted by law;
- labor is a demanded activity. If a person spent time and effort on the production of a product that turned out to be of no use to anyone, then such activity also cannot be considered labor, for example, the expenditure of working time for the release of incorrigibly defective products through the fault of the employee.
Only the presence of all these qualities of activity will simultaneously characterize labor activity - labor.
In this way work- this is a conscious, purposeful and legitimate activity of a person (people) for the production (creation) of material or spiritual goods (things, goods, services, works of science, culture, art, etc.) that can satisfy certain human needs and are in demand by people.
The labor process involves the following components:
- subject of labor - a substance of nature or an object that has already undergone the impact of labor, or an object of rendering services, to which the employee's labor activity is directed in order to impart new properties useful to a person;
- means of labor - all that with the help of which the worker influences the object of labor and that creates the necessary conditions for him to work. The means of labor include: instruments of labor (tools, machine tools, machines, mechanisms, apparatus, etc. technological equipment); buildings and premises in which the labor process is carried out; structures necessary to ensure labor (roads, bridges, overpasses, tanks, etc.);
- technology of activity, or the way of influencing the subject of labor. Purposefulness of activities presupposes the availability of knowledge and (or) skills to perform a particular job. Strict sequential execution of actions, a set of methods of influencing the object of labor to change or give it new properties, shape, mutual arrangement of parts, location in space constitutes the content of the technology of activity;
- organization of labor - a certain order of construction and implementation of the labor process, which consists of the system of interaction of the employee with objects and tools of labor and production interaction of people with each other in the labor process;
- meaningful human impact on the subject of labor using the necessary means, technology and labor organization to give it (the subject) properties that satisfy certain needs.
Different aspects are distinguished in the concept of labor:
- economic (labor market, employment of the population, labor productivity, its price, organization and regulation, payment and material incentives, planning, analysis and accounting of labor);
- social (meaningfulness, attractiveness, prestige and labor motivation, social partnership, etc.);
- psychophysiological (severity, tension, occupational hygiene, etc.);
- technical and technological (technical and technological equipment, power supply and labor safety, etc.);
- legal (legislative regulation labor relations, relations in the labor market, etc.).
In many cases, such a division is very arbitrary, since labor problems combine different aspects at the same time, appear in unity or are in a very close relationship.
So, for example, a rational division of labor in an enterprise can be achieved only when taking into account economic, psycho-physiological and social criteria; social partnership presupposes the solution of social and economic problems on the basis of their clear legal regulation; remuneration solves economic and social problems, based on labor legislation, etc.
