Lean manufacturing
The Lean Manufacturing concept is based on Toyota's production system, known as TPS (Toyota Production System). After World War II, Toyota used the principle of "flow production" proposed by Henry Ford and supplemented it with many ideas, tools and methods from the field of quality, logistics , production planning, motivation and leadership. As a result, despite a shortage of manpower and financial resources, Toyota was able to offer higher quality products at a lower cost than its competitors. Loss of Muda. To increase the value added in the production process, the following types of losses are distinguished. Muda - "waste" - anything that wastes resources, but does not add value. Lean manufacturing distinguishes seven types of muda:
- Overproduction (production of items that no one needs; production of products in a larger volume earlier or faster than is required at the next stage of the process).
- Inventories (any excess receipt of products in the production process, whether it be raw materials, semi-finished products or finished products)
- Over-processing (effort that does not add value from the consumer's point of view to the product / service)
- Excessive movement (any movement of people, tools or equipment that does not add value to the final product or service)
- · Defects and rejects (products requiring inspection, sorting, disposal, downgrading, replacement or repair).
- Waiting (interruptions from work associated with waiting for people, materials, equipment or information)
- Transport (transport of parts or materials within the enterprise)
- 2. Pulling line production. Pull production is a production organization scheme in which the volume of products at each production stage is determined solely by the needs of subsequent stages (ultimately, the needs of the customer). The ideal is “single piece flow”, that is, the supplier (or internal supplier) located upstream does not produce anything as long as the consumer (or internal consumer) located below he will not inform him about it. Thus, each subsequent operation "pulls" the product from the previous one. This way of organizing work is also closely related to line balancing and flow synchronization. 3. KANBAN is a Japanese word meaning signal or card. This system is based on the "Just in Time" system - the delivery of the required products in the required quantity at the required time - serves for the operational management of production. The essence of the system is that all production areas of the enterprise, including the final assembly lines, are supplied strictly according to the schedule with exactly the amount of raw materials that is really necessary for the rhythmic release of a precisely defined volume of products. Signal label in the form of a special card in a plastic envelope serves as a means for transmitting an order for the delivery of a certain number of specific products. In this case, selection cards and a production order card are used.
- 4. System 5C - the technology of creating an effective workplace Under this designation is known the system of putting things in order, cleanliness and strengthening discipline. The 5C system includes five interrelated principles of workplace organization. The Japanese name for each of these principles begins with the letter "C". Translated into Russian - sorting, rational arrangement, cleaning, standardization, improvement. Principles:
- 1. SORTING: to separate the necessary items - tools, parts, materials, documents - from unnecessary ones in order to remove the latter.
- 2. RATIONAL LOCATION: Rationally arrange what is left, put each item in its place.
- 3. CLEANING: Maintain cleanliness and order.
- 4. STANDARDIZATION: be careful by doing the first three S.
- 5. IMPROVEMENT: making established procedures a habit and improving them. (to the table of contents)
- 5. Quick Changeover (SMED - Single Minute Exchange of Die) SMED literally translates as "Die change in 1 minute". The concept was developed by the Japanese author Shigeo Shingo and revolutionized the conversion and retooling approach. As a result of the implementation of the SMED system, any tool change and changeover can be done in just a few minutes or even seconds, “one touch” (the “OTED” concept - “One Touch Exchange of Dies”). As a result of numerous statistical studies, it was found that the time for performing various operations in the changeover process is distributed as follows: preparation of materials, dies, fixtures, etc. - 30% fastening and removal of stamps and tools - 5% centering and placement of the tool - 15% trial processing and adjustment - 50% As a result, the following principles were formulated that allow to reduce the changeover time by tens and even hundreds of times: separation of internal and external adjustment operations, transformation of internal actions into external ones, the use of functional clamps or complete elimination fasteners, the use of accessories ..
- 6. System TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) - General maintenance of equipment, mainly serves to improve the quality of equipment, focused on the maximum efficient use thanks to a comprehensive preventive maintenance system. The emphasis in this system is placed on the prevention and early detection of equipment defects that can lead to more serious problems. Operators and repairers are involved in TRM, who work together to improve the reliability of the equipment. TPM is based on scheduling preventive maintenance, lubrication, cleaning, and general inspection. This ensures an increase in such an indicator as Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE).
- 7. JIT system(Just-In-Time - just in time). It is a material management system in manufacturing, in which components from a previous operation (or from an external supplier) are delivered exactly when they are needed, but not earlier. This system leads to a sharp reduction in the volume of work in progress, materials and finished goods in warehouses. The JIT system assumes a specific approach to the selection and evaluation of suppliers, based on working with a narrow range of suppliers, selected for their ability to guarantee the delivery of just-in-time high quality components. At the same time, the number of suppliers is reduced by two or more times, and long-term economic ties are established with the remaining suppliers. Visualization is any means of communicating how work should be done. This is such an arrangement of tools, parts, containers and other indicators of the state of production, in which everyone at a glance can understand the state of the system - the norm or deviation. The most commonly used imaging techniques are:
- Contouring
- Color coding
- Traffic sign method
- · Marking with paint
- · "It was - it is now"
- Graphical work instructions
Contouring is good way show where tools and assembly fixtures are to be stored. Outline is to outline the assembly fixtures and tools where they are to be kept permanently. When you want to put a tool back in place, the outline will tell you where to store that tool.
Color coding indicates what specific parts, tools, fixtures and molds are used for. For example, if some parts are needed in the production of a certain product, they can be painted in the same color and stored in a storage location painted in the same color.
The method of road signs - uses the principle of indicating the objects in front of you (WHAT, WHERE and in what QUANTITY). There are three main types of such signs: pointers on objects, indicating where the objects should be; pointers on the ground, informing which items should be located here; quantity indicators telling how many items should be in that location.
Paint marking is a technique used to highlight the location of something on the floor or in aisles. .Paint marking is used to mark dividing lines between work areas or transport passages.
“It was” - “It has become”. The image of the workplace / site / workshop "before" and "after" the changes clearly demonstrates the changes that have occurred, increases the motivation of workers and supports new standard... Graphical work instructions describe the work steps and quality requirements at each workplace in the simplest and most visual way possible. Graphical work instructions are located directly in the workplace and standardize the optimal way of doing work, ensuring versatility of workers and adherence to standards. 9. U-shaped cells. The location of the equipment is in the form of the Latin letter "U". In the U-shaped cell, the machines are arranged in a horseshoe-shaped manner, according to the sequence of operations. With this arrangement of equipment, the last stage of processing takes place in the immediate vicinity of the start stage, so the operator does not need to go far to start the next production run.
Table. 3 The general model of a production system based on Lean principles is shown in the figure
|
||||
|
equipment management Offline service |
Flow control Alignment Pulling Fast changeover |
People and teamwork Selection and general goals Staff involvement and delegation of authority Related professions Continuous problem solving perfect "Why" - the first reasons |
Quality control Built-in quality in the workplace Automatic stop Release. man from car Warn. mistakes ("Bye-eeke) |
Service management Flexible work teams Improving Process Self-organization Office productivity management |
GOST R 56907-2016
Group T59
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
LEAN
Visualization
Lean Production. Visualization
OKS 03.120.10
OKSTU 0025
Introduction date 2016-10-01
Foreword
Foreword
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University (MADI)" together with a working group consisting of: FSBEI HPE "ASU", ANO "Academy of Management", JSC "Amur shipbuilding plant", LLC "BaltSpecSplav ", JSC" Russian Helicopters ", JSC" Vyksa Metallurgical Plant ", JSC" Gazpromneft-supply ", KnAF JSC" Sukhoi Civil Aircraft ", JSC" IL ", JSC" Corporation "Irkut", "Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI "(KNITU-KAI), OJSC" KAMAZ ", LLC" LinSoft ", PJSC" Company "Sukhoi", JSC "Lada-Image", Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Tatarstan, LLC "National Management Systems ", OJSC" NLMK ", PJSC" Research and Production Corporation "United Carriage Company" (PJSC "NPK UWC"), OJSC "Baltic Shipbuilding Plant" Yantar ", PJSC" UAC "; GC "Orgprom", LLC "PenzTISIZ", State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom", JSC "Russian Railways", JSC "RSK" MiG " State University, JSC "Cherkizovsky MPZ"
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 076 "Management Systems"
3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 232-st dated March 31, 2016
4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
5 REDISSION. May 2017
The rules for the application of this standard are set out in Article 26 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 N 162-FZ "On standardization in the Russian Federation" ... Information on changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notice and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)
Introduction
This International Standard has been developed based on best practices from organizations. Russian Federation and taking into account the best world practice in the use of visualization - the lean manufacturing method (hereinafter - BP).
This International Standard is designed to be used by any organization that chooses to improve performance through the use of a visualization method.
This International Standard has been developed using regulatory framework GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407.
1 area of use
This International Standard is intended for use in lean management systems and other management systems and is applicable to all organizations, regardless of size, ownership and type of activity.
This standard provides guidance on the use of the imaging method based on the recommended BP principles in accordance with GOST R 56407.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following standards:
GOST R 56020-2014 Lean manufacturing. Fundamentals and vocabulary
GOST R 56407-2015 Lean manufacturing. Basic methods and tools
GOST R 12.4.026-2001 Occupational safety standards system. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and application rules. General technical requirements and characteristics
GOST R 56906-2016 Lean manufacturing. Workspace organization (5S)
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the operation of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and by the issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the referenced standard to which an undated reference is given has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that standard be used, subject to any changes made to that version. If the referenced standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of that standard with the above year of approval (acceptance). If, after the approval of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which the dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is made, then this provision is recommended to be applied without regard to this change... If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms and definitions
In this standard, the terms according to GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407 are used, as well as the following term * with the corresponding definition:
_______________
* The text of the document corresponds to the original. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.
3.3 imaging method (visualization method): A systematized set of actions for visualizing objects.
4 Key points
4.1 Purpose and objectives of visualization
The visualization method is used in the organization in order to present information in a visual form (drawing, photograph, graph, diagram, diagram, table, map, etc.) and bring it to the attention of personnel in real time to analyze the current state and make reasonable and objective decisions.
The objectives of the visualization method are:
1) visual presentation of information for analyzing the current state production processes;
2) ensuring the required level of security;
3) creating conditions for making informed and prompt decisions;
4) creating conditions for a quick response to problems;
5) quick search and detection of deviations in the performance of operations or production processes.
4.2 Objects of application
The organization should identify the objects to apply the rendering method.
The objects of application of the visualization method should be considered at each level of the value stream in accordance with GOST R 56020:
- interorganizational level;
- the level of organization;
- process level;
- the level of operations.
The objects of application of the visualization method can be:
1) personnel;
2) workplace;
3) work space;
4) organizational processes;
5) infrastructure;
6) information flows;
7) value stream;
8) and others.
4.3 Responsibility
Top management is responsible for the effectiveness and efficiency of the visualization method and ensures its implementation at all levels in the organization.
4.3.1 Top management shall assign responsibility for ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the imaging method.
4.4 Resources
The organization shall provide the implementation of the visualization method with the necessary time, labor, financial and material resources.
4.5 Competence of staff
The organization should determine the competencies of the personnel implementing the visualization method, including:
1) knowledge of the visualization method and its graphic tools, basic documents in the organization for the implementation of the visualization method, the possibilities of using this method, advanced experience in the field of visualization;
2) the ability to visualize objects and information in accordance with the requirements, apply effective ways control and improvement of the method;
3) possess the skills of independent work in terms of the implementation of the visualization method and the skills of teaching its application.
5 Requirements for the rendering method
Methods and tools of the visualization method should provide each employee with the opportunity to instantly obtain objective information, assess the state of processes and visualization objects in accordance with GOST R 56906.
To reduce the risk of inaccurate information, the organization should determine:
- format and methods of presentation.
5.1 Rendering method objects
As objects of the visualization method, it is necessary to consider for:
1) personnel: profession, qualifications, competencies, technological and actual placement, actual attendance, motivation, labor safety and others;
2) workplace: equipment, tools, tooling, documentation, materials, components, work in progress, finished products, non-conforming products, raw materials, containers, etc. in accordance with GOST R 56906;
3) working space: buildings and structures, production sites, office and specialized premises, territories, driveways, walkways and others;
4) organizational processes: process operations, organizational procedures, routines, regulations, external and internal interactions, etc .;
5) infrastructures: engineering communications, means of mechanization and automation, vehicles and others;
6) information flows: means and methods of transferring information, documentation, analytical data and others;
7) value stream: building blocks, stages and characteristics of the stream.
5.2 Methods and tools of the visualization method
The organization shall define and apply rendering techniques and tools for all objects where appropriate.
As methods and tools of the visualization method, it is necessary to apply:
- marking;
- contouring;
- markup;
- color coding;
- information stand.
5.2.1 marking: A method of visual designation that allows you to identify the purpose, location, application and ownership of objects (documents, objects, buildings, territories, etc.).
Marking can be color, letter, symbolic, etc.
Color coding is a tool with which objects are highlighted (marked) with color to identify them by purpose, location, application and belonging.
NOTE Color coding can be used to control inventory levels. In this case, the storage location is divided and colored in different colors according to the principle of the replenishment level, for example:
- an urgent need to replenish the stock (red);
- you need to replenish the stock (yellow);
- sufficient supply (green).
5.2.2 delineation: A way of indicating the location of an object, highlighting its contour (silhouette) with a contrasting color.
5.2.3 markup: A way of visualizing objects using signal color coding to increase the efficiency and safety of their use. The markings indicate: the boundaries of workspaces, the location of objects and equipment, transport passages, aisles, trajectories and directions of movement of personnel, objects, vehicles, etc.
The organization shall determine the signal color coding taking into account GOST R 12.4.026.
5.2.4 color coding: A method of converting information into a specific color or combination of colors (color code) to give a distinctive feature to an object, process, indicators, etc. ...
Color coding is used in a variety of visualization tools and techniques, from markup to histograms and graphs.
5.2.5 information stand: Board, screen, poster, electronic board, etc.
The organization should define the content of the information boards. Information boards display:
1) planned and actual information about the state of processes (indicators - quality, quantity, costs, safety, deviations, problems, information about personnel, etc.);
2) display of changes "before and after" ("was - was").
5.3 Information visualization procedure
The organization needs to define a procedure:
1) collection and storage of information;
2) processing and preparation of information for placement;
3) posting information;
4) updating (regular updating) of information by the responsible person.
5.3.1 When using the mechanism for collecting and storing information, it is necessary to ensure the collection of historical information (accumulation of information over the period of using the visualization tool).
5.3.2 To reduce the risk of inaccurate information for making informed decisions, it is necessary to develop and apply a procedure for updating information, including:
- the frequency of collection and placement of data;
- responsibility for accuracy;
- presentation format.
Bibliography
UDC 685.5.011: 006.354 | OKS 03.120.10 | ||
Keywords: visualization, marking, delineation, markup, color coding, information stand |
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Electronic text of the document
prepared by JSC "Kodeks" and verified by:
official publication
M .: Standartinform, 2017
The modern capabilities of 3D technologies allow us to represent the work process of many logistics functions of an enterprise. However, the choice of technology is not always obvious. This article provides a description and analysis of various technological solutions for the presentation of graphical information. The graphic libraries OpenGL, Direct 3D, JAVA3D and JavaOpenGL are considered. Web technologies for creating three-dimensional scenes are presented, such as Alternativa 3D, Unity 3D, WebGL, VRML. Completed comparative analysis technologies considered. When comparing technologies, a choice was made in favor of JavaOpenGL as a more flexible and cross-platform visualization solution within the developed system. The necessary results of interaction of the developed 3D service with the existing system are given. The choice of the visualization tool was made taking into account the criteria of the developed system of tracking, control, analysis and optimization of the full cycle of production of metallurgical products.
logistics processes
graphic information
visualization
3D technology
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6. Unity 3D // electronic resource. Access mode: http://www.unity3d.ru/
7. Java3D TM Graphics // electronic resource. Access mode: http://www.java3d.org/ (date of access 10.10.2013).
8. Kai Ruhl. JOGL (JavaOpenGL) Tutorial // Electronic resource. Access mode: http://www.land-of-kain.de/docs/jogl/ (date of access 10.10.2013).
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10. WebGL // Electronic resource. Access mode: http://www.khronos.org/webgl/ (date of access 10.10.2013).
Introduction
At the Department of Information Technologies of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “UrFU named after the first President of Russia B.N. mathematical models of technological, logistic and business processes of an enterprise ”. Project initiator: I-Teco CJSC (Moscow).
Developed automated system should include the following features:
- collection and storage of technological information and quality indicators in relation to the unit of production, time and place of processing;
- data visualization to a wide range of specialists and managers;
- automatic detection of deviations of parameters from preselected criteria;
- a statistical tool for analyzing deviations and developing corrective actions to eliminate the causes of deviations;
- analysis of end-to-end technology and development of the relationship between technological parameters and product quality parameters in order to adjust the existing technology.
The list of these functions can be implemented using different software tools, but it is obvious that the process visualization module must be integrated with the data warehouse.
Computer visualization of production processes of an enterprise becomes relevant when production occupies large areas, or is territorially divided. In the case of metallurgical production, we have a plant with a production area of more than 10 thousand square meters. m. Obviously, even observing the movement of products can cause a problem.
Formulation of the problem
Due to intensive development computer graphics Recently, the use of three-dimensional models has become widespread for solving various scientific and industrial problems. This list also includes the management of logistics processes. Logistics functions such as warehousing, supply, inventory and purchasing management, transportation management, and optimization of vehicle routes are usually controlled by some kind of simulation system. The graphic display of warehouses, production facilities, products using 3D visualization will undoubtedly allow you to better navigate in space. The user of the system will be able to observe the movement of production facilities in the same way as in real space, and make management decisions thanks to auxiliary visual aids(fig. 1).
Rice. 1. 3D visualization of the workshop
To create a 3D graphic service, it is necessary to consider possible tools and technologies that allow visualizing objects in three-dimensional space. The choice of technology was carried out on the basis of the following criteria:
- The ability to integrate the visualization module with the existing system.
- Cross-platform support.
- Browser support.
- Rendering performance taking into account a variety of used graphic elements.
In the simplest representation, the structure of the system can be represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 2). Software simulation modeling AS VMP place the result of the design of the model in the data warehouse (CD), selected by the customer. Both a file resource and a relational database can act as a CD. The data warehouse receives information on the execution of enterprise processes. To visualize the model, a three-tier architecture is used on the WEB-platform, which allows you to flexibly change and update the means of displaying models, the protocol for accessing simulation data and the algorithm of operation without changing the requirements for client devices.
Rice. 2. Place of the 3D model in the structure of the system
To begin with, consider the existing graphics libraries that work with 3D graphics at a low level of abstraction.
Graphics Libraries
The Open Graphics Library is a graphics standard that supports a low-level programming model and provides ample opportunities for 3D graphics modeling. It is one of the most popular graphics standards in the world. Programs written with OpenGL can be ported to virtually any platform with the same result, be it a graphics station or a supercomputer. OpenGL frees the programmer from writing programs for specific hardware. If the device supports a certain function, then this function is performed in hardware, if not, then the library performs it in software.
The Direct3D graphics library is part of the DirectX API and is a 3D output API. Direct X is a set of interfaces designed to solve programming problems under the Microsoft Windows operating system. Almost all parts of the DirectX API are collections of COM-compatible objects. One of the most important qualities of Direct3D is transparent access to graphics accelerators. If the hardware platform does not support a feature, Direct3D implements its equivalent in software. In addition, Direct3D implements fast software rendering using a full 3D rendering pipeline.
JavaSoft has brought 3D capabilities to Java (Java 3D) by creating its own library and linking it to standard OpenGL and DirectX tools. But the programming interface of 3D applications in Java differs significantly from OpenGL, approaching that of the high-level OpenInventor library. The library is conditionally subdivided into the base part (javax.media.j3d, javax.vecmath) and the auxiliary part (com.sun.j3d.audioengines, com.sun.j3d.loaders, com.sun.j3d.utils). The first serves as the foundation of the Java 3D API, defines it technical capabilities and defines the mechanism of interaction between objects. The second is an add-on implemented using base classes that makes it easier to use the most frequently used operations and expands the developer's capabilities.
The JavaOpenGL (JOGL) library is a direct binding of OpenGL functions to the Java programming language. It is a reference implementation of the JSR-231 (JavaBindingstoOpenGL) specification. JOGL gives the programmer access to all the capabilities of the OpenGL API and to two major add-ons to OpenGL. JOGL differs from other OpenGL frameworks in that it provides the programmer with the ability to work with the OpenGL API by accessing OpenGL commands through calls to the appropriate methods with the types of arguments familiar to the Java developer. The small abstraction level of JOGL makes it possible to build quite efficient programs in terms of speed of execution, but complicates the programming process in comparison with the OpenGL wrappers for Java (for example, such as Java3D).
Web technologies for creating 3D scenes
In accordance with the technical requirements and within the framework of the problem being solved, to ensure cross-platform conditions, it is more expedient to consider existing Web technologies for 3D modeling.
VRML (VirtualRealityModellingLanguage) is an open standard developed by ISO (International Organization for Standartization). The first 3D modeling language developed for the Web, it can be classified as a scripting language. The language is intended for describing three-dimensional objects and designing 3D worlds. VRML allows you to create complex 3D scenes using text commands. These commands describe polygonal objects and special effects to simulate lighting, surroundings, and to make images look realistic.
Alternativa3D technology is designed to display three-dimensional graphics in the Flash Player environment. Alternativa3D 8 graphics engine was developed by Alternativa Platform for use in its own projects. The possibilities of Alternativa3D are multifaceted and varied, and the scope of application ranges from the creation of completely three-dimensional sites on the Internet to the development of multiplayer browser games and projects for social networks in 3D. Rendering takes place through the Direct3D and OpenGL libraries, or the SwiftShader software emulator, which means the ability to work on all popular operating systems and devices, including PCs, laptops, netbooks and mobile platforms, including Android. The special binary format Alternativa3D reduces the amount of data required for transmission over the network, which speeds up the loading of the scene into the engine. Models are exported to this format from the 3DSMax package using the appropriate plugin.
WebGL (Web-based GraphicsLibrary) is a software library for the JavaScript programming language that allows you to create interactive 3D graphics in JavaScript that function in a wide range of compatible web browsers. Due to the use of low-level support for the OpenGL library, part of the WebGL code can be executed directly on video cards. WebGL is based on the OpenGL API, and with some degree of convention, we can say that WebGL is an OpenGL "binding" for JavaScript. WebGL focuses on the set of capabilities provided by OpenGL ES 2.0, which allows it to be used on a wide range of hardware: both on desktops and on mobile platforms. Like OpenGL, WebGL is a low-level API, and in order to create projects using it directly, you need to be fairly familiar with many of the complex aspects of 3D graphics. Currently, WebGL is already supported by the Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Opera browsers for Windows, Linux and MacOS, and the FirefoxforAndroid browser. Safari builds for macOS have the option to enable WebGL support.
Unity 3D is a multi-platform development tool for 2D and 3D applications running on Windows and OSX operating systems. Apps created with Unity run on Windows, OSX, Android, AppleiOS, Linux, as well as Wii, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles.
The Unity game engine is adapted to the development environment, which allows you to render the scene directly in the editor. Import from a large number of formats is supported. Network support is built in.
Technology analysis
As a result of the analysis of the considered technologies, a comparative table was compiled (Table 1). The table shows that only Web technologies and the JOGL library meet all the criteria.
Table 1. Comparison of technologies
|
Development tool |
Work under Windows OS |
Work under Linux OS |
Web support |
Integrated development environment |
Support for mobile platforms |
|
|
All programming languages |
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Unity3D editor, C #, JavaScript, Boo |
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VRML editor |
||||||
Development tools such as OpenGL ES (OpenGL for Embedded Systems) and Direct3D support Mobile platforms, but they are not counted in the table as they are subsets and flavors of OpenGL and Direct 3D.
Work on the study of 3D modeling technologies was carried out in order to find the most suitable tool for three-dimensional visualization of production and logistics processes of a metallurgical enterprise.
As a result, the graphic libraries OpenGL and Direct 3D, JAVA 3D and Java OpenGL were considered. When comparing these libraries, a choice was made in favor of Java OpenGL as a more flexible and cross-platform visualization solution within the framework of the developed system.
The use of the high-level language JAVA for the development of a simulation tool and the availability of a high-quality implementation of three-dimensional visualization tools in JAVA give grounds for choosing this language as the main tool for developing a visualization module for Linux.
In accordance with the technical requirements and within the framework of the problem being solved, to ensure cross-platform conditions, it was concluded that it is advisable to consider Web technologies for three-dimensional modeling. Analysis of Web technologies for creating three-dimensional scenes Alternativa3D, Unity 3D, WebGL and VRML showed that the use of ready-made engines (for example, Unity 3D) also has prospects for integration with the developed AS VMP modules. Of particular note is the WebGL rendering technology, which is supported by most modern browsers: GoogleChrome, Opera, Mozilla.
The work was carried out under contract No. 02.G25.31.0055 (project 2012-218-03-167).
Reviewers:
Shabunin S.N., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of High-Frequency Radio Communication and Television, FGAOU VPO Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin ", Yekaterinburg.
Dorosinsky L.G., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Information Technologies, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin ", Yekaterinburg.
Bibliographic reference
Dmitriev I.L., Papulovskaya N.V., Aksenov K.A., Kamelsky V.D. THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND LOGISTIC PROCESSES: CHOICE OF DEVELOPMENT TOOL // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 2 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=12657 (date of access: 03.02. We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
Japanese word for signal or card. It is a method used to pull products and materials onto lean production lines.
There are several KANBAN options, depending on the application: starting the previous process, double-bin (single-card), multi-card, single-use kanban, etc.
KANBAN allows you to optimize the chain of planning production activities, starting from demand forecasting, planning production tasks and balancing / distributing these tasks across production capacities with optimization of their load. Optimization is understood as "not doing anything superfluous, not doing ahead of time, reporting an emerging need only when it is really necessary."
The KANBAN system was developed and for the first time in the world implemented by Toyota.
System 5C - technology for creating an effective workplace
Under this designation is known the system of restoring order, cleanliness and strengthening of discipline. The 5C system includes five interrelated principles of workplace organization. The Japanese name for each of these principles begins with the letter "C". Translated into Russian - sorting, rational arrangement, cleaning, standardization, improvement.
1. SORTING: to separate the necessary items - tools, parts, materials, documents - from unnecessary ones in order to remove the latter.
2. RATIONAL LOCATION: Rationally arrange what is left, put each item in its place.
3. CLEANING: Maintain cleanliness and order.
4. STANDARDIZATION: be careful by doing the first three S.
5. IMPROVEMENT: making established procedures a habit and improving them.
Quick Changeover (SMED - Single Minute Exchange of Die)
SMED literally translates as “Stamp change in 1 minute”. The concept was developed by the Japanese author Shigeo Shingo and revolutionized the conversion and retooling approach. As a result of the implementation of the SMED system, any tool change and changeover can be done in just a few minutes or even seconds, “one touch” (the “OTED” concept - “One Touch Exchange of Dies”).
As a result of numerous statistical studies, it has been established that the time for performing various operations in the changeover process is distributed as follows:
preparation of materials, stamps, devices, etc. - 30%
fixing and removing stamps and tools - 5%
tool centering and placement - 15%
trial processing and adjustment - 50%
As a result, the following principles were formulated to reduce changeover times by tens and even hundreds of times:
separation of internal and external setup operations,
transformation of internal actions into external ones,
the use of functional clamps or the complete removal of fasteners,
use of additional devices.
TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) System
TPM - Total Equipment Care, is mainly about improving the quality of equipment, focused on the most efficient use through a total system of preventive maintenance.
The emphasis in this system is on prevention and early detection of equipment defects which can lead to more serious problems.
Operators and repairers are involved in TRM, who work together to improve the reliability of the equipment. TPM is based on scheduling preventive maintenance, lubrication, cleaning, and general inspection. This ensures an increase in such an indicator as Full Equipment Efficiency(from the English "Overall Equipment Effectiveness" - OEE).
JIT system (Just-In-Time - just in time)
JIT (Just-In-Time) / Just-In-Time - a material management system in production, in which components from a previous operation (or from an external supplier) are delivered exactly when they are required, but not earlier. This system leads to a sharp reduction in the volume of work in progress, materials and finished goods in warehouses.
The JIT system assumes a specific approach to the selection and evaluation of suppliers, based on working with a narrow range of suppliers, selected for their ability to ensure the delivery of just-in-time high quality components. At the same time, the number of suppliers is reduced by two or more times, and long-term economic ties are established with the remaining suppliers.
Approved. and put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of March 31, 2016 N 232-st
National standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 56907-2016
"LEAN PRODUCTION. VISUALIZATION"
Lean Production. Visualization
OKS 03.120.10
Introduced for the first time
Reissue. May 2017
Foreword
1 Developed by the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI)" together with a working group consisting of: FSBEI HPE "ASU", ANO "Academy of Management", JSC "Amur Shipbuilding Plant", LLC "BaltSpetsSplav A .N. Tupolev-KAI "(KNITU-KAI), KAMAZ OJSC, LinSoft LLC, Sukhoi Company PJSC, Lada-Image JSC, Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Tatarstan, National Management Systems LLC , OJSC "NLMK", PJSC "Scientific and Production Corporation" United Carriage Company (PJSC "NPK UWC"), OJSC "Baltic Shipbuilding Plant" Yantar ", PJSC" UAC "; GC "Orgprom", LLC "PenzTISIZ", State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom", JSC "Russian Railways", JSC "RSK" MiG ", MOO" Lean Union ", CJSC" Center "Priority", Udmurt State University, JSC " Cherkizovsky MPZ "
2 Introduced by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 076 "Management Systems"
3 Approved and put into effect by the Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of March 31, 2016 N 232-st
4 Introduced for the first time
5 Reissue. May 2017
Introduction
This standard was developed on the basis of the best practices accumulated by the organizations of the Russian Federation and taking into account the best world practice in the use of visualization - the lean manufacturing method (hereinafter - BP).
This International Standard is designed to be used by any organization that chooses to improve performance through the use of a visualization method.
This standard has been developed using the regulatory framework GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407.
1 area of use
This International Standard is intended for use in lean management systems and other management systems and is applicable to all organizations, regardless of size, ownership and type of activity.
This standard provides guidance on the use of the imaging method based on the recommended BP principles in accordance with GOST R 56407.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following standards:
GOST R 56020-2014 Lean manufacturing. Fundamentals and vocabulary
GOST R 56407-2015 Lean manufacturing. Basic methods and tools
GOST R 12.4.026-2001 Occupational safety standards system. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and application rules. General technical requirements and characteristics
GOST R 56906-2016 Lean manufacturing. Workspace organization (5S)
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the operation of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and by the issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the referenced standard to which an undated reference is given has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that standard be used, subject to any changes made to that version. If the referenced standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of that standard with the above year of approval (acceptance). If, after the approval of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which the dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is made, then that provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account that change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms and definitions
In this standard, the terms according to GOST R 56020 and GOST R 56407 are used, as well as the following term with an appropriate definition:
3.3 visualization method systematized set of actions for visualizing objects
4 Key points
4.1 Purpose and objectives of visualization
The visualization method is used in the organization in order to present information in a visual form (drawing, photograph, graph, diagram, diagram, table, map, etc.) and bring it to the attention of personnel in real time to analyze the current state and make reasonable and objective decisions.
The objectives of the visualization method are:
1) visual presentation of information for the analysis of the current state of production processes;
2) ensuring the required level of security;
3) creating conditions for making informed and prompt decisions;
4) creating conditions for a quick response to problems;
5) quick search and detection of deviations in the performance of operations or production processes.
4.2 Objects of application
The organization should identify the objects to apply the rendering method. The objects of application of the visualization method should be considered at each level of the value stream in accordance with GOST R 56020:
Interorganizational level;
Organization level;
Process level;
Operations level.
The objects of application of the visualization method can be:
1) personnel;
2) workplace;
3) work space;
4) organizational processes;
5) infrastructure;
6) information flows;
7) value stream;
8) and others.
4.3 Responsibility
Top management is responsible for the effectiveness and efficiency of the visualization method and ensures its implementation at all levels in the organization.
4.3.1 Top management shall assign responsibility for ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the imaging method.
4.4 Resources
The organization shall provide the implementation of the visualization method with the necessary time, labor, financial and material resources.
4.5 Competence of staff
The organization should determine the competencies of the personnel implementing the visualization method, including:
1) knowledge of the visualization method and its graphic tools, basic documents in the organization for the implementation of the visualization method, the possibilities of using this method, advanced experience in the field of visualization;
2) the ability to visualize objects and information in accordance with the requirements, apply effective methods of monitoring and improving the method;
3) possess the skills of independent work in terms of the implementation of the visualization method and the skills of teaching its application.
5 Requirements for the rendering method
Methods and tools of the visualization method should provide each employee with the opportunity to instantly obtain objective information, assess the state of processes and visualization objects in accordance with GOST R 56906.
To reduce the risk of inaccurate information, the organization should determine:
Format and methods of presentation.
5.1 Rendering method objects
As objects of the visualization method, it is necessary to consider for:
1) personnel: profession, qualifications, competencies, technological and actual placement, actual attendance, motivation, labor safety and others;
2) workplace: equipment, tools, tooling, documentation, materials, components, work in progress, finished products, nonconforming products, raw materials, containers, etc. in accordance with GOST R 56906;
3) working space: buildings and structures, production sites, office and specialized premises, territories, driveways, walkways and others;
4) organizational processes: process operations, organizational procedures, routines, regulations, external and internal interactions, etc .;
5) infrastructures: engineering communications, means of mechanization and automation, vehicles and others;
6) information flows: means and methods of transferring information, documentation, analytical data and others;
7) value stream: building blocks, stages and characteristics of the stream.
5.2 Methods and tools of the visualization method
The organization shall define and apply rendering techniques and tools for all objects where appropriate.
As methods and tools of the visualization method, it is necessary to apply:
Marking;
Contouring;
Markup;
Color coding;
Information stand.
5.2.1 marking: A method of visual designation that allows one to identify the purpose, location, use and belonging of objects (documents, objects, buildings, territories, etc.).
Marking can be color, letter, symbolic, etc.
Color coding is a tool with which objects are highlighted (marked) with color to identify them by purpose, location, application and belonging.
NOTE Color coding can be used to control inventory levels. In this case, the storage location is divided and colored in different colors according to the principle of the replenishment level, for example:
An urgent need to replenish the stock (red);
You need to replenish the stock (yellow);
Sufficient supply (green).
5.2.2 contouring: A method of designating the location of an object, highlighting its contour (silhouette) with a contrasting color.
5.2.3 markup: A way of visualizing objects using signal color coding to increase the efficiency and safety of their use. The markings indicate: the boundaries of workspaces, the location of objects and equipment, transport passages, aisles, trajectories and directions of movement of personnel, objects, vehicles, etc.
The organization shall determine the signal color coding taking into account GOST R 12.4.026.
5.2.4 color coding: A method of converting information into a specific color or combination of colors (color code) to give a distinctive feature to an object, process, indicators, etc. ...
Color coding is used in a variety of visualization tools and techniques, from markup to histograms and graphs.
5.2.5 information stand: board, screen, poster, electronic board, etc.
The organization should define the content of the information boards. Information boards display:
1) planned and actual information about the state of processes (indicators - quality, quantity, costs, safety, deviations, problems, information about personnel, etc.);
2) display of changes "before and after" ("was - was").
5.3 Information visualization procedure
The organization needs to define a procedure:
1) collection and storage of information;
2) processing and preparation of information for placement;
3) posting information;
4) updating (regular updating) of information by the responsible person.
5.3.1 When using the mechanism for collecting and storing information, it is necessary to ensure the collection of historical information (accumulation of information over the period of using the visualization tool).
5.3.2 To reduce the risk of inaccurate information for making informed decisions, it is necessary to develop and apply a procedure for updating information, including:
Frequency of collection and placement of data;
Responsibility for accuracy;
Presentation format.
Bibliography
Shingo, S. Studying the production system of Toyota from the point of view of the organization of production / S. Shingo; per. from English - M .: Institute for Comprehensive Strategic Research, 2006. - 312 p.
