A noticeable reserve of reduction construction and installation costs while reducing the duration of construction is the saving of funds (costs) spent in proportion to the time of work. Costs of this kind are mainly concentrated in overhead costs. construction organization(remuneration of administrative and economic personnel, deductions for social needs, maintenance of the office, buildings and structures, security, etc.), they are usually called conditionally permanent. With a reduction in the duration of construction, their savings will be
where EK „p - savings (cost overruns) of the conditionally constant part of overhead costs while reducing (delaying) the duration of construction; K and the coefficient taking into account specific gravity conditionally constant part of overhead costs in their total amount; N p - the amount of overhead costs according to the estimate of the complex (object) under construction; £ f, £ pl - the actual and planned duration of the construction of the complex (object).
Example 5.5
The construction company managed to reduce the construction time of the facility from 12 to 10 months. Overhead costs for the estimate of the facility under construction are 60 million rubles. The share of conditionally fixed costs is 0.5.
Determine the savings for the conditionally fixed part of the overhead costs.
According to formula 5.26 we get:
V last years contractors incur huge losses due to delayed (delayed) payments and inflation P zi.
where Y is the amount of funds delayed for payment; DG - the amount of delay in payments, fractions of a year; E c - coefficient economic efficiency(profitability) construction organization; Y year - inflation rate on an annualized basis, equal in turn
where / year is the index of changes in prices for construction products during the year.
Example 5.6
The customer delayed payments in the amount of RUB 200 million. for 20 days. Determine the losses of the construction organization if the achieved production efficiency (coefficient) is 0.3 rubles / rubles. in year; the inflation rate on an annualized basis is 1.2 rubles / rub. in year.
More precisely, these losses can be calculated by calculating the price change index I (£ 1? 1 2) directly for the period of delay in payments:
The time factor must also be taken into account when establishing the discount rate r for results and costs of different times.
In a market economy, the discount rate is set in accordance with the rate of return acceptable to the investor on the invested capital. The investor will not invest in a project, the implementation of which provides a rate of return that is less than the value of the deposit interest on deposits. In this case, the investor will prefer to put the money in the bank, rather than invest it directly in production. Bank deposit interest acts in a market economy as the minimum rate of return on capital.
In an unstable economy, the rate of return, and, consequently, the discount rate should be taken higher than the deposit interest by an amount that takes into account the investment risk.
In the case when investments are borrowed funds, the rate of return should not be lower than the interest rate determined by the terms of repayment of debt on loans and interest payments.
These two channels of financial losses are tied together, since the losses from inflation are proportional to the delay in payments:
With mixed capital, when equity, borrowed and borrowed funds are invested, the lower rate of return on capital is determined as the weighted average of payments for the use of advanced capital.
The value of the discount rate in the economic and economic approach to assessing the effectiveness of large investment projects should be determined taking into account not only the purely financial interests of the state, but also social and environmental results, which are quite difficult to assess in value. This circumstance requires a reduction in the discount rate when calculating indicators social effectiveness in comparison with the norms adopted when establishing the commercial effect of investments.
The discount rate should be set taking into account the type of prices taken when calculating the indicators of economic efficiency of investments. To calculate performance indicators, as already noted, both baseline and forecast prices can be used. Basic prices are understood as prices prevailing at a certain point in time. The base prices are assumed to be constant for the entire billing period of determining the performance indicators.
Forecasted prices are determined taking into account the inflationary processes of the economy and change over time. If investment efficiency indicators are calculated at forecast prices that take into account inflation, then the discount rate (/ Г) is taken in accordance with the rate of return on capital acceptable to the investor.
When determining the efficiency of investment investments at basic prices, inflation is taken into account by adjusting the discount rate. In this case, the so-called modified discount rate is used, determined from the equation:
where r is the discount rate that does not take into account inflation; Y n - annual inflation rate,%; g m - modified discount rate:
Modified discount factor R (M is equal to:
(5.32)
Equation 5.31 implies: the higher the inflation rate, the lower the value of the modified discount rate at r = const. If rc coincides with the inflation rate, the modified discount coefficient is equal to one, i.e. there is no need for discounting.
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The cost of construction and installation work is the most important factor economic indicators work of construction organizations.
Determination of the cost of construction and installation work of manufactured products and services, other types of activities of construction organizations is the task of accounting in construction. Cost is the monetary cost of construction, production and service delivery.
The level of the cost of construction products is largely determined by the manufacturing enterprise itself. The cost of production costs is based on objective factors: the need for raw materials, mechanisms, labor force, the prevailing price level for these resources. At the same time, rational and efficient use these resources.
Reducing the cost of construction and installation work can be achieved by:
There are also more subtle and hidden factors that require the involvement of scientific methods, extensive information base, economically highly qualified management personnel:
Traditional factors are assessed as follows.
A. Reducing the cost of construction and installation work (CM) can be achieved by reducing the cost of Construction Materials, details, designs and determine by the formula
B. Decrease in the cost of construction and installation work (Sv) due to an increase in production with an improvement in the use of construction machines and mechanisms can be calculated by the formula
B. A decrease in the cost of construction and installation work from an increase in labor productivity due to an increase in prefabrication of construction is determined by the formula
Particular attention should be paid to the element "Reduce overhead costs". For these purposes, a real estimate of mortgage costs is drawn up and compared with the amount of overhead costs provided for in the estimated cost of construction and installation work. When developing overhead costs, their reduction in individual budget items is taken into account, taking into account the savings from organizational, production and economic activities. At the same time, additional wages are determined on the basis of data from the labor plan, and social insurance costs are determined based on the payroll and the established rates of departments for social insurance; medical expenses for workers are determined on the basis of special calculations; wear of temporary (non-title) fixtures and fittings, structures is calculated on the basis of established wear rates. To further substantiate the calculations for drawing up an estimate of overhead costs, a calculation is made of the savings in overhead costs due to a relative decrease in their conditionally permanent part due to an increase in the volume of construction and installation work and a reduction in the duration of construction in the planned period compared to the base year.
Reducing the duration of construction will cause a decrease in overhead costs by an amount determined by the formula
An increase in output in comparison with the estimate will reduce overhead costs by an amount determined by the formula
A decrease in the level of overhead costs from a decrease in the share of the basic wages of workers can be determined by the formula
The coefficients Кп, Кв, К3, which are part of the last three formulas, are determined for each construction organization based on its characteristics.
V construction production it is possible to apply other measures to reduce the cost of construction and installation work, justified both practically and theoretically.
General production and general expenses are classified as overheads. General production overhead is the cost of maintaining and managing production.
Overhead costs are generated in connection with the organization, maintenance and management of production. They consist of general production and general expenses. One of the most important tasks facing the management of the enterprise is to reduce the cost of production, the development of ways to reduce costs and increase efficiency should occur at all stages production process... Of great importance in the search for ways to reduce the cost of production is the identification of costs not directly related to the production process, and, first of all, the reduction of these particular types of costs. These costs include the cost of organizing and managing production. Their share in the cost price is very significant. The cost of production maintenance and management is about 10-12% of the cost price and refers to the conditionally fixed costs. Consequently, their increase leads to an increase in cost, and this, in turn, affects the amount of profit. Therefore, in our opinion, the topic under consideration is relevant.
General managers of Western firms find that overhead costs are more difficult to control than all other costs, since these costs include many different costing items with different characteristics of the dynamics of change. Some overhead costs, such as depreciation of fixed assets, depend on the production capacity. These costs remain relatively constant regardless of changes in sales or production. Discretionary costs vary only based on management decisions.
Another difficulty is that not all production or distribution overheads are incurred concurrently with the production or distribution process. Some overhead costs are incurred in periods much earlier than changes in production or sales occur. Other overhead costs occur at a much later time, after the mentioned changes have long passed. The generally accepted indicators of the distribution of general production costs are: worked machine-hours, man-hours, machine-days. Perhaps the distribution is proportional to the estimated (normative) rates. The wages of production workers can be used as a base.
The most common way is to prorate costs wages production workers. Meanwhile, the imperfection of this method affects the reliability of determining the cost of production. The distribution of indirect costs in proportion to the wages of production workers leads to the fact that the actual cost of production of highly mechanized sections equipped with expensive special equipment drops sharply due to an increase in the cost of production of those sections that are poorly mechanized and use manual labor... This method makes it extremely difficult to determine the actual economic efficiency of new production methods, leads to the fact that certain types products can be unprofitable, while others - highly profitable due to incorrect redistribution of costs and ultimately can affect the objective determination of wholesale prices for these types of products.
Particular attention should be paid to the element "Reduce overhead costs". For these purposes, a real estimate of overhead costs is drawn up and compared with the amount of overhead costs provided for in the estimated cost of construction and installation work.
Thus, the consideration of ways to improve cost management in construction, their planning is becoming increasingly important.
