Photo of the working day who should make up. Timing of working hours and labor rationing

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In the process of working with personnel, a manager often has to resort to using various methods and tools. One of them is “photo of a working day”.

What is it and what is its purpose?

"Photo of a working day"(or "work time photography", « working hours ») is a study of how efficiently a particular employee, department or team as a whole spends working time. This happens with the help of continuous observation, measurement and detailed recording of all time spent on any action, operation, smoke break, etc. within one working day (shift).

The main purpose of using the “photo of a working day” tool is to identify reserves for increasing labor productivity.

Tasks solved with the help of "photo of the working day":

Identification of temporary losses during the work shift, analysis of their causes
Determining the volume and pace of tasks (output products, etc.)
Obtaining data for the calculation of standards (service time of the workplace, break for rest, etc.)

Ways to take a "photo of the working day":

Using pre-installed video equipment

The "pros" of the method: people who are not informed about the ongoing shooting will behave naturally.

"Cons": for the subsequent analysis of the results, it is necessary to make a transcript of the video recording on paper (time, human action).

Personal observation of a staff member

“Cons”: employees, not understanding why a “photo of a working day” is needed, suspecting that the employer is simply “digging” for them, and fearing sanctions (especially wage cuts), behave inappropriately. Either extremely aggressively, or too diligently, or even refuse to start work under the watchful eye of the “photographer”. As a result, the data obtained become biased.

Therefore, before proceeding with the study, we advise you to conduct explanatory work among the personnel of the enterprise.

"Self-photography" - the employee independently describes each of his actions

Stages of the "photo of the working day":

Training
Conducting a study for a selected period of time + sequential recording of all actions of the object of observation
Analysis of results
Development of measures aimed at improving the situation and eliminating the loss of working time

"Photograph of a working day". Sample and work order

Registration

To conduct the study, prepare in advance a form where you will enter the information received. What does it include?

Initial information:

Date of the "photo of the working day"
Full name of the employee
Name of position and department (place of work)

A table with four columns:

What was observed (any employee action, event, etc.)
Current time (hours, minutes)
Duration (in minutes)
Cost Index

In the first line of the table, be sure to indicate the start time of the observation, in the last line - the end.

How to capture information?

A specially trained employee of the personnel management service monitors the employee and writes down the action and time on the form (the first and second columns are filled in). For instance,

Employee Ivanov Oleg Mikhailovich

Manager for work with corporate clients, sales department

Start time of observation — 9.00

Coming to workplace — 9.00

Meeting with the head of the department - 09.05

Call to the client - 9.15

Parsing Email – 9.22

Reading and editing the contract - 9.33

Leaving the office on personal matters - 9.45

Communication by phone with a delivery service employee - 9.52

Assisting a new client in drafting an application – 9.58

Customer call - 10.15

Smoke break - 10.23

Preparation of a commercial offer - 10.29

Completion of observation - 18.00

Further work order

Then the third column of the form is filled in, that is, the time spent on each action (in minutes) is calculated. And the fourth - the cost index is affixed according to unified system classification of time costs (table "Indexation of the cost of working time").

A summary of the same costs and balances of working hours (both actual and normal) is compiled. The received data are calculated and analyzed. Conclusions are drawn.

"Photo of the working day" - right tool in any business!

Carrying out a "photo of the working day" allows you to solve many problems, optimize the workflow as much as possible. With its help, outdated or erroneous norms, the level of workload of an employee, department or team as a whole are revealed. And according to its results, it is possible to redistribute responsibilities, increase labor productivity, improve standards, and maybe even pay a bonus.

"Photo of the working day", in addition to the timing of work, allows you to analyze the relationship between the services of the organization and optimize business flows.

F Working day photography is useful for employees at all levels of management. Order the service photo of the working day (photo of working time).

AND so what is a picture of a working day.

F Working day photography (or photograph of working time) is a type of observation in which all time spent without exception is recorded throughout the day. Even the smallest things are recorded, such as a minute conversation on the phone, a coffee break, etc.

V as a result of the work done, they get an accurate cut: what exactly and for how long a particular employee was engaged.

WITH I want to note once again that a photograph of a working day (a photograph of working time) is practically useless if it is taken within only one day and by prior arrangement with the employee. And it is also useless if the data is not processed and conclusions are not drawn.

L it is best to take a photo of the working day (photo of working time) during the week - then you will get more accurate data: the controlled person will relax and behave more naturally during the week, in addition, the quality of work changes on different days and you can get average values if you make photos of several working days.

P execution order.

Determination of the purpose of holding a photo of the working day (photo of working time).
Determining the technology of conducting (who will conduct, when, how).
Preparation of observation forms.
Observer briefing.
Taking photos of the working day (photos of working time).
Processing and analysis of results, development of solutions.

1. Purposes of working day photography (working time photos):

determination of the actual costs of working time,
development of standards
identification and elimination of time losses,
improvement of the motivation system,
increasing self-organization,
optimization of business processes of the organization and many others.

X I would like to point out that workers need to know why they are being observed and what the purpose of photographing a work day is. At the same time, the results of a photograph of a working day (photos of working time) should not be used against employees - they must be used to improve labor.

2. Form of observation.

WITH you can download an observation form (self-photo) or an individual photo of a working day (photos of working time).

3. Training of observers.

H familiarize observers with observation sheets, explain that they should note all the actions of a person, while fixing the start time of a new action, the duration of the action.

H The observer must not interfere in the activities of the worker, nor help him, nor enter into negotiations with him. The observer should only record all the actions. At the same time, he should know well what is the essence of the work of the person who is being monitored.

4. Processing of results.

V All operations performed by the employee are grouped, each group is assigned its own index. Similar operations have the same index.

WITH Among the generally accepted are the following:

T pz - time spent on preparatory and final work (came to the workplace, turned on the computer, waited for the programs to load, etc.)

T op - operational time, that is, the time that the employee spent on the performance of duties.

T obs - time taken to solve organizational issues, workplace maintenance.

T per - breaks in time.

D For a more accurate analysis, you can divide the operational time into groups or select additional categories.

D Next, you balance the actual time of the employee (the actual working time of the photo of the working day).

O n is a table in which for each group the number of cases, duration (total time of operations for the group), the share of time spent on the time of the entire working day (observed period) are calculated.

Coefficient of use of working time (K isp):

K isp = Tpz+Top+Tobs+T n exc

where T pz, T op, T o6s is calculated according to the actual balance of working time;

T "exc is selected within the standard given in the conditions of the problem;

Tsm - the established duration of the working day (observation time), min.

Loss rate for organizational and technical reasons

Kpot \u003d Tpot / T cm

The coefficient of loss of working time due to violation labor discipline

Cpnd= Tpnd + (T f exc - T n exc)

where K PND is calculated according to the actual balance of working time;

T*exc and Tn exc - time for rest and personal needs, respectively, actual (according to the actual balance of the working day) and standard (according to the condition of the task).

Possible increase in labor productivity subject to reduction of direct losses working hours can be calculated using the formula:

ΔPT \u003d Tpot + Tpnd + (T f exc - T n exc) * Ks * 100

where K c is the coefficient of reduction of direct losses of working time (0.1; 0.2, etc. With a full reduction in time losses, it is equal to 1).

5. Analysis of the results and development of activities.

A analysis of the results will allow you to understand how much working time is actually used, how often employees take breaks from work, how much time is spent on lunch, how much preparatory work takes.

T You will also be able to determine what is preventing you from doing your job effectively.

V Having identified all the problems and difficulties, develop activities that will help solve the problems.

P Get information about the service for holding a photo of the working day (photos of working time) You

One of the guarantees of labor efficiency is the correct distribution of working time. What methods are not used by HR specialists to understand how and what employees spend their time on. One of these methods is working day photo(photo of working hours).

Of course, a photograph of a working day is not a photograph in the literal sense of the word - no one will capture in the photo every minute what you are doing at the moment. All your actions during working hours are recorded in a special table. Usually, not one single day is recorded, but every working day for 1-2 weeks - this is the only way to get an objective picture of the expenditure of working time.

Why do you need a photo of the working day? Initially, the employee may get the impression that the employer just wants to find something to complain about, fixing his every step. But believe me, if the employer wants to find fault, he will find a much less time-consuming and costly way to do it. Typically, a working time photograph is used to regulation of labor or increase its productivity. It allows you to evaluate the objective employment of employees. It can also be used for certification.

A photo of a working day can be individual, group and brigade, depending on the number of observed employees. Accordingly, by analyzing the results obtained, it is possible to optimize the work of individual employees (say, find an assistant or vice versa, add official duties) or entire working groups and departments. Of course, according to the results of the study, layoffs also occur, but for this you need to be completely idle.

There are three main methods for conducting this research: classical, momentary method and self-photography. In the classical method, a special observer is assigned to the employee, who records all his actions during the working day. In the method of momentary observations, there is also an observer, but he fixes not the whole working day, but individual moments. Well, with self-photography, the employee himself fixes his actions.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Methods that involve observers are more objective. But the employee can be very nervous with the observer and work worse and slower. In addition, the salary of the observer is an additional cost. self photography more comfortable for the employee, but the authorities have to rely on his honesty. In addition, the results may be distorted because fixing also takes working time.

The data obtained during the study is processed and analyzed. It becomes clear how much time the employee spends on the performance of a particular kind of duties. As a result, we can draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the employee (group of employees, departments) and formulate recommendations for labor optimization. They can concern not only employees, but also equipment. After all, it happens that low productivity is not due to laziness or lack of concentration, but to a constantly freezing computer.

What should you do if you are told that an observer has been assigned to you to take a picture of the day at work? First of all - do not panic, do not be nervous and do not be upset. If you don't mess around in the workplace, you have nothing to fear. Just act as natural as possible so that your photo of the working day is as objective as possible. We repeat, if the boss had a grudge against you and he would like to find a reason for dismissal or deprivation of the bonus, he would hardly go for such tricks. If you need to take a selfie, need to be as careful as possible and record even the most seemingly insignificant actions, up to checking e-mail and answering calls.

Workday photography is good way optimize the use of working time, if only the research is done wisely. It is very important for the employer to clearly set the goal of the study and draw the right conclusions from the information received. Well, of course, you need to warn employees in advance about the upcoming study and present it in the right light so that they understand that the photograph of working time is not taken to find fault with them, but to improve working conditions.

Many managers notice that over time, the productivity of their staff falls. If employees or individual departments do not have time to cope with the tasks assigned to them, this cannot but affect the final result of the company's activities. The reason can be both high workload of employees and insufficient qualifications of the employee. To find objective reason applies : business day photograph.

A photograph of a working day is a type of observation of the activities of an individual employee: an accountant, a cook, a manager, a secretary, a storekeeper, or a group of workers: engineers, economists, electric welders in order to determine how much they spend working time.

Such an observation is intended to be transferred to paper and see firsthand the real time spent on the work process. When compiling a map, even telephone conversations that took several minutes. As a result, the manager sees what his staff is really doing throughout the working day, week.

Important! Observation times may vary. They are determined based on the complexity of the situation and the tasks assigned to the observer.

The main goals of compiling a report based on the results of a photo of a working day:

determine the structure of working time. It helps to identify the most time-consuming operation, type of work and determine the priorities of the employee, that is, if he spends more time on one task, then it is more important for him;
study the experience of specialists who give the best results. It will be useful for young cadres. The experience and characteristics of setting, performing the tasks of the best employees helps to optimally organize the work of the rest;
set standards. After analyzing the working time of several employees, it will be easier to decide on the development of a standard for the rest. This is especially important for professions such as: a master of various machine tools, canteen workers and others. This technique helps to determine why previously established norms were not met;
identify losses in the workflow. The results will show what the employee did during the day, and what percentage of the time he spent on his job duties;
employee performance evaluation helps to assess the level of professionalism of employees and their motivation to work.

Important! There are no restrictions on the applicability of this method, it will help to consider very carefully both the working day of the cleaning lady, and the chief accountant, and even the head.

Timekeeping or photo of the working day?

Often these methods are compared, but they differ from each other. So, timing has a duration of a week to one month, the period is determined by the employee himself. That is, he knows about the observation and can do everything, as they say, correctly.

Regarding the method in question, namely the photo of the working day, it is considered more formal and effective. It is initiated exclusively by the leader. In addition, the observer is often introduced into the work team as an agent, that is, none of the employees knows what he will actually do.

When taking a photograph of a working day, all data is entered into a special form, followed by their processing and analysis. Based on these data, the manager receives a report according to the established model. The method is quite old, but still does not lose its relevance, especially with the emergence of new professions.

The need to apply the technique is useful for everyone:

the head/owner of the company receives information regarding the workload of staff and the rational use of resources in the workplace. This method can even be used to calculate wages for this or that work;
personnel manager. Observation helps HR representatives develop optimal job descriptions, as well as to form the need for workers, which is especially important for brigade specialties;
for employees interested in improving work efficiency.

Kinds

There are several types of FRD, the division takes place taking into account the number of objects of observation.

Individual

An individual photograph of the working day is used in the certification of employees. In this case, the working day of only one employee, in production or in the office, is considered, taking into account the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of working time. Observation is carried out for one working day, less than a week.

group

This type is often called mass. Under the guns of observers is a group of employees or an entire structural unit, sometimes a shift. The procedure for conducting and fixing is the same as in the previous method, as a result of which it is possible to obtain a picture of the working time spent by each employee in the link.

If the fixation is carried out for a group of more than 3 employees, then the instant fixation method is applied. This technique has its own characteristics, namely:

the observer determines the specific type of work that he will fix for each of the group members. However, it is impossible to keep track of everyone at once and enter the correct data;
observation periods are divided into intervals with precise time intervals;
when fixing the entry of results in the form, they write using abbreviations.

brigade

This method of research is subjected to a large group of workers. Often this technique is used by employees divided into teams.

Disadvantages of the FRD Method

Although the photograph of a working day provides comprehensive data on the time spent in the process of work, however, certain shortcomings still exist. Firstly, it is the need for observation over several days. Fixed results of one day, to put it mildly, are incorrect.

Secondly, the involvement of an individual in the observation is also a shortcoming of the method. Of course, you can hire a specialist in this area, but it is far from cheap. If you use the available resources and assign your own employee as an observer, then he will also have to be torn off from his main job. And in the case of self-photography, the results may not be the most plausible. It is unlikely that an employee will issue a report in which he voluntarily indicates how many times he smoked per day or how many hours he spent on the Internet, visiting social networks. networks.

Algorithm for taking a photo of the working day

However, at proper organization process, the method under consideration gives a positive result.

Determination of goals

Conducting any research, including this one, requires a specific goal setting. Otherwise, it is useless. The goals can be different, so the first step is to make a list of them, indicating which results should be displayed in the report. It could be:

compiling a list of actually performed tasks by a specific employee or group;
search for opportunities to optimize labor;
determination of efficiency loss;
development of norms for the cost of working hours;
identification of low-skilled employees who do not cope with the tasks assigned to them.

Determination of the target group of the studied, time frame

It is optimal if the duration of the study is such that it covers the entire work cycle, however, in practice this is not always possible. When the goal is to determine the cost structure of working time, the photographic procedure should be carried out for at least 1-2 weeks, short breaks are possible.

To determine production standards regarding certain types works it is required to record each type of work at least 10-15 times, in this case, the duration of the study will increase to 3-4 weeks.

When determining the study group, there may be such options:

for a team of less than ten people, the FDD is carried out for each employee separately. At the same time, the following can be left without supervision: workers on probationary period, if there are any in production;
if the number of employees is more than ten people, then only the most experienced workers can be examined. Of course, in this case, everything depends on the goals set by the management.

Preparing and filling out the form

Another important stage, on which the convenience of recording data, and subsequently their analysis, depends, is the preparation and correct entry of information into the form. You can download the completed observation form below:

You can also make such a form manually in Word or excel.

Depending on the chosen option for photographing, the form is filled in by a specially appointed employee or the subject himself. This can be carried out on a printed sheet or entered data in digital form, and printed later.

Important! When photographing, the time of the beginning of the action and its completion is fixed. There should be no "white spots", that is, if at 8:45 one action is completed, then at 8:45 the next operation should be started. Even if the employee just sits at his desk, doing nothing, this is also indicated.

The person taking the photographs must be instructed on how to fill in the forms correctly. In some cases, training is required. For this, it is issued.

If your goal is to get the most reliable information, it is advisable to introduce the employee who will take photographs into the team under some kind of legend. In this case, the subjects behave as usual, which is especially important for identifying the reasons for the decrease in labor efficiency.

Working with results

After all stages of photography are completed, the analysis of the results obtained is carried out. If a group was studied, then data for each employee can be presented individually. The analysis is presented in the form of a table displaying the cost of working time by positions, types of work, departments and other necessary criteria.

The procedure for issuing a report

All results of the analysis are recorded in a special form, which must be drawn up in accordance with the rules. It states:

name of the enterprise and structural subdivision;
FULL NAME. employee(s);
level of education and qualifications;
position held;
the name of the work to be performed;
brief description of the work;
the table records information on stages and time costs;
additional data obtained as a result of photographing is entered in the "note" column;
below the table summarize the coefficients: in general, the costs of the work process, as well as the time used for operational solution tasks and break time in work of any type (smoke break, lunch, reading literature not related to work).

The report must be submitted for the signature of the immediate supervisor, and then for consideration by the top management.

Conclusion

Working Time Photo – effective method tracking real time spent on work, as well as an ideal tool for establishing the entire workflow. This close scrutiny can help you identify performance degradation issues and help you optimize your workflow.

Despite the fundamental changes in the country's economy, rationing has retained the role of the main factor in managing labor productivity. Photography of working time (FW) is still one of the most convenient and rational methods for studying the costs and losses of working time, as well as developing certain types of labor standards. Mastering the PDF method makes it possible to obtain unique results in the field of personnel management and its productivity, even in conditions of incomplete coverage of the work performed at the enterprise by rationing.

Productivity is a measure of the effectiveness of the use of available resources (not only labor, but also raw materials, land, capital, information, time, etc.) to produce the necessary quantity, range and quality of products or services for the consumer. At the same time, labor productivity is one of the main, although not the only, characteristics of the efficiency of using both physical and materialized labor.

The productivity of an enterprise is determined by a number of factors, divided into two groups - soft and hard. Soft factors, which include, among others, personnel, organizational system, work methods and management style, are quite easily influenced by the enterprise, manageable and at the same time have a significant impact on the overall performance indicator. That is why much attention has been and is being paid to increasing labor productivity.

One of the recognized tools for solving the problem effective use labor resources enterprises is the rationing of labor.

In Ukraine, sectoral and intersectoral norms and standards have been developed and are being developed, for example, within the framework of the “Program for the creation and continuous updating of the national regulatory framework for labor and professional classification for 2004–2007”, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of March 18, 2003 No. 356. However, one of characteristic features The current economy of the country is a significant uneven development of enterprises, which leads to a significant decrease in the applicability (compliance) of the approved inter-industry and industry standards. At the same time, in accordance with the Labor Code of Ukraine, the introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards is carried out by the owner or a body authorized by him in agreement with the elected body of the primary trade union organization (trade union representative). The owner or a body authorized by him must explain to the employees the reasons for the revision of labor standards, as well as the conditions under which the new standards should be applied. The owner or a body authorized by him informs employees about the introduction of new and changes in existing labor standards no later than one month before their introduction (Article 86 of the Labor Code).

Therefore, the approved intersectoral and sectoral norms and standards are advisory in nature.

The main responsibility for checking the compliance of intersectoral and industry standards with the actual organizational and technical conditions at the enterprise, determining the error, finalizing, changing existing or developing new standards lies with the enterprise and its standardization specialists.

The main task of rationing- establishing necessary costs living labor (expenses of working time), materialized labor (equipment, technological process, object of labor) and conditions for performing work (organization of the workplace, division and cooperation, working conditions, etc.) in order to:

increase in labor productivity;
determining the required number, professional and qualification composition of employees;
organization of operational planning;
organization of wages;
improvement of the organization of work.

It is customary to distinguish four types of labor standards:

Norm of time- the amount of working time spent to perform one unit of work by an employee or a group of employees (team) of the appropriate qualification in the given organizational and technical conditions.

Production rate- the established amount of work (number of units of production) that an employee or a group of employees (team) of appropriate qualifications must perform (manufacture, transport, etc.) per unit of working time in given organizational and technical conditions. The rate of production is the reciprocal of the rate of time.

population rate- the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production, management functions or scope of work in given organizational and technical conditions.

Service rate- the number of production facilities (pieces of equipment, jobs, livestock, etc.) that an employee or a group of employees (team) of appropriate qualifications are required to serve within a unit of time in given organizational and technological conditions. Manageability rate is a special type of service rate for rationing the work of managers at various administrative levels.

The most widespread are the norms of time and output, which are used both directly for assessing and remunerating employees, and for planning production and headcount. These standards are easy to use and understandable to all categories of workers.

Norms of number and service are less common, especially sectoral and intersectoral. Such norms usually take into account the typical scope of work of the normalized category of personnel. If at the enterprise the scope of work, for example, accounting or repair and maintenance, differs from that given in the collection of norms, then the applicability of the norm is reduced.

Development, testing and implementation labor standards are a multifaceted process that requires a significant investment of time, labor and high qualifications from performers (standardizers).

Work time is used by the personnel of the enterprise not only for work, the structure of working time is much more complicated. It includes (see fig.) :

Working hours- the period of time during which the worker performs this or that work, provided and not provided for by the production task.

Completing tasks- the task execution time consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory and closing time is spent by the workers on preparing themselves and the means of production for the fulfillment of a new production task, the manufacture of a new batch of products, and the performance of all work related to its completion (obtaining materials, tools, fixtures, work orders and technical documentation, passing instructions, installing and removing tools and fixtures, equipment setup, delivery finished products, delivery of fixtures, tools, work order, technical documentation and leftover materials). It is calculated once for the entire batch of products. Depending on the serial production and equipment, it can be from 1 to 15% of the working time.

operational time- the period during which the employee performs a given operation - changes the shape, properties and quality of the object of labor or its position in space.

regular time - part of the operational time spent on fulfilling the goal of this process for a qualitative or quantitative change in the means of labor.

Auxiliary time - part of the operational time spent on performing actions that make it possible to perform the main work (loading the machine with raw materials, unloading and removing finished products, installing and reinstalling parts, tools and fixtures, moving the worker associated with the operation).

Workplace maintenance- time spent on activities related to caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift.

Depending on the nature of the participation of the worker in the performance of production operations, the time of work may be the time manual, machine-handmade and observation time for the operation of the equipment.

The preparatory-final time, as a rule, is manual; the main - manual, machine-manual, machine, automated; auxiliary - manual, machine-manual or mechanized. The maintenance time of the workplace can be manual and machine-manual.

Work not on assignment- the time spent on performing random operations that are not characteristic of this worker and that can be eliminated (walking for a tool, correcting defects, etc.).

Chore- the time spent on performing random operations that are not characteristic of this worker.

unproductive work- the time spent on walking and searching (material, blanks, tools, craftsman, adjuster, etc.), as well as on the manufacture of products rejected through no fault of the worker.

Breaks for rest and personal needs are used by workers for rest in order to prevent fatigue and maintain normal working capacity. (relaxation) as well as personal hygiene (personal needs) .

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature are caused by the established technology and organization of production, as well as violations of the normal course production process.

Breaks for technological and organizational reasons - time for the removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading the thermal furnace required by technology, etc. These breaks are regulated and are included in the labor norm.

Breaks due to disruption of the normal course of the production process may be caused by delays in the supply of raw materials and semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for the master, auxiliary worker, transport, unscheduled repairs and other reasons that disrupted the normal course of the production process. These breaks are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons, depending on production.

Breaks due to violation of labor discipline(lateness, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure from work, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the worker.

When rationing labor in an enterprise, as a rule, they focus on the rationing of operational time. In principle, this is correct, since it is at this time that the products (services) of the enterprise are created, that is, the goods sold by it on the market. At the same time, due attention is not always paid to increasing the share of operational time in working time, setting standards for preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and regulated breaks.

One of the most convenient methods for solving problems of assessing and analyzing the structure of costs and losses of working time, developing measures to improve the organization of labor and increase its productivity by eliminating losses and waste of working time is photograph of working time .

These photographs of working time can be used, in particular, for rationing:

preparatory and final time;
time for maintenance of the workplace;
time for rest and personal needs;
numbers;
service;

as well as to identify the reasons for non-fulfillment (over-fulfillment) of the norms.

Photography of working time, depending on the object of observation and forms of labor organization, is individual, group and brigade.

Photography of working time can be carried out by the method of direct observations (classical photography of working time) and by the method of momentary observations. In addition, self-photography is common.

If a photograph of working time is used to develop time standards, then the objects of observation are jobs with good labor organization that excludes time losses, and workers who comply with the standards. If a photograph is used to analyze the cost structure of working time, then the workplace is analyzed “as is”, no additional measures to improve work are taken before taking a photograph.

When taking photographs of working time, the following must be provided:

serviceability of machines, machine tools and equipment;
the required quality of materials and tools necessary to perform the work and their timely submission;
timely supply of electricity, gas and other sources of energy supply;
timely provision of technical documentation;
healthy and safe working conditions (observance of labor protection norms and rules, necessary lighting, heating and ventilation, minimization of the harmful effects of noise, radiation, vibration, etc.).

If these conditions are not met, then the ongoing research will not comply with the norms of the Labor Code of Ukraine (Article 88).

It is especially important to remember that the photograph of working time is not used to normalize operational time. To do this, chronometric observations are used. The combination of photographs of working time and timing is called photo timing.

Depending on the type of production, in order to ensure sufficient accuracy of the results, it is recommended to take from 5 (for single and small-scale) to 20 (for mass) photographs of working time for each workplace (group of similar workplaces), summarizing the results obtained.

Individual photo of working time

With an individual photograph of working time, the object of observation is one employee working at a specific workplace.

Photographing, that is, direct observation and measurement of working time, is carried out according to the current time, usually with an accuracy of 30 seconds, which makes it possible to use ordinary watches with a second hand. If greater accuracy is required, for example, to separate auxiliary time from the main one, a stopwatch is used.

The observer must be at the workplace before the start of work, observation begins at the signal “start of work (shift)” and ends at the signal “end of shift”.

Photographing is carried out according to the current time. The calculation of the duration of the elements is carried out when processing the results.

The results of the measurements are recorded in the observation sheet. (Table 1), in which the start time of observations is marked in the first line of the photomap. At the beginning of a new phenomenon (action), the observer enters in columns 1 and 2 its serial number and content, and at the end of it - in columns 3 and 4 the current time by the hour. Each entry shows either what the worker did, or what caused his inaction. Each element of work or break must be recorded separately by category of work time spent. Particularly clearly should be distinguished the elements of the preparatory-final time from the operational, works on maintenance of the workplace, as well as breaks in work, taking into account their nature and reasons. At the same time, columns 1–4 (Table 1) are filled directly in the process of observations, the rest - when processing the results of photography.

After filling the photomap with the results of observations, the duration of each of the elements is calculated, the results of which are noted in column 5.

In column 6 "Overlaps No. ..." are noted sequence numbers Observation records containing machine time that overlap this manual time measurement.

To characterize the operational time, column 7 indicates the number of products produced (work performed).

Column 8 indicates the index of time spent, that is, a characteristic of the type of work time spent in accordance with the classification adopted by the enterprise.

As a rule, this is:

PZ - preparatory-final time;
OP - operational time;
OM - service time of the workplace;

PN - losses (breaks) of an organizational and technical nature, depending on malfunctions in production;

PR - loss of time, depending on the worker;
PL - loss of time for personal needs and rest.

To increase the information content of the analysis by categories of time costs, an additional division indicated by a number is introduced: PZ-1, PR-5, OM-2, etc. The coding system is adopted for each enterprise independently.

Consider the order of holding a photo using an example (Table 1) .

The object of observation was the turner of section No. 3 of shop No. 1 of a conditional enterprise, the observation was carried out on January 21, 2004.

The shift started at 8:00. The turner started the day by lubricating the machine (column 2), which he finished at 8:06 (columns 3 and 4). Then, until 8:11, he received a production task and a drawing, and until 8:14 - a working tool. After receiving the tool before 8:18, the site foreman conducted a briefing. After briefing, receiving blanks (until 8:27) and setting up the machine (until 8:40), the turner began to manufacture parts.

All these types of work of the turner, as well as all other types of his work and breaks, were entered on the observation sheet. The total observation time was 480 minutes (8 hours). The determination of the duration by category of expenditure of working time is made by subtracting from the measurement time of each subsequent element in the time table of the previous one.

Based on the results of observations, a summary of the same-name costs of working time is compiled (Table 2), as well as the actual and projected balances of working time (Table 3) .

In our case, the preparatory and final time actually amounted to 42 minutes (8.8% of the observation time), operational time - 364 minutes (75.8%), workplace maintenance time - 30 minutes (6.2%), organizational breaks -technical nature (not the fault of the worker) - 23 minutes (4.8%), breaks due to the fault of the worker - 17 minutes (3.6%), time for rest and personal needs - 4 minutes (1.0%).

The data obtained give a fairly clear idea of the structure of the cost of working time and their quantitative characteristics.

Development of time norms

The rationing process at domestic enterprises is carried out at an insufficiently high level. As a rule, rationing does not fully cover operational time and / or there are no standards for preparatory and final time, workplace maintenance time and regulated breaks, both in general and their constituent elements. In this case, the photograph of working time is the main source of initial data for normalization.

V table 4 a summary of the elements of the preparatory-closing time, obtained by analyzing photographs of working time, is presented. Photographing was carried out at the turner's workplace for five days. The production technology of products during this period did not provide for the use of special devices. The average duration of the preparatory and final time was 24.0 minutes, or 5.0% of the working time. Including the time spent on individual elements of the preparatory and final time were determined.

In a similar way, the collection and analysis of the results is carried out when rationing the time for servicing the workplace based on a photograph of working time.

In cases where the preparatory-final time has an insignificant specific gravity in working time, it is advisable not to single it out as an independent part of the norm, but to include it in the norm of piece (for one product, operation) time. With the help of a photograph of working time, the percentage of preparatory and final time in working time is determined, and further calculation is carried out as a percentage of operational time.

Workplace maintenance time is usually calculated as a percentage of operational time.

Performance prospects

A photograph of working time can be used both to develop norms and to assess the prospects for increasing labor productivity at a given workplace.

At the enterprise under consideration, in relation to the workplace of a turner, the standard value of the preparatory and final time is 24.0 minutes, the time for servicing the workplace is 24.0 minutes. At the same time, normative losses of working time associated with rest and personal needs of the worker are provided for in 2.5% (12 minutes) of working time (Table 3). Thus, the standard operating time is:

OP \u003d RV - (PZ + OM + PL) \u003d 480 - (24 + 24 + 12) \u003d 420 min.

Based on the photograph of working time, three possible ways to increase labor productivity can be considered:

1. Increasing productivity by reducing time losses due to organizational and technical reasons. With regard to the example under consideration - by 6.3%.

2. Increased productivity by reducing worker-dependent downtime. With regard to the example under consideration - by 2.5%.

3. Increasing productivity by eliminating unproductive work and wasted working time. With regard to the example under consideration - by 15.4%.

Thus, by reducing unproductive losses of working time and increasing operational time, it is possible to increase labor productivity at this workplace by 15.4%. In this case, with a unchanged product range, not 35, but 40 parts (products) will be produced during the shift, and with a variable one, additional products. In practice, this situation occurs quite often, and it is thanks to the photograph of working time that it is possible to significantly reduce unproductive losses of working time.

Even more common is the situation when there is an overfulfillment of the norms of piece time with the simultaneous presence of unproductive losses of working time.

Let's assume that the standardized task was to produce 35 parts during the shift. At the same time, the norm of piece operational time was 12.0 minutes. However, due to shortcomings in the organization of production and Maintenance equipment, violations of production discipline, there were losses of working time (Table 3). The worker, compensating for unproductive losses, spent 10.4 minutes on the production of each part, that is, 1.6 minutes less.

Usually, such over-fulfillment of the norms is welcomed and even financially stimulated. And very often unjustified. First of all, it is necessary to find out how the overfulfillment of norms is achieved - due to a better organization of labor or due to a violation of technology. Violation of technological regimes leads to overloading of tools and equipment, their premature wear and failure, which means an increase in the cost of repair, replacement and maintenance. Quite often, a violation of technology leads to the release of hidden defects and affects the competitiveness of the enterprise. If the achieved level of productivity corresponds to the technical and technological capabilities of the equipment and the quality of the product does not deteriorate, then a decision is made to revise the standards in force at the enterprise for this type of product (operation). Otherwise, measures are taken to bring the production process in line with the requirements of the standards.

Thus, a photograph of working time is a fairly universal and accessible tool for labor rationing, studying the structure of working time costs, checking compliance technological discipline, development of measures to increase labor productivity and reduce unproductive losses of working time. A photograph of working time can be used regardless of the presence or absence of time standards, output, etc. at the enterprise. The use of photography gives a practical result for the rationing of the work of all categories of personnel - managers, professionals, specialists, technical employees and workers.