Electronic business categories types and economic content. Problems and trends in e-commerce in the global information network Internet koleznikova inna valentinovna

12 principles of e-business:

1. Using consumers as a source of information (this principle assumes that information is collected and services are provided that are valuable for the buyer);

2. Creation of your own market, using the advantages of other markets (It is assumed the introduction of goods and capture of market share at the expense of existing goods)

3. Evaluation of each customer as a separate market element (The essence of this principle is to consider and satisfy the unique needs of consumers);

4. Creation of a society of values (using such information exchange technologies as forums, chats.)

5. Replacing an unfriendly interface with a training one (creating an interface that will serve as a connecting link for communication);

6. Guaranteeing the integrity and consistency of actions (there is a holistic, consistent and directed activity to meet the needs of consumers).

7. Providing the maximum amount of information (is to provide the consumer with the maximum information).

8. Taking advantage of information collaboration

9. Considering your assets as your liabilities (you need to invest physical and intangible assets in digital assets that will help strengthen the brand).

10. Destruction of the traditional value chain (you need to revise the links of adding value, if they do not add value, you need to get rid of them).

11. Management of innovations as a portfolio of alternatives (since investments in DL are associated with high risk, they should be considered as a portfolio of investments)

12. Attraction of creative individuals (production of EL events among young people to attract individuals).

6. The principle of "using the consumer as a source of information." Opportunities for implementation by enterprises e-business... Examples.

This principle provides for the systematic collection of information and the provision of services that are of a certain value to the consumer. Includes a rational interface for information resources and the creation of navigation and customization tools. Examples:

a) Federal Express, a mail transport company, allows its customers to set delivery times and generate invoices on their own equipment. Such services are very user-friendly and offer the benefits of more accurate information entry and cost savings in customer service.

b) Firefly, an online music store, allows visitors to receive recommendations based on the preferences of other visitors who have similar interests. The quality of the recommendations received depends on the completeness of the formulated preferences, and at the same time the company's database is replenished. The strategy is to literally use the information provided by its consumers. This provides a wealth of information about music preference profiles and forms one of the richest and most valuable music preference marketing bases.

7. The principle of “evaluating each customer as a separate market element”. Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Provides for consistently meeting the unique needs of consumers. To this end, e-commerce technologies collect consumer information and use it to fulfill customized offers. Examples:

a) Dell Computers, a leading supplier of office personal computers, has built its web page in accordance with the requirements corporate clients... He made available on-line customization of his shell and ordering. Dell also set up links to the web resources of his suppliers. By collecting data on market behavior and prospects, Dell has been able to respond quickly to changing consumption curves and better manage its brand. Moreover, the loyalty of its customers has grown.

8. The principle of "creating a society of values." Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Consists of taking advantage of the common activities of the clients and partners of the company. For this purpose, information exchange and interaction technologies such as forums, chats, games, etc. are used. Examples:

a) America Online provides its users with the ability to participate in forums and organize their own virtual chat centers. AOL provides these services 24x7. Millions of people pay for access to such social centers, making AOL the dominant Internet service provider. AOL has also become an attractive advertising channel, generating a substantial portion of its revenue.

b) The publishing house "Peter" became the organizer of the virtual club of amateurs of the book "Professional". The club organizes thematic meetings, provides professional assistance in the selection of the necessary literature, publishes a quarterly magazine and guarantees its members a fixed discount on all purchased literature.

9. The principle of "breaking the traditional value chain". Business relevance, examples of e-business implementation by enterprises.

Consists in the revision of all links in the value chain (stages of production and distribution of goods and services) and the withdrawal or redefinition of its ineffective elements. E-commerce technologies are used to redefine the buying, selling, manufacturing, and relationships between them. Examples:

a) By hosting a virtual bookstore on the Internet, Amazon.com ignored the traditional value chain. Its customers got access to information that is individually configured for searching, viewing, ordering and paying online. Most of the books are shipped directly from publishers (distributors). Amazon offers 2.5 million books, which are up to 40% cheaper than traditional stores due to lack of warehouse costs and low transaction costs.

b) Virtual Fuel Company was founded by a fuel supplier for residential premises. The fact is that the company was not satisfied with the share of direct sales to end consumers, which accounted for 4% of total sales and brought in 70% of the company's revenue. Therefore, it was decided to cancel physical channels. direct sales while maintaining the same level of indirect sales. Physical channels have been replaced by direct Internet communication with customers. Customers are now able to place orders on the Web, and the company is also developing the ability to use sensors in the fuel tanks of consumers to remotely inform the company about the need for refills. Upon receipt of such a message, Virtual Fuel Company contacts the local transportation company and delivers fuel directly to the consumer, thus the Internet and direct contact with consumers have expanded the company's direct sales.

10. The principle of "replacing an unfriendly interface with a training one." Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Provides for the creation of a high-quality user interface, which is a connecting link for interpersonal communication. Such an interface allows for fast and efficient execution of operations at a level that is determined by the customer. All transactions carried out are recorded, providing a rich data warehouse with which the company enriches its knowledge.

The technologies used inform users about the essence of transactions, collect information about their needs and requests, as well as about the reaction to ongoing processes. (To what extent expectations coincide with reality) Examples:

a) An online store that offers office paper and supplies for office equipment has provided a new free service- forecasting the consumption of their products. The service is offered to potential customers in two ways. In the first case, the store manager comes to the customer's office and determines the exemplary cost of paper and cartridges. In the second, the client fills out a questionnaire on his own, available on the website www.boomservice.ru, and the next day he buys a procurement plan Supplies for any period. The use of the service does not formally oblige consumers to become buyers of the Bumservice online store, but all service customers are entitled to discounts and free consultations. In addition, the store undertakes to remind in advance about the need to make the next purchase.

11. The principle of "ensuring the integrity and consistency of actions." Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

The focus is on ensuring the integrity, consistency and continuity of activities aimed at meeting customer needs and solving their problems.

The Web-Money Transfer system allows you to make secure payments for goods and services on the Internet in real time, as well as any money transfers through the network channels. The WM unit is pegged to the US dollar and is a transactional means of working in the system. The issue of WM is carried out by International Metal Trading Bank, which makes a 100% reservation of WM in US dollars.

An interesting feature of WM is the equality of all users of the system - both shops and customers. Provided for a secure payment (with the final transfer of money only after the receipt of the goods by the buyer).

The identification procedure in the system makes it possible to unambiguously define and record the operations performed. A special set of security measures completely excludes unauthorized access to funds and personal information... The confidential messaging service allows you to conduct secure correspondence with other participants, discuss the details of agreements, comment on transactions.

12. The principle of "providing the maximum amount of information." Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Is to provide valuable and comprehensive information. For cheap and large-scale dissemination of information, open and branched systems are used, the best example which is the Internet.

Visual Properties has developed the Apartments Plus website for the sale and rental of real estate throughout the United States. Site visitors make a free search according to certain criteria, take part in virtual tours of selected objects, complete application forms, etc. The company's profit is formed by posting information about objects, advertising, interaction with local companies that provide transportation and insurance of property, posting their links on other sites.

An online store selling laptop computers, in addition to the standard search system and filter, allows visitors to view the model that interests them in detail.

The proposed service also takes into account such a feature of the Russian and Ukrainian Internet as the low bandwidth of a significant part of the connection channels. A step-by-step loading of high quality photos has been implemented, which allows users to familiarize themselves with the information about the product before the image is fully loaded.

13. The principle of "attracting creative personalities." Business relevance, examples of e-business use by businesses.

It assumes an aggressive popularization of EL events among young people, since they more adequately perceive the innovations of e-mail. Commerce. Company employees and consumers of its products must work together in a friendly environment.

In a joint venture between McDonald’s and America Online, the McDonald’s Web site shifted focus from advertising for adults to entertainment for children. Involving children in virtual tours, interactive games and fabulous performances provided a great base for studying consumer behavior. McDonald’s was able to use children's reactions to develop a marketing strategy and improve its Web page, which became more than just an information space for advertising. retail outlets but also a tool to strengthen the brand of games and fairy tales.

Similar information:

Search on the site:

2015-2020 lektsii.org -

Introduction

Currently, the Internet is rapidly expanding, covering an increasing number of participants in international information exchange. As the network expands, general patterns associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, which causes, in particular, the emergence of new problems of legal regulation of relations associated with it.

The emergence of the Internet has influenced both the system of civil law relations within individual states and foreign economic relations between countries. Of particular importance is the observance by the participants of information exchange in the network of the basic and special principles of international law, which are enshrined in the Declaration on the Principles of International Law and relate to friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter. The need to comply with these principles by Russian participants in information exchange on the Internet is due to clause 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which generally accepted norms of international law are also part of the legal system of the Russian Federation.

e-business commerce

Concept. Types of e-business

E-business is the transformation of the main business processes of a company through the introduction of Internet technologies, aimed at increasing the efficiency of activities. Electronic business is any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform the internal and external communications of a company. From a technical point of view, the Internet is a worldwide interconnection of computer networks, which can connect computers within an enterprise, which is called an intranet, or an interconnection of local networks of various enterprises, which is called an extranet.

An e-business is any transaction made over a network, upon completion of which there is a transfer of ownership of goods or services. Transaction - a bank transaction to transfer funds for any purpose.

Application area of e-business: 1) online financial transactions. These include operations with a banking product, operations with an insurance product, interactive investment, speculative operations with currencies and securities. 2) e-commerce markets. These include trade through visual stores, trade in information products, trade in tourism products. 3) mobile trading markets. These are trade through vending machines and markets for trade services.

Within the framework of business, the Internet is used as inexpensive communications, to reduce in-house technological costs and as a convenient tool for the development of proprietary information systems.

Information exchange is interaction between banks, trading partners, suppliers, where information is a commodity.

Online commerce is a part of e-business in which communication and exchange occurs electronically.

Types of e-business: 1) electronic auctions; 2) electronic banks; 3) electronic commerce; 4) electronic research and development work; 5) electronic signs; 6) e-learning; 7) email; 8) email marketing.

Electronic banks allow customers to access their accounts and carry out various financial transactions through a simple website.

The degree of preparation of the state for e-business is determined by the level of inventory, the level of development of communications, the quality of training of specialists, the readiness of financial institutions for e-business, and the government's attention to this industry.

The federal target program "Electronic Russia" was launched in 2002. and it is expected to be completed in 2010. The program provides for the creation of a single digital space that includes the power structure of ordinary citizens and economic structures. This program is a complex of various activities, from technical to legal, aimed at the introduction and dissemination of information and communication technologies in critical areas social life. The main goal of the program is to build an economy focused on the consumption and export of information products and services, which will reduce Russia's lag in the use of new technologies (see www.e-rus.ru). A change is planned in educational process providing conditions for young professionals.

A generally accepted classification is applicable to information networks of electronic business, according to which information networks are subdivided, depending on their length and purpose, into the following types.

1. Local area networks (LAN, or LAN (Local Area Net)). These networks are used for employee access to information resources of the enterprise, its databases, for business interaction between employees of the enterprise and interaction with business partners, for employee access to the Internet, sharing hardware (printers, faxes, etc.). One of the results of the implementation and use of a local area network in an enterprise is to increase manageability while reducing the number of management levels, expanding the management control environment. An approximate diagram of an enterprise local area network, containing wired and wireless subnets, is shown in Fig. 10.1. Shown are workstations of stationary users, file and print servers, an Internet server for local network users to access the Internet. The internet server connects to a router through which the local network connects to an internet service provider. The lower part of the figure shows the connection to the local network of mobile users equipped with laptops, PDAs (personal digital assistants) and communicators. The connection is carried out using access points (AP).

Rice. 10.1.

2. Virtual local area networks VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a group of network nodes, the traffic of which is completely isolated from other network nodes. In fig. 10.2 shows a group of user computers interacting only with each other. These computers do not interact with computers and network devices.

Rice. 10.2.

3. A virtual private network is a VPN (virtual private network) - a closed private subnet of an enterprise that provides secure access for remote users. VPN technology can be implemented using dedicated communication lines connecting branches of enterprises, a branch of a company with a central office, an enterprise with a bank, etc., or by connecting to the Internet. VPN subnets are also used to securely send sensitive data over the Internet or another packet-switched wide area network. It uses encapsulation (tunneling) of IP packets inside other packets, which are then routed. In this case, gateways are installed at the entrance and exit of the network. VPN technology increases network security. Instructions for configuring a VPN connection for a personal PC running Windows 7 can be found at tomtel.ru/tariffsandconnection/vpn/vpncont7.html. For safe work on the Internet using an Android device, you must connect to a VPN server. Connection instructions are posted on the website hotvpn.com/ru/setup/ android /.
4. Regional networks of the city scale MAN (metropolitan area network). MAN networks can be used to connect companies with their divisions and subsidiaries. The range of such networks is within a few tens of kilometers. They can be implemented as fiber-optic networks and as wireless networks based on WiMax and LTE technologies. An example of a city-wide network is shown in Fig. 10.3.
5. Global networks WAN (wide area network). It is a global or regional information network, a data transmission network covering significant geographic areas. It can use dial-up or leased lines, as well as special communication channels. The global network is characterized by unified system addressing and consists of combining networks of different types. Each such network has its own address, which are operated by routers when transmitting packets between networks. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are providers - organizations or companies that provide Internet access. 1SP has a high-speed WAN connection and provides slower connections to customers or organizations. Large organizations can be provided with high-speed dedicated digital and fiber-optic communication channels providing data transfer rates up to 100 Mbps.

Rice. 10.3.

One of the internet service providers in Russian Federation is Relcom.ru (from reliable communications). Relcom network was created in 1990 and is an officially registered national subnetwork of the European network EUnet. The currently existing Russian-language part of the Internet (Runct.ru) was built on the basis of this network. It has domains with a high share of the use of the Russian language: .su, .ru, .рф, .ua, .by, .kz, .com, .org. The network operates in a number of CIS countries.

6. Networks with added services VAN - networks with additional functions and (or) services, specialized networks.

Classification of information networks of trade enterprises. Information networks used in trade can be divided into corporate networks and electronic retail chains ETNs.

Corporate networks are built to meet the challenges of the enterprise. They are usually hybrid and include different types of networks. The number of users in a corporate network can reach several thousand, the number of servers - up to several hundred. There are corporate networks built within the same building, distributed corporate networks and geographically distributed networks. Distributed corporate networks are often built on the same principles as local ones. The use of MetroEthernet technology in the construction of metropolitan segments of the corporate network makes it possible to implement simple, cheap, high-speed solutions.

Corporate networks have recently been widely using web technologies: intranets, web integration, corporate portals.

Intranet(Intranet network) - a network designed to provide employees with remote access to corporate information resources, allowing you to control access to corporate information resources. Uses software products and Internet technologies.

Web Integration - combining internal and external information resources through web technologies in order to more efficiently use the corporate information system.

Corporate portal - an enterprise website for internal use that provides enterprise employees with access to corporate information, EC sites, and a limited number of external websites. The corporate portals include the automated information system of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. own secure corporate computing system of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, software and technological complex "Register" version 2.0 of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

Electronic trading networks ETNs (electronic trading networks) are information networks of large trading networks (for example, the information network of the Technosila trading network). To manage such networks, the following are used modern systems management trade enterprises, such as Microsoft Axapta (Microsoft Dynamics AX 4.0), Oracle Retail Solution (Retek), SAP Retail, etc. The SAP Retail system is used by 9 of the 12 largest domestic retail chains.

A typical scenario of B2B interaction based on information trading networks is shown in Fig. 10.4.

The top-level suppliers and buyers are shown on the left side of the figure. Their work is supported by software from SAP and Oracle, which is installed on a large computer (mainframe). Regional suppliers and buyers are shown on the right side of the figure. They are powered by the Ariba Commerce Services Network and SAP Business Suite software. The figure shows the interaction tools. These are EDI RosettaNet, XML OBI, eXML, xCBL.

EDI RosettaNet is an XML-based standard. It provides guidelines for message creation, business process interface and implementation of communication mechanisms between companies. The use of the standard enables electronic transaction processing and information movement across the interaction of trading partners of all sizes within the value chain.

XML OBI - file created by Microsoft Outlook for calendar and Email... Contains the names of the RSS subscriptions and their properties in XML format. Used to store the RSS feed of the subscription for an Outlook profile.

eXML is an open source code based on standards supported by leading mobile operators, manufacturers of smartphones, tablets, laptops.

EbXML technology(electronic business XML) is an architecture and a set of specifications designed to automate the interaction between trading partners in the course of their joint activities, standards in the field of exchange technologies corporate information and e-business. The goal of the ebXML project is to develop a global e-business infrastructure, a complete set of specifications that enables business to operate through a homogeneous XML environment. This technology is close to the technology of web services and EDI technology.

xCBL introduces a variant of the XML specifications (DTD and XML Schema) for use in e-business.

Ariba Commerce Services Network - information network for the provision of commercial services. Includes a number of applications:

Ariba Directory and Interoperability Services - provides interaction between buyers, sellers and the marketplace;
Ariba Payment and Financial Services - Provides payment and financial services;
Ariba Sourcing Services - designed to optimize the process of sourcing goods and services;
Ariba Liquidation Services - conducting auctions to sell surplus goods;
Ariba Content Services - content management;
Ariba Transaction Service - provides transactional services;
Ariba Information Services - Provides access to information about companies and products, reporting tools and analytical reviews;
Ariba Logistics Management Services - designed for logistics management.

Software WebMethods Trading Networks by Software AG is designed to manage large retail chains, interacting according to the B2B model. It is a single point of interaction between suppliers of products or services and buyers. The WebMethods Trading Networks solution allows an enterprise to create a single point of interaction based on the B2B model without installing additional equipment, developing new applications, or fundamentally redesigning existing applications. It is based on the WebMethods 9.0 platform, which combines the capabilities cloud technologies, mobile solutions, social networks and in-memory technologies.

With WebMethods Trading Networks, suppliers and buyers can exchange disparate information by transferring electronic documents to each other. The solution allows trade enterprises to exchange large volumes of heterogeneous information, electronic documents within the framework of end-to-end production processes. The documents exchanged between enterprises include orders, order statuses, confirmation of receipt of orders, invoices, invoices, documents for managing deliveries, consignments, shipment, etc. If the document size is large, then Trading Networks saves it on the hard disk, and only the document reference is processed in RAM. Data exchange can be carried out in EDI, XML, UML formats.

Using WebMethods 9.0 helps to process large amounts of data "on the fly" (in memory), using integration with the Terracotta database. The WebMethods CloudStream application allows you to integrate and manage applications using interaction technology in the SaaS cloud (this integration is implemented in the Salesforce.com cloud service). The WebMethods Mobile Suite enables secure communications over mobile terminals. It provides the ability to quickly create and distribute mobile applications to registered enterprise users, provides required level security of interaction when using mobile terminals and will allow you to interact with IT systems of the enterprise from anywhere in the world.

One of the computing platforms for top-level ECs may be the first domestic computing platform "SKULL-R" (development in 2015). It brings together hardware and software products from IBS, Depo Computers, Parallels, Naumen. The platform belongs to the class of converged computing systems that unite servers, storage systems, network equipment, virtualization software. The basic configuration of SKALA-R includes four servers of standard Depo Storm 3400PI architecture, network equipment, three-tier storage systems, Virtuozzo virtualization software from Parallels, and Naumen Network Manager management and monitoring tools. Storage capacity can be up to 17 PB. The solution is focused on medium (IT budget from $ 500 thousand) and large Russian enterprises... According to the developers' forecasts, the hardware and software complex will be 40% cheaper than similar foreign products from Dell, Oracle, etc. It is assumed that SKALA-R will become a platform for the deployment and operation of electronic document management, virtualization of workplaces, e-mail, enterprise management systems (ERP systems), application servers, top-level EC.

ECN(electronic communications network) - automatic trading networks that carry out transactions without operator participation. For example, Island ECN is the largest system in this class. It provides automatic purchase and sale of securities.

Distribution network - an information network designed to transfer information to a manufacturer of goods about sales and promotion of his goods. This uses a replication procedure to transfer information to the central office. Replication - it is the process of creating and maintaining a copy of database objects on a remote server.

System of Interdepartmental Electronic Interaction (SMEV) - Federal State Information System. It includes information databases containing information about the software and technical means used by bodies and organizations that provide access through the interaction system to their information systems and electronic services. Also includes information about the history of movement in the system of interaction of electronic messages when providing state and municipal services and the performance of state and municipal functions in electronic form. The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction allows federal, regional and local authorities to exercise control and supervision in electronic form, transfer and exchange data necessary for the provision of public services.

The picture was created on the materials of the site borlas.ru/cms/files/borlas_sag_webmethods- trading-networks.pdf

480 RUB | UAH 150 | $ 7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR," #FFFFCC ", BGCOLOR," # 393939 ");" onMouseOut = "return nd ();"> Dissertation - 480 rubles, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week

240 RUB | UAH 75 | $ 3.75 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR," #FFFFCC ", BGCOLOR," # 393939 ");" onMouseOut = "return nd ();"> Abstract - 240 rubles, delivery 1-3 hours, from 10-19 (Moscow time), except Sunday

Kolodeznikova Inna Valentinovna. Problems and Trends of Doing Electronic Commerce in the Global information network Internet: dissertation ... Candidate of Economic Sciences: 08.00.14.- Moscow, 2006.- 183 p .: silt. RSL OD, 61 06-8 / 3151

Introduction

Chapter 1. The role and place of e-commerce in the modern Internet economy... pp. 9-49

1.1. The importance of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 9-19

1.2. The development of electronic commerce at the present stage. Basic types of models and organizational forms for e-commerce. pp. 20-35

1.3. Mobile means of conducting e-business. pp. 36-49

Chapter 2. Prerequisites and conditions for the successful development of electronic commerce... pp. 50 - 69

2.1 Preconditions for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 50 - 55

2.2 Legal Framework for Electronic Commerce. pp. 56 - 63

2.3 Security problems when conducting trade on the Internet. pp. 64 - 69

Chapter 3. Analysis of world experience in the development of electronic payments... pp. 70 - 96

3.1 The main methods of payment for goods and services in e-commerce and mobile commerce. pp. 70 - 74

3.2 International payment systems of the Internet. pp. 75 - 84

3.3 Study of the experience of the functioning of electronic money in different countries. pp. 85 - 96

Chapter 4. Analysis of the development of e-commerce in Russia, pp. 97 - 130

4.1 Analysis of the state of the e-commerce market in Russia. pp. 97 - 110

4.2 Problems of the development of electronic commerce in Russia and possible measures to eliminate them. pp. 111 - 124

4.3 Prospects for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 125 - 130

Conclusion. pp. 131 - 136

List of used sources and literature. pp. 137 - 147

Applications. pp. 148 - 183

Introduction to work

Relevance

Analysis of the development of e-commerce is of particular relevance in the context of the formation new electronic economy, the source of the emergence of which is the global information network Internet.

The forms of business cooperation generated by the practice of electronic commerce are becoming the subject of a wide range of special scientific studies. Thus, in the field of e-commerce, knowledge is accumulated along with practical experience. The ability of business and government structures to use the opportunities of e-commerce will become one of the key points in the competitiveness of enterprises and countries in the global economy of the 21st century.

The state of study of the topic and the methodological basis of the dissertation work.

Based on the principle of consistent objective analysis historical processes, the experience of international economic organizations and various countries in the field of electronic commerce, the emphasis in the study, first of all, is made on the study of documents of International Economic Organizations (UN, WTO, World Bank), legislation of individual states in the field of electronic commerce, information materials of International and national organizations, a wide range scientific works, as well as materials on the topic presented on the Internet.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was also formed by the official documents of Russia on the issues of electronic commerce.

The works of the classics of the theory of international economics, as well as modern scientists were used as the methodological foundation of the study.

The work also used the works of foreign scientists published in special literature and periodicals on electronic commerce, analysis of its various forms (Barow K., Koze D., Imeri V, Gates B., Fegele 3., Stone V., Toffler A , Turban E. and others).

A wide range of theoretical and methodological aspects analysis of electronic commerce in Russia is reflected in the works of Russian economists. Among them are the works devoted to:

the formation of a "new electronic economy" (Ivanova N.I., Malyanov V.V., Myasnikova L.A., Chashkin D.A., Shishkov V.Yu., Zuev A.S., Tsirel S.M.);

the study of the role of the Internet in the development of electronic commerce (Popov V.N., Kostyaev R.N., Kostomarov E.N., Uspensky I.K., Ivanov N.P.);

the study of world experience in the field of electronic commerce (Sokolova A.A., Gerashchenko N.D., Dvoretsky A.K., Zelenfroyd M.S., Dumulen I.I., Kochegarin D.A.);

Legal support for the development of electronic commerce in Russia
(Solovyanenko N.I., Kastelskaya A.M., Ekaterinina G.K.);

Security problems of e-business (Bykov V.V., Tsarev
V.K., Dvoretsky A.K.);

The state of the e-commerce market in Russia (Ryabtsun V.K., Liukhto

K, Medvedev V.A.). The informational basis of the study was made up of data from official statistical and analytical materials of the ministries and departments of the Russian Federation.

Thesis studies on certain aspects of the problems of electronic commerce considered in the work were studied (Marshavin R.A., Polikarpov A.N., Goryunov E.K., Yurga V.M.)

Thus, the problems of the development of electronic commerce and possible measures to eliminate them were investigated taking into account the works of Russian and foreign scientists.

The work widely used the materials of the official website of the National Association of Electronic Commerce Participants, other materials on this issue, presented on the Internet.

The purpose of the work is an research on the role and place of e-commerce in modern economy, the importance of the Internet as a universal environment for e-commerce, analysis of the legal framework, prerequisites and conditions for the successful development of e-commerce, as well as the study of Russian experience and competitive advantages, which Russia can get with the successful conduct of this type of business.

Justify the role and place of electronic commerce in the modern economy, taking into account the importance of the global information network Internet, as a universal environment for its conduct;

study the prerequisites and conditions for the development of e-commerce on the basis of world experience in order to identify trends in the development of this type of business in the near future;

summarize and analyze international experience in the development of Internet payment systems and substantiate the guidelines for the development of electronic payments in Russia;

to assess new trends and prospects for the development of electronic commerce in Russia based on the analysis state of the art the e-commerce market, as well as substantiate ways to overcome the problems of e-commerce in Russia in order to improve this part of Russian business.

Object of study.

The object of the research is the process of implementing electronic commerce on international markets, as well as the e-commerce market in Russia. The research is based on the nature, patterns, mechanisms and contradictions of the process of transition of traditional business to "electronic rails" in the new economy.

Subject This study is electronic commerce as a new form of international economic relations in the world economy in the context of the formation of a "new electronic economy" (Internet - economy).

Research hypothesis consists in the derivation of natural links between the development of the global information network Internet, payment systems of electronic money and the current state of electronic commerce.

Scientific novelty thesis consists in the formation of an integral system of ideas about the trends and problems of the development of electronic commerce, about the influence of these trends and practices on the electronic commerce market in Russia.

groups of factors affecting the development of electronic commerce in the global information network Internet are identified, directions for the further development of electronic commerce are indicated;

the conclusion was made about the mutual influence of e-commerce, infrastructure and payment systems, i.e. characteristics of the virtual and real environment;

The author's assessment of international legislation in the field of
e-commerce; it was concluded that it is necessary to combine efforts
various countries and international organizations in solving problems
e-commerce;

substantiated the need to form unified international standards electronic money;

an assessment of the main factors determining the development and prospects of electronic commerce in Russia has been developed and clearly structured; measures are proposed to overcome problems in this area.

The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study, including conclusions and recommendations, can be used as a basis for assessing the current state of the world and Russian electronic commerce, including economic, technical and legal aspects. The main conclusions and provisions of the dissertation research can be used as the basis for recommendations on the development of models for the development of electronic commerce and payment systems in Russia in the long term. A number of practical suggestions can be used in the activities of commercial and industrial enterprises. The research materials are applicable in scientific and teaching activities on this topic.

Approbation of the study.

The main provisions and results of the dissertation research were scientifically and practically tested, the most important provisions were presented at scientific and scientific-practical conferences of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and in scientific articles, with a total volume of 4 pp.

Work structure is built on the basis of the goals and objectives of the study, and consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

1. Chapter 1.

The role and place of e-commerce in the modern Internet -

economy.

1.1. The importance of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of electronic commerce.

The globalization of economic activity is expressed in the ever greater expansion and deepening of international relations in the field of investment, production, circulation, supply and marketing, finance, scientific and technological progress, and education.

The growth rate of international trade over the past decades has been 2 times higher than the growth rate of production; foreign direct investment in the same years grew 3 times faster, and international operations with shares - ten times. In international trade, trade in services, technologies, and objects of intellectual property is growing at an outstripping (in comparison with goods) rates.

Increasing technical influence on international trade renders scientific and technological progress. In a postindustrial society, into which developed countries have already entered and into which Russia is entering, economic growth is increasingly acquiring an intensive (rather than extensive) and, moreover, innovative character. New discoveries, inventions, technologies, fundamentally new goods and services are becoming a constant component of the economic process, which is predicted, planned, organized, including on the basis of expanding international cooperation.

In the modern world, knowledge and intellectual work are becoming the most important resource for the competitiveness of international companies and entire countries. Realizing this, industrialized countries increasingly specialize in information metatechnologies. This is indirectly evidenced by a number of factors:

Structure of regional markets, more than 90% of which are concentrated in North America and Western Europe;

The concentration of the main part of the "information society" of the world (Internet users) in the most developed countries: more than 60% of them are concentrated in North America and Europe alone;

3. By the average number of Internet hosts 1 per capita
developing countries lag behind developed countries by more than an order of magnitude. V
In 2001, their ratio was 2 versus 87 hosts per 10,000 people 2;

4. More than half of all computers used in the world
concentrated in the USA and Western Europe, as of 2003 in the world
735 million computers were used, while in the United States and
In Western Europe, their number was 418 million, respectively.
According to the forecast of the research agency Nua Internet Surveys by 2005
year in the world there will be more than one billion network users
Internet.

In North America, 41% of the population has access to the Internet, while in South Asia, which is home to 1/5 of the world's population, less than 1% of the population can be online. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 2%, Latin America - 3%. About 90% of Internet users are residents of industrialized countries (57%) - USA and Canada). Internet users from Africa and the Middle East account for only 1% of the world's population, and 75% of the information transmitted over the Internet is in English. General

i (Internet - a host computer connected to the Internet)

2 Chashkin D.A. Globalization of world markets. Foreign Economic Bulletin 2002 No. 12

the number of African Internet users with the continent's population of 739 million people is 1.2 million, that is, approximately 0.16%, with 1 million of them, or about 87%, residents of South Africa.

The Internet is one of the key technologies, since it plays an essential role in the development of economic globalization and is able to bring significant economic effect its users - recipients, not to mention the developers of Internet technologies. The Internet expands the possibilities for access to information, financial, production and labor resources, allows you to significantly optimize the conduct of global communications and logistics, and reduce costs; there is an opportunity to enter any geographic and global markets and niches.

Shishkov 10.V. Information Society // Bulletin of Moscow University. - 2001. - No. 4. -S. 114

Let us consider in more detail the influence of the Internet on the processes of economic globalization 4.

V last years there is a steady trend of transformation of information resources and knowledge into the most important strategic resource companies. Despite the fact that the leading role in this area continues to be occupied by the United States, where about 75% of data banks (DBs) available in developed countries are concentrated, starting from the mid-90s, along with the development of the World Wide Web technology , WWW), the "information gap" between the United States and other countries is gradually narrowing, as professional databases became available on the Internet, which significantly reduced the cost of connecting to them for non-American companies.

The banking sector has received great development on the Internet: as of March 2000 alone, more than 80 of the 100 largest banks in the world were present on the Internet, which in the future will allow economic entities to have access to banking resources from all over the world. Many of the largest banks and corporations are teaming up to create online exchanges. Thus, the leadership of the seven largest international 6aHKOBMorgan Stanley Dean, Witter, J.P. Morgan, Goldman Sach s, Bank of America, Credit Suisse First Boston, HSBC, Holdings PLC and UBS Warburg created an electronic currency exchange. In 2000, according to Jupiter Communications, in the United States, 10% of households with Internet access from home used online banking. According to the forecasts of the same company, this figure is expected to reach 48% by 2005 5. Along with traditional banks on the Internet, there appeared web - banks (web - banks), functioning exclusively on the Internet. The largest web banks are: NetBank, First Internet Bank, Wingspanbank,

4 Menshikov SY. "The global economy as the most important phenomenon of modernity."

VE, 2004 No.1 - p.147

5 Bykov V.L. Electronic business and security / 2000.- p.55

Compubank. Unlike traditional banks, web banks offer high interest rates, fast and convenient payment and account verification systems. The average US bank interest on checking deposits is around 0.8%, and in web banking around 4%. Active work is underway to introduce the technology for making payments on the Internet using plastic cards - SET (Secure Electronic Transactions), which will provide additional protection for e-commerce and trust in web banks 6.

The Internet has significantly expanded the possibilities of access to production resources. An indirect confirmation of this is the fact that as of 1994-2004. the share of foreign affiliates in the assets of companies in the pharmaceutical, chemical, oil refining and food industries exceeded 40 percent. The online car market is undergoing major changes as a result of the joint efforts of car giants - General Motors (GM), Ford Motor Company and Daimler Chrysler. In December 2002, these companies opened the largest trade-purchasing cooperative in the virtual environment, called Convisint. This project allows car manufacturers to purchase components from tens of thousands of supplier enterprises in the absence of document flow. The founding companies propose to purchase an average of $ 240 billion a year: GM $ 87 billion, Ford $ 80 billion, Daimler Chrysler $ 73 billion. In 2000, online gas and electricity sales were US $ 30 billion, and by 2005 they could grow to US $ 266 billion. According to Interactive Week magazine, more than half of Intel's 2002 sales of about US $ 32 billion were from internet deals.

6 Large Yu.S. "Banking services for the population in the global Internet." Business

and banks 2003, No. 12 - p.41

7 Ivanova N.I. National innovation systems / N.I. Ivanova - M.: 2002.-p. 155

The increasing role of knowledge in the management process, along with the widespread distribution of computers and the complication of technical equipment of enterprises, have created an unprecedented high demand for highly qualified specialists, in particular, in the field of information technology (IT), which is already forcing a number of countries to pursue more liberal and flexible immigration policies in relation to

required personnel. At the same time, there is a significant geographic gap between the exporting countries and the importing countries of human resources. Employers have to enter remote foreign markets in search of the specialists they need, transfer production from developed countries to developing countries, which leads to the globalization of the cheap labor market 9. The Internet greatly simplifies the task of finding qualified personnel, since it provides global access to human resources through the online databases of recruiting agencies and personal pages of Internet users. Companies can also select the right team for a project through their own website. As a result, the possibilities for maintaining flexible staffing schemes with the involvement of freelance consultants or partners increase, which solves the problem of demand for highly qualified specialists. With the development of web communications, the geographical factor of the location of the project participants begins to lose its restrictive significance. Moreover, the exchange of knowledge through the Web allows you to use the time difference to quickly resolve the problems of foreign clients. For example, at Pythia, a software company, Internet telephony is used only to communicate with the company's engineers located in the United States, with the main

For example, the USA, Canada, Germany and Australia have lowered immigration barriers for information technology professionals

Ivanov N.P. Globalization and problems of socio - economic development of Russia / M .: IMEMO RAN, 2002, p. 19

developers in Greece. Thanks to the new communication capabilities of the Internet, there is an unprecedented high level of joint research among leading manufacturers and operators of mobile communications, such as Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Lucent Technologies, Panasonic and Sony 11, which also serves in part to meet the demand for information technology professionals.

Finally, using the Internet, international companies can
go out with your goods / services to any

geographic / global markets and niches. One of the authoritative American experts in the field of Internet marketing, V. Imery, notes on this occasion that starting marketing activities on the Internet, the company immediately becomes active on a global scale 12. This point of view is partly supported by the results of a survey conducted in early 2002 among 114 small and medium-sized hotels in Canada and the United States: 75.3% of them used the Internet to increase their foreign clientele. A number of researchers also believe that any company that creates a website on the Internet becomes international 13. Now representatives of small businesses have the opportunity to enter foreign markets via the Internet right from home. Thus, low-cost global technologies such as Internet technologies have significantly reduced the advantage previously enjoyed by large multinational companies over small and medium-sized companies.

Thus, new information technologies and the Internet have a significant impact on the processes of economic globalization.

Yu Gates B. Business with the speed of thought / M .: "Eksmo - press", 2001, p. 147

and Ivanova N.I. National innovation systems / M .: Nauka, 2002, pp. 1 53

12 Imeri V. How to do business on the Internet? / KneB: Publishing house "Dialectic", 1998. - P.201-201

13 Schulzki-Haddouti A. - Electronic commerce. Problem ball for
transatlantic relations. International Politic 2002 no. 3

and strengthening the international division of labor. Countries that do not take active steps to integrate these technologies into their infrastructure lose their competitiveness in the world market, since they cannot use all the benefits of economic globalization. Moreover, the experience of the most successful developed countries shows that in order to achieve an economic breakthrough in the modern world, it is necessary not only to use new information technologies, but also to develop them. Otherwise, the country becomes a dependent recipient of these technologies, which does not allow it to compete with their developers.

Given the influence of the Internet on all aspects of economic life, one can consider it as the source of the emergence new electronic economy, characterized by extremely rapid growth, the creation of new opportunities for production and business activity, an increase in jobs. The successful actors in this new economy are companies that can use information and manage knowledge in every aspect of business operations 14.

The new economy, or the economy of the information age, arose as a result of the unification of individuals, entire enterprises into one information system global scale. This Internet-dominated process is unique in its importance and deserves special attention.

The development of the Internet and the assessment of its impact on the processes in the economy is currently receiving increased attention not only in the business environment, but also in society as a whole. The scale and speed of development of the Internet, as well as its significant potential opportunities made it very attractive for business, which allows us to speak of the emergence unique economic environment. New trends in the economy and forms of business activity generated by the development of the network

14 Zuev A.S., Myasnikova L.A. "Globalization, aspects about which they say little", MEiMO, 2004, No. 8 - p.56

Internet will stimulate processes for a long time theoretical analysis
of this phenomenon, but it is already clear today that the Internet is necessary for business:
large companies and small firms use it as
information channel and distribution channel, sales and
transaction structure. Companies are investing heavily in
development, support of the infrastructure of your business, improving how
internal corporate information systems and

telecommunication systems providing integration into the world economy. The Internet as a new economic structure has a huge impact on the main processes for any company: innovation, production, exchange and customer service. At the same time, business technologies are changing, business processes are being improved, and a new corporate culture is being formed.

Today, with the ability of enterprises to match the individual needs of consumers with efficient production, the Internet has a special role to play in the critical factor of business success in the most intensely competitive environment. Contributing to the transition of business to a new stage of development, the Internet allows not only to provide enterprises and organizations with the maximum consumer audience, but also to convey to manufacturers the preferences of each of them.

However, in order not to lose objectivity and to consider the significance of the Internet from all sides, we note that although many economists associate the concepts of "new economy" and the information society only with the positive effects of the development of information technologies, the consequences of the spread of these technologies can be not only positive, but also negative. ...

Obviously, technology can be expensive and cheap. This means that wealthy business entities can afford to receive specific information that is inaccessible to competitors with the help of more advanced technology. Therefore, the uneven

commercial distribution of new technologies exacerbates the information asymmetry of the market, which creates an unhealthy atmosphere of large-scale speculation; violates the rules of trading (including on commodity, stock and currency exchanges). Such technologies can also be used to create a false image of certain companies, overstate their credit ratings, blackmail (or create a threat of its use).

The uneven diffusion of new technologies floods the economy with information that substitutes unfair competition for fair competition. Such a replacement destroys the fundamental market principles of the economy, significantly modifies business motivation, and exacerbates the problem of protecting property. The development of many advanced technologies focuses on the search and seizure of poorly protected property.

In a situation where the state is unable to protect the confidentiality of economic participants, the widespread commercial diffusion of new technologies erodes the traditional principles of equal competition. Competition becomes unfair (quasi-market) and is carried out by harsh methods.

Despite the above, one cannot ignore the widespread use of the Internet and it would be more logical to view the new economy as an Internet economy, in which e-commerce plays an important role as an integral part of e-business.

The Internet - economy includes the following components:

A large number of personal computers, united in
global networks, software applications, human resources,
participating in the creation of an open and accessible network environment;

Interconnected electronic markets with different mechanisms
exchange, possible thanks to the presence of personal computers and
applications;

Buyers, manufacturers (suppliers), sellers in the mode
real time, as well as electronic intermediaries who
provide the process of movement of goods and services to consumers;

Electronic payment systems used on the Internet -
transactions;

Legislative policy.

Some components of this new economy, such as the creation of electronic currencies and payment systems, as well as the creation of a unified legal framework for electronic commerce, are still under development. Therefore, the consideration of these issues in our study seems to be very relevant.

1.2 Development of electronic commerce at the present stage. Basic types of models and organizational forms for electronic commerce (E-commerce).

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has become an economic manifestation of the emergence of a new society in which growth, development, employment and improved living standards are increasingly dependent on information, an informed educated workforce.

In all parts of the world, e-commerce has already become the subject of government, business and legal action. Numerous developments and recommendations appeared in technical, economic, administrative and legal spheres 15 .

The growth of e-commerce has been driven by the development
information infrastructure, improvement of payment systems
(including the technology of secure electronic payments SET - Secure
Electronic Transactions). With the rise in the number of electronic transactions
there is a need for more powerful computers, technologies
transmission of information, more reliable and faster systems of conducting
electronic payments. As a result, further
informatization of society, development of computer and

telecommunication industries, and hence the further development of the Network. Thus, the development of a real economic infrastructure leads to an increase in the volume of electronic commerce and vice versa, that is, there is a mutual influence on each other of the characteristics of the virtual and real environment.

It is already obvious that the ability of business and government structures to use the opportunities of e-commerce

15 International Economic Relations // edited by Professor V.E. Rybalkin. M.2004

will become one of the key points in the competitiveness of enterprises, companies and countries in the global economy of the XXI century.

As you can imagine, e-commerce can radically change the structure of production and commerce, eliminating the need for many ancillary structures such as distribution networks, resellers, wholesalers and even retail suppliers. E-commerce is making very significant changes in the field of financial and telecommunications services. Many financial transactions are already being carried out using online communication, e-commerce erases the time and distance between the parties to the transaction, while the seller immediately has access to the world market, and the buyer has the opportunity to choose from a huge number of offered goods and services.

Electronic commerce can significantly speed up the process of concluding a foreign trade transaction. Its aspects such as price comparison, supplier selection, ordering, preparation of payment and transport documents can be automated and therefore completed in a very short period of time. E-commerce eliminates and minimizes the slow and costly paperwork by replacing paper documents with electronic ones that are instantly sent electronically.

E - trade not only speeds up the process of selling and buying specific goods and services. It allows you to significantly reduce the number of intermediaries when buying and selling. For example, an airline gets the opportunity to sell tickets via the Internet directly to passengers, bypassing agencies. Many intermediate links can be excluded from the freight transport chain: the buyer of a transport service addresses directly the link that he needs. Therefore, e-commerce is rapidly replacing many forms of intermediary business 16. During the 1990s, the progress of e - commerce was especially great in a number of service sectors.

16 Dvoretsky A.K. - Prospects for the development of electronic commerce. BIKI 2002, No. 130-13 1

The financial sector has long been the main user of electronic data interchange for interbank transactions, insurance and other financial transactions using internal and external electronic networks. The development of e - commerce has pushed ordinary buyers to use electronic banking, electronic money and other forms of payments.

Travel and tourism is an area in which electronic transactions are rapidly replacing direct personal contact. The fact is that the search for information is an essential part of the activities of travel agencies, and the presence of the Internet allows consumers of travel services to go directly to where these services are provided. In the United States, the majority of consumers of travel services have already switched to this system.

The advent of the Internet has transformed the entertainment industry. Moreover, it represents one of the industries where digitalizing money products makes it directly available to consumers.

E - trade radically changes the distribution system everything
more goods produced by manufacturing

industry.

E - trade began to develop mainly as internal trade, but quickly crossed the state borders. And today many e-commerce transactions can be classified as international trade transactions, although the exact definition has not yet been worked out.

Objects of E - commerce are, firstly, goods and services that can be converted into electronic (digital - digital) form. They are called digital goods and services. But in modern conditions, only a limited number of goods can

17 Dvoretsky A.K. - Electronic services in the global and Russian economy. BIKI 2002, no. 117

be supplied digitally. These are printed materials, audio and video recordings, software, technical and architectural projects and some others.

The range of services sold electronically is much wider. These are educational, medical, informational, consulting, accounting, legal, scientific and technical and many other types of services.

The term "e-commerce" is also applied to transactions involving the sale and supply of goods and services. For instance, transport services require physical transportation of goods or passengers, however, all preparatory and supporting operations can be carried out electronically, using electronic data exchange and by transferring required documents in electronic form. In the same way, the supply of any product can be ensured through advertising, marketing, supplier selection, commercial negotiations, signing a contract, preparing all the necessary documents and paying for the goods ultimately delivered in the usual (non-electronic) way.

Therefore, the essence of the term "E - trade" is broader than the meaning of the term "trade". In the literature in English, the term "electronic commerce" (e - commerce) is used, usually translated into Russian by the term "e - commerce". This translation (trade) is included in the UN Glossary, and translators use the term "e-commerce" as the Russian equivalent of the term "e-commerce". But in English, the term commerce is broader than the term "trade". Perhaps, in Russian terminology, a more accurate term "e-commerce" should be restored. For now, we will use the term "e-commerce".

Definition of the term "Electronic commerce (E-commerce)" and the development of a more accurate and clear economic and legal plan

the content of this term is an issue behind which there are serious political and economic interests of many countries. The point is that the precise definition of the term "E - trade" automatically entails referring it to the competence of the GATT or GATS, or will make E - trade the object of action of both general agreements. This, in turn, will determine the obligations that countries must take in the area of e-commerce, and the legal rules that govern governments in the area of commerce.

Questions about the definition and place of e - commerce are widely discussed in the WTO. There are different opinions in this organization about the place of e-commerce.

For example, the US tends to view e-commerce as an area of competence of the GATT, citing that this approach paves the way for comprehensive negotiations on the liberalization of e-commerce. The United States entered the WTO at the beginning of 1998 with a draft Declaration on the liberalization of global e-commerce, which said, in particular, about the expediency "to continue the existing practice of not imposing customs duties on e-trade operations."

The European Union, for its part, proposed to consider E - trade as an object of regulation by the GATT and GATS: goods, presentation is real, but electronically issued - the competence of the GATT; services delivered electronically - the competence of the GATS. At the same time, the European Union confirmed its agreement that the current practice - not to impose customs duties on electronic transmissions - should be preserved.

The so-called Model Law on Electronic Commerce of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL, 1996) does not define this term. However, it can be understood from the text of the law that the term "E-commerce" covers any methods and forms of data transmission (data transfer between computers,

online communication, e-mail, as well as less complex forms of communication such as telephone and telefax). In the legal sense, e-commerce “is the conclusion in the international and domestic markets in the computer form of the following transactions (but is not limited to them): purchase and sale, delivery, agreement on the distribution of products, the activities of a commercial government or industrial cooperation, transportation of goods or passengers by air , sea, rail, investment contracts, insurance, operating and concession agreements,

banking services, joint activities and other forms. "

One of the most universal definitions of e-commerce is given in an official publication of the US government, which states that “it is a paperless exchange of business information using the Internet, browsers, applications for making transactions, electronic data interchange systems EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), e-mail, teleconferences, electronic money transfer systems and other network tools for business. " The World Trade Organization (WTO) gives a clearer definition of e-commerce - "the production, distribution, marketing and sale of goods and services through telecommunication networks" 1. According to the WTO, a particular case of e-commerce is electronic trading, which means the provision of goods or services to a consumer using electronic networks for a fee 20. In other words, e-commerce, unlike e-commerce in the interpretation of the WTO, does not include production and marketing activities.

Solovyanenko I.I. Priorities of legislation in the field of electronic commerce / N.I. Solovyanenko // eCommerce World. - 2000. - No. 1. - P.60

What is electronic commerce / WTO, 1999; Tsarev B.B. Electronic commerce / V.V. Tsarev, L.A. Kantarovich - SPb .: Peter, 2002.-P.33

Not everyone agrees with this terminology, rightly believing that the concepts of "commerce" and "trade" are synonymous. According to the Longman Dictionary of BUSINESS ENGLISH, one of the world's largest publishing companies, Pearson, the term “commerce” is broadly defined as “the exchange of goods and services for money, or other goods through trade, as well as all related business transactions such as payment, insurance, transportation and communications that make such an exchange possible "21, at the same time, in a narrow sense, this term is defined by the same vocabulary as" trade between buyers and sellers in different countries, i.e. international trade (foreign or overseas trade) ". Thus, it can be concluded that "e-commerce" should be understood as "e-commerce" in the narrow sense. For example, in a document created in the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the term "e-commerce" is embedded in the content of e-commerce only: - "e-commerce refers to commercial transactions in which both organizations and individuals are involved, provided that these transactions are related to the transmission and processing of digital information, including text, sound and visual data obtained from open (for example, the Internet) or closed networks that have access to the open ”3.

According to the above definitions, the beginning of the emergence of electronic commerce can be considered 1970, when the United States began to use electronic data exchange over computer networks - EDI 24 (Electronic Data Interchange) and electronic money transfer by banks in

21 Commerce // Longman Dictionary of BUSINESS ENGLISH. - M, 1993. - C.105

23 Popov B.M. Global business and information technology / V.M. Popov, R.A. Marshavin,

SI. Lyapunov. - M .: Finance and statistics. - 2001. - p.100

24 EDIs are used in more than 50,000 European and 44,000 American companies, which
accounts for about 1% of the total number of companies in these countries. Timmers P. Electronic

computer networks - EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer). At the same time, the G8 materials give a broader interpretation of this term - “the use of electronic means to carry out commercial transactions” (electronic means include telephone, fax, ATMs, EDI systems, televisions, the Internet, etc.) ... Consequently, according to this definition, e-commerce was used even before the advent of computer networks, which contradicts the above definitions of other international organizations.

Thus, today there is no single generally accepted definition of electronic commerce, which leads, in particular, to large differences in estimates of its volumes.

For example, according to a company that monitors Internet traffic in the second quarter of 2005, online trade turnover amounted to $ 21.1 billion, which is 2.2% of the turnover of all world trade. According to her forecasts in 2012, the turnover of online trade will cross the $ 1 trillion mark. According to analysts of the company, in the near future, online sales will account for 25% of all sales in the United States. Earlier this year, Forrester Research reported that e-commerce sales will reach $ 172 billion in 2005, and online sales in the United States will account for 13% of all sales in 2010.

At the same time, the Russian e-commerce specialist Liuhto K. operates with completely different data. He claims that in 2004 the volume of the global Internet B2B market (business-to-business) reached 2.7 trillion dollars. According to his estimates, in 2003 the volume of retail Internet sales in the USA reached the level of 96 billion dollars. In 2004 - already 117 billion dollars, which amounted to 6% of the total retail sales in this country.

25 Balabanov I.T. Electronic commerce / I.T. Balabanov. - SPb .: Peter, 2001 .-- S. 190

Thus, the data on the volume of e-commerce among different researchers differ significantly. However, all researchers agree that these volumes are growing steadily.

Along with e-commerce, there is the concept of e-business. Taking into account that business is any activity, including a one-off nature, aimed at making a profit, e-business should be considered as a form of business, implemented largely through the introduction of information and telecommunication systems into business processes, and e-commerce - as its constituent part. I will also give the opinion of the General Manager of the Internet division of the 1MB company regarding the differences between these terms: “E-commerce is associated with everything related to buying and selling (on the Internet) and all processes that ensure purchases and sales, such as advertising, marketing, customer service and others. Electronic business, in addition to everything related to e-commerce, also includes many applications aimed at increasing business efficiency. It also includes more internal applications for communication between company employees. In addition, e-business is associated with the placement and organization of access to information. " Thus, e-business is an overall strategy, and e-commerce is an extremely important part of this strategy 26.

It follows from the above that e-commerce is an integral part of e-business, which in addition to commercial activities covers the entire system of industrial relations.

Electronic business is implemented within the Internet economy, which is also called digital economy or the networked economy.

Dyatlov SI. "Information network economy: methodology, classification, monitoring." SP-b .: Teis, 2001 - p.80

The Internet economy is “an environment in which any company or individual located at any point economic system, can communicate easily and at minimal cost with any other company or individual regarding joint work, for trade, exchange of ideas and know-how. " The Internet - the economy is an essential element of the "new economy" (also called the innovation and information economy

Knowledge based economy). The new economy also includes all entrepreneurial activity, to one degree or another using

modern electronic technologies. The Internet is one of the largest innovations invented in the history of mankind, and like any innovative product requires significant investment before it becomes commercially attractive.

Measures to develop the infrastructure of e-commerce and the formation of the information society are, therefore, priority areas of innovation policy. These measures, according to the author, include:

1. State participation in financing large basic Internet projects that form the basis of e-business infrastructure,

2.Public funding for training

3. Provision of tax incentives to stimulate the import of high Internet technologies and the investment activity of private companies in the field of Internet business. It is important that publicly funded internet projects are carried out in conjunction with private companies in order to

27 Myalyantsev V.V. Information revolution - the phenomenon of the "new economy" // World

28 Myasnikova L.A. "New economy" in the postmodern space / L.А. Myasnikova // World
economics and international relations. - No. 2. - 2001 .-- s.Z

increasing their market potential and reducing technical and financial

The main types of models for e-commerce.

The following types of e-commerce models are evolving.

1. "business consumer" - В2С (business - to - consumer) - a business focused on the end consumer. A company (legal entity or entrepreneur) provides services to individuals. This category of business includes a very significant range of e-commerce enterprises: online stores, electronic casinos, numerous companies selling consulting and information services.

2. "business - business" В2В (business - to - business). The B2B model is another (together with B2C) main model. network business... It brings together companies operating in the inter-corporate market, where some legal entities provide services and sell goods to others. legal entities... The main organizational forms in this model are Internet exchanges and electronic trading platforms 29.

Exchange (auctions) - the most common model on the B2B transaction market. They are an electronic form of traditional auctions and can be accompanied by a multimedia presentation of goods. Usually, their activities are not limited to this, but supplemented by the conclusion of a contract, payments and delivery. Their sources of income are the sale of the technology platform, payment for transactions and advertising. An example is the World Chemical Exchange. Russia also has its own sectoral electronic exchanges: (metals), ChemForum (pharmaceuticals), eMatrix ( computer technology), Zerno OnLine (grain, sugar, sunflower), Faktura (universal Internet exchange), eMetex (pipes and accessories), (computer equipment).

29 Balabanov I.T. "Electronic commerce". SP-b: Peter, 2001 - p.98

Electronic trading platform, or B2B platform(Business to business marketplace) - a place where sales and purchase transactions are concluded between enterprises - buyers and sellers. There are different types of sites - purchasing, sales, diversified, industry and grocery sites.

Despite the fact that different categories of sites have their own advantages and disadvantages, their common distinguishing feature is the reduction of enterprises' costs. According to IBS, the savings from using B2B schemes can reach 15% on the procurement side and 22% on the sales side. At the same time, the costs of integrating and automating business processes of an enterprise with B2B sites, according to a study by Gartner Research, begin to pay off only if at least 2.3% of invoices are issued and paid via the Internet.

Corporate purchasing and sales platforms are created by one or more buyers or sellers and are designed to transfer connections to the Internet with existing partners of the company. As a rule, such sites are closely integrated with the internal business processes of enterprises and allow automating the process of exchanging information with counterparties, reducing costs and shortening the time of sales and purchases of products.

An example of a purchasing site is the newly created chain site retail"Pyaterochka" -. With the existing network infrastructure, which includes 84 stores, and an assortment of 4 thousand commodity items, such a platform will significantly simplify the work of purchasing divisions and transfer part of its work to the sales divisions of supplying companies.

The site created under the Dealine company (supplier of computers, components, etc.) is a representative of sales

sites and is designed to interact with dealers. According to general director Dealine, this system saved the company $ 1.4 million.

Diversified, industry and product platforms are created by third parties - technology companies, associations, banks, news agencies, chambers of commerce and other market entities.

Representatives of diversified sites are (providing services for conducting competitive purchases or tenders), a regional site, the site of Bank Menatep SPb (created for the bank's clients), etc. If the company has not found a counterparty at these sites, then you can always turn to specialized industry sites.

Industry sites include (for participants in the chemical industry market), (forestry market), (confectionery market), (road construction equipment), (medical equipment and components), (telecommunications equipment), (grain market), (site for oil products, oil and gas), (food and other consumer goods), (for IT market participants) and many other sites. Despite the high concentration of market participants and the resulting competition from suppliers, on such sites you can always stand out from the crowd by placing advertisements. Buyers also benefit from visiting an industry portal instead of a long search. necessary products on the websites of individual suppliers.

3. "business - government" B2G (business - to - government) business, operating transactions between private companies and government

organizations (administration), as a rule, in the form of public procurement (public procurement).

Almost all developed countries have already taken certain steps towards the transition to electronic public procurement. In particular, notices of ongoing public procurement tenders and tender documentation are now, as a rule, published on the Internet. At the same time, speaking about the electronic support of the subsequent stages of the competition, it should be noted that the results achieved here have a very wide spread so far. For example, in Mexico in 2004, more than forty percent of government purchases were fully implemented through electronic channels, in Germany - only less than five percent. Australia (), Canada (), Mexico, Denmark, and the USA went further in the field of electronic competitive bidding for government needs.

For example, let us briefly describe the state of affairs in Australia. Here the national strategic program for the automation of all technological stages of the tender for the supply of goods for state needs is being implemented. A specialized electronic bulletin is published to publish information about the bidding, where everyone can get acquainted with the complete sets of bidding documents free of charge. On the same site, a reception from suppliers of electronic applications for participation in the competition is organized. An information and reference system is functioning, a register of suppliers is maintained, legislative and other documents related to electronic trading are published on the Internet. There are means of electronic registration, registration, maintenance and payment of contracts.

Foreign experience can tell a lot when building a system of Russian electronic public procurement. Let's consider some of the characteristic features of the path traveled by each of the countries mentioned above.

First of all, it should be noted the work in the field of national legislation. Two tasks stand out here. The first, more general one, which is of decisive importance for national e-commerce in general, is the legal support of electronic document management and electronic payments. The second, more frequent, but no less important, is the adjustment of the regulatory framework serving the actual public procurement procedures.

The creation of a system of electronic public procurement is a rather laborious and long-term business that requires careful planning and a clear identification of individual stages. As the first such stage, the implementation of which brought quite tangible practical benefits, the organization of publication on the Internet of notices of public procurement tenders and tender documentation was chosen everywhere.

The benefits of accepting bids from suppliers over the Internet are less clear. In addition, a deeper legal and algorithmic study is required here. Therefore, Internet applications are usually postponed to subsequent stages.

In each of the countries under consideration, a national government trading server was opened, which made it possible to consolidate all information related to public procurement: from regulatory legal acts and market reviews to specific announcements of tenders and information about public buyers and suppliers.

At the same time, despite the noted common features, none of the countries under consideration took the path of borrowing. Independent national electronic public procurement systems were created, differing in many respects both in terms of algorithms and in terms of overall design. Cause

30 Ryabtsup V.K. "Electronic market of public procurement in Russia" VE, 2005, No. 4-p.121

here, apparently, primarily in the specifics of national legislation in the field of public procurement, as well as in the unwillingness to make a very significant component of the national economy dependent on external factors.

In addition, in the countries of Western Europe and the USA, interactive cable and satellite television (t-commerce) systems have become widespread, with the help of which users can not only watch videos, but also order various goods and services. Some experts believe that these systems are more reliable, since, unlike online stores, they are implemented in closed networks without direct access of buyers to global information networks.

A new direction in the development of e-commerce is the use of mobile Internet access for shopping (m-commerce) 31. In the conditions of Russia, which has a significant territory and low population density, as well as an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure in remote regions, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet may have a serious future. Therefore, it seems relevant to consider in more detail the development of mobile commerce, which will be done in the next section.

zi Schulzki - Haddouty A. “Electronic commerce. Problem ball for transantlantic relations. International Politic 2002 no. 3

1.3. Mobile means of conducting e-business.

Mobile commerce is essentially the translation of e-commerce into mobile forms. With the advent of electronic commerce, it became possible to make a purchase, make a payment, take part in an auction without leaving your computer, if only it is connected to the Internet. Mobile commerce makes the user even more independent, not tied to stationary devices, providing all of the above possibilities with only one mobile phone or pocket computer.

Mobile commerce can bring many conveniences that will be appreciated by all owners of mobile devices. So, the phone, while retaining all its previous functions, also becomes a means of identifying its owner, performs the functions of a credit card, etc.

Mobile commerce, as defined by Lehman Brothers, is the use of mobile handheld devices to communicate, entertain, receive and transmit information, and conduct transactions over public and private networks. To participate in m-commerce, a portable pocket computer, a mobile phone with the WAP function, and a smartphone can be used.

In European countries, widespread Cell Phones... Here, undoubtedly, the Scandinavian countries are in the lead - more than 70% of the population use mobile phones. In Finland this figure reaches 76%. At the same time, in the United States, among the means by which it is possible to conduct mobile commerce, PDA is the most popular, due to the fact that the most widespread cellular communication standard, DAMPS, does not allow the use of cell phones in this capacity.

The rapid growth of the cellular communications industry in Russia is evidenced by the fact that in September 2004, approximately 60 million Russians owned a mobile phone, and by the end of February 2005, according to some sources, the number of cellular communications subscribers had grown to 78.6 million. people, that is, the degree of coverage has reached more than 50% of the population.

Coverage of the population of Russia cellular communication 32

Number July.іonateleіі (leshya sleeper) ОХШС * (prana scale)

2001 (domtyabr)

\G 10

Mobile Internet access can be carried out using a wireless modem (usually a PDA), a built-in WAP browser (phones, smartphones), or by synchronizing the device with another already connected to the Internet (with a personal computer, WAP phone).

For the spread of mobile commerce, network bandwidth is essential. Before the introduction of GPRS technology, the bandwidth of networks was low. In CDMA, TDMA and GSM standards it did not exceed 19.2 Kbps. This speed was too low for full-fledged information exchange and was a serious obstacle to the spread of mobile commerce. GPRS allows this speed to be increased up to 115 Kbps. Most analysts believe that it was only with the transition to GPRS that the real development of mobile commerce took place.

A source:, Sitra Information package - ITC cluster.

In Russia, GPRS technology was put into commercial operation in 2001, when VimpelCom announced the start of commercial operation of its network. However, while the data transfer rate in it is still very far from the possible 115 Kbps: information transmission will be provided at a speed of up to 53.6 Kbps, and reception - up to 26.8 Kbps. And if with completely free GSM channels the maximum speed of 40.2 Kbps is provided, then, taking into account the real load of the channels, the average speed is only 12-15 Kbps.

Meanwhile, GPRS is only an intermediate step between GSM and "third generation" 3G networks. So UMTS, W-CDMA networks provide for data transmission at a speed of up to 2 Mbps. At such a speed, new services will begin to develop - the transfer of multimedia information, games.

In addition, technologies are developing that can significantly expand the capabilities of mobile devices. These include, for example, Bluetooth - a radio technology for transmitting data over not very long distances (currently - up to 100 meters), data transfer rates up to 1 Mbit / s. Bluetooth technology allows you to connect different devices with each other without resorting to wires and does not require line of sight. The main thing is that both devices have a built-in Bluetooth microchip. Both one-to-one and one-to-many connections are allowed. Wi-Fi is the newest type of wireless communication (the technology was put into operation in 2004). Maximum distance up to 480 meters, high data transfer rate up to 11 Mbps.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Commerce.

Mobile commerce has significant potential and a number of additional business opportunities.

Ubiquitous access - a mobile phone is becoming a familiar thing that is always with you. Apparently, the same can soon be said about laptops and pocket computers.

Lack of many ecommerce restrictions - to receive mail, read necessary information, to make a purchase, you do not need to be near a computer or an Internet terminal, one mobile phone is enough, which is usually carried everywhere with them.

Localization- technologies such as GPS (Global Positioning System) allow you to access information specific to a given region, for example, offers to buy a product of interest in nearby stores.

Personalization - the phone is a personal device by which the owner can be identified. It is worth paying special attention to those who offer their services to mobile users. The losers will be companies that send messages without targeting individual customers (or groups of customers).

At the same time, one cannot fail to note significant shortcomings.

Restrictions, related to the bandwidth of networks and the type of devices themselves. However, third-generation networks promise bandwidth comparable to that of wired Internet.

Screen dimensions. This aspect of the problem will always have to be tolerated. Even with the enlargement of the mobile phone screen, improving it

technical characteristics, it will still remain small. Typing will not be very convenient either. However, no one will dispute the undoubted advantages of using the phone in situations such as check-in at the airport, use as a credit card for purchases, that is, where these inconveniences do not play a significant role. On the other hand, disadvantages such as a small screen and inconvenient text input can be avoided by using the phone in a pair with a laptop or pocket computer.

Now let's look at what opportunities mobile commerce opens up for users. First of all, these are mobile financial services.

Mobile financial services.

A fairly wide class is formed by mobile banking services. As early as 1999, over 90% of European banks already offered some form of mobile banking to their customers, according to analyst firm Durlacher. The pioneer in financial services was MeritaNordbanken, which introduced mobile account payments back in 1992. Today, The Woolwich is considered the largest mobile bank in Europe in terms of the number of users, which allows customers to check their balances, view completed transactions, pay bills, and make money transfers using a mobile phone. In the United States, brokerage firms such as E * Trade, Fidelity, DLJ Direct and Ameritrade are leading the way, offering stock trading via AT&T Wireless, Spring PCS, and more. The situation is developing in such a way that American banks are already seriously engaged in

Klimenko S.A. "Internet as a financial and commercial environment", Banking, 1998, no. 10 - p.

RUSSIAN

STATE

LIBRARY

development of their mobile services. Already, FleetBoston, which has optimized its HomeLink service for Palm devices, has a very high penetration rate: 36% of its customers use wireless banking services. Wells Fargo Bank, in turn, has attracted 1.2 thousand mobile clients in a month of operation, who can make banking transactions in real time with the ability to continue the process in the event of an unexpected disconnection.

In Europe, the situation is even more favorable. If in North America, according to the estimates of the analytical company TowerGroup, at the end of 2002 there were only 500 thousand users of mobile financial services, then in Europe this figure was 3.9 million. For some European countries, the provision by banks mobile services can become almost a condition of competitiveness. According to Durlacher, German financial institutions that do not integrate mobile banking systems in the coming years risk being squeezed out of the market. Durlacher analysts believe that Germany, where there has always been a surplus of banks and a lack of services, is the ideal place for the development of mobile finance and see Germany largest market wireless services. In their opinion, it is Germany that will bring the largest income from mobile transactions in Europe, which will reach $ 11.3 billion already in 2005 (in 2001 - $ 485 million).

In countries where the Internet has not yet received proper development, the situation may well develop in such a way that instead of online banking services, it will be mobile banking services that will be developed.

In the early stages of the development of the mobile banking market, the owners of mobile devices were offered mainly information services: checking account balances and completed transactions,

access to quotes. At present, the services of payment on accounts and money transfers have already become widespread. Many analysts call mobile brokerage services one of the promising areas. For example, the new service will allow Barclays Stockbrokers clients to access stock prices and trade on the UK exchanges. In addition, users of mobile services will be able to access the Barclays Stockbrokers information system via their phones, which continuously monitors the market situation and reports the best prices.

In general, one of the main strengths of mobile commerce is personalization, the ability to build relationships with each individual client. By offering brokerage services, companies can take full advantage of these benefits. Specialists of the analytical company IDC argue that for brokerage firms serving private investors, offering access to their services via mobile devices is an objective necessity. In the area of investment, analysts say mobile Internet access is of primary value as a means of personalizing the services provided to a client, rather than as a means of attracting new customers and generating large profits. Ultimately, wireless devices can become the primary channel of relationships with most of the company's most valuable customers.

The use of mobile devices in e-commerce.

The scope of mobile devices is not limited to the B2C sector. The corporate market (B2B) is an equally important sector of their use. According to IDC, enterprise demand for enterprise mobility solutions has now reached

of a fairly high level. In the report, compiled from the results of a survey conducted by IDC experts, analysts cite data that currently about 21% of commercial enterprises in the United States are self-deploying mobile solutions, and another 56% intend to do so in the near future. In Europe, 35% of companies are in the process of commissioning enterprise-scale mobile solutions. For IT service providers, the IDC survey looks even more promising, with 75% of companies in Europe and 91%> in the US willing to deploy mobility with third-party vendors.

One possible use of mobile applications is in customer service, which often involves data transfer when the employee is away from the office. In order for information to be directly transmitted to the company's information system, to make this process simple and independent of external conditions, the use of mobile devices is just perfect. For example, Aviall Inc., a distributor of aviation spare parts, is gradually deploying a wireless SCM system (Supply Chain management) to take inventory of stocks at their consumers. The need for accurate and up-to-date parts inventory data has pushed Aviall and other businesses to embrace wireless devices in supply chains. Currently, Aviall sales staff must manually determine the number of required parts when visiting customers, and then somehow transfer this data to the office. With the help of the new system, Aviall employees will be able to scan the barcode on the container with the parts, and then quickly transfer information about the balances to the central database of the company via the Internet.

"Going Mobile: A Look at the End Users" Needs "

Nicor Gas is another example of the use of wireless technology in supply. Here, mobile devices from TS-Tek are used to ensure that certain procedures are carried out correctly by employees. Workers use barcode scanners to automate the creation of orders and prepare the necessary documents for receiving and shipping goods. Devices in use will emit a warning if parts in the warehouse are incorrectly identified or placed in the wrong container. In addition, information on the movement of goods is promptly transmitted to a central database, which guarantees the availability of up-to-date and accurate information on the level of warehouse stocks. Whereas before the introduction of wireless devices, a comprehensive inventory took three to four business days, now it is done in a day.

But there are applications in which companies may be interested, regardless of their type of activity. This is the so-called "mobile office". In fact, this is a set of those basic applications that you may need at any time. business person and the presence of which allows you to fully continue to work outside the walls of the office. This requires a mobile phone with Internet access and a pocket computer. The phone and the computer can be connected either with a wire, which is not very convenient, or with the help of an infrared port, but in this case the connection will only be held at a certain position of the devices relative to each other. However, this problem will be solved as soon as devices with support for Bluetooth technology enter mass circulation. The telephone in this bundle provides a voice channel and an Internet connection, and a PDA (pocket personal computer) allows you to work with standard office applications, mail, the Internet itself, and receive and transmit fax messages. Thus, the employee gets constant access to the necessary

information, can always keep in touch with the people he needs, exchange important documents, etc.

Speaking about the development of mobile commerce, it should be noted that the author shares the opinion of the majority of experts who are inclined to consider the development of technologies to be the main one in the development of this industry.

The emphasis on technology is made, for example, by specialists from PricewaterhouseCoopers. Their Technology Forecast notes that the widespread use of mobile Internet has unlimited potential to change the way we do business. However, success in this matter depends on the timely development of new applications designed with the specific properties of the mobile sector in mind. According to the developers of the forecast, the leading positions in the application of modern wireless networks are occupied by Europe and Asia, while the United States lags behind them in terms of the demand for mobile Internet technologies by consumers and enterprises.

Arthur Andersen also predicts a delay in the development of mobile commerce. In a study on trends in the future development of the mobile business, which was carried out in collaboration with J.P. Morgan says that growth in mobile commerce revenues in Europe will begin in 2006 alone and will reach $ 82 billion by 2010.

A study by Telecom Trends International has shown that mobile commerce has potential for growth. Now it is mainly based on the sale of digital content, but in the future it is expected to expand the scope of activities of entrepreneurs.

35 Jansen F. "The era of innovations" M .: Infra-M, 2002, -p.3

According to the study, in 2003, 94.9 million people resorted to mobile commerce services, spending a total of $ 6.86 billion. By 2008, the number of mobile commerce participants is expected to grow to 1.67 billion, and the total turnover of this industry will be 554.37 billion by that time. Content transactions will continue to dominate, but trade in tangible goods (purchased remotely or at the point of sale) and interactive transactions will also grow. Progress in mobile commerce is inextricably linked to the development of packet data networks, the availability of advanced data devices and the emergence of a variety of mobile commerce applications, the report notes.

In Russia in 2004 the rapid growth of the mobile Internet was noted. As follows from the report of the research company iKS-Consulting released in January 2005, in just a year the number of subscribers accessing the Internet using GPRS technology has grown 12 times. At the same time, Megafon has overtaken the market leader MTS in terms of the number of GPRS subscribers. As follows from the iKS-Consulting report, there are currently 4.6 million mobile Internet users in Russia using GPRS technology (General Packet Radio Service). GPRS allows data transmission in the cellular network at a speed of up to 56 Kbps, which is comparable to the speed of Internet access over a conventional telephone line... GPRS users can view special WAP sites on their phone screen, send and receive e-mail. Also, the handset can be connected to a computer and thereby get access to the "real" Internet 36.

In 2004 the number of GPRS users increased 12 times. In September 2004, the number of GPRS users in Russia was

only 1 million people. In September 2005, more than 6% of subscribers were using GPRS. By the end of 2005, there were over 600 WAP-sites in Russia, and 90% of GPRS users visit them.

It is noteworthy that, according to the results of the iKS-Consulting study, MTS ranks third in terms of the number of GPRS users, behind not only Vimpelcom (Bee Line cellular networks), but also the third largest operator - Megafon.

This is due to the fact that MegaFon has put into commercial operation in more regions than MTS (47 versus 18, Bee Line - 65). The number of GPRS users in the regions exceeded their number in Moscow in the second quarter of 2004 and continues to grow two to three times faster than in Moscow. These studies once again illustrate the conclusion that in the conditions of Russia, which has a significant territory and also an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet, and therefore mobile commerce, can have serious prospects.

At the end of the chapter, we will briefly formulate the main conclusions:

Since the development of the Internet has an impact on all aspects of economic life, it is logical to consider the Internet as the source of the emergence of a new electronic economy, an important part of which is electronic commerce;

the growth of e-commerce is due to the development of information infrastructure, improvement of payment systems (including the technology of secure electronic payments SET - Secure Electronic Transactions). With the increase in the number of electronic transactions comes the need for more powerful computers, technologies

transmission of information, more reliable and faster systems
conducting electronic payments. The result is
further informatization of society, development

computer and telecommunications industries, and hence the further development of the Web. Thus, the development of a real economic infrastructure leads to an increase in the volume of electronic commerce and vice versa, that is, there is a mutual influence on each other of the characteristics of the virtual and real environment; Since the Internet is the largest innovation, measures to develop the e-commerce infrastructure and the formation of the information society should become the priority areas of innovation policy. These measures, according to the author, include:

State participation in financing large basic Internet projects that form the basis of e-business infrastructure,

Government funding for training

highly qualified specialists in the field of information technology (including assistance in the creation of specialized university programs),

Provision of tax incentives to stimulate the import of high Internet technologies and the investment activity of private companies in the field of Internet business. It is important that government-funded Internet projects are carried out in conjunction with private companies in order to increase their market potential and reduce technical and financial risks;

A new direction in the development of e-commerce is mobile commerce - the use of mobile Internet access to make purchases (t-commerce). In the conditions of Russia, which has a significant territory and low population density, as well as an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure in remote regions, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet may have a serious future.

37 Schulzki - Haddouty A. “Electronic commerce. Trouble ball for trapsantlantic relations. International Politic 2002 no. 3

The importance of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of e-commerce

International trade is currently developing under the influence of the leading trend in the world economy, which is called "globalization". This trend will determine the development in the beginning of the XXI century. The globalization of economic activity is expressed in the ever greater expansion and deepening of international relations in the field of investment, production, circulation, supply and marketing, finance, scientific and technological progress, and education. The growth rate of international trade over the past decades has been 2 times higher than the growth rate of production; foreign direct investment in the same years grew 3 times faster, and international transactions in shares - ten times. In international trade, trade in services, technologies, and objects of intellectual property is growing at an outstripping (in comparison with goods) rates. An increasing technical influence on international trade is exerted by scientific and technological progress. In a postindustrial society, into which developed countries have already entered and into which Russia is entering, economic growth is increasingly acquiring an intensive (rather than extensive) and, moreover, innovative character.

New discoveries, inventions, technologies, fundamentally new goods and services are becoming a constant component of the economic process, which is predicted, planned, organized, including on the basis of expanding international cooperation. In the modern world, knowledge and intellectual work are becoming the most important resource for the competitiveness of international companies and entire countries. Realizing this, industrialized countries increasingly specialize in information metatechnologies. This is indirectly evidenced by a number of factors: 1. The structure of regional markets, more than 90% of which are concentrated in North America and Western Europe; 2. Concentration of the main part of the "information society" of the world (Internet users) in the most developed countries: more than 60% of them are concentrated in North America and Europe alone; 3. In terms of the average number of Internet hosts1 per capita, developing countries lag more than an order of magnitude behind developed countries. In 2001, their ratio was 2 versus 87 hosts per 10,000 people2; 4.

More than half of all computers used in the world are located in the USA and Western Europe, as of 2003 there were 735 million computers in use in the world, while their number was 418 million in the USA and Western Europe, respectively. According to the forecast of the research agency Nua Internet Surveys, by 2005 there will be more than one billion Internet users in the world. In North America, 41% of the population has access to the Internet, while in South Asia, which is home to 1/5 of the world's population, less than 1% of the population can be online. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 2%, Latin America - 3%. About 90% of Internet users are residents of industrialized countries (57%) - USA and Canada). Internet users from Africa and the Middle East account for only 1% of the world's population, and 75% of the information transmitted over the Internet is in English. The total number of African Internet users with the continent's population of 739 million is 1.2 million, that is, approximately 0.16%, with 1 million of them, or about 87%, residents of South Africa.

Due to the significant lag in the field of information technology, developing countries are becoming dependent recipients of metatechnologies, which can completely deprive them of a favorable economic development prospects. In addition, the lagging behind the developing countries is also caused by the decline in prices for traditional resources and technologies due to their obsolescence. If the sale of one kilogram of crude oil on the world market brings 2-2.5 cents of profit, and cast iron - 20 cents, then a kilogram of household appliances gives 50 dollars, a kilogram of aviation equipment - 1000 dollars, and a kilogram of electronics and information technology allows you to earn up to 5 thousand dollars. Therefore, developed countries are actively selling abroad not so much ecologically as “intellectually dirty”, that is, too simple production, insuring themselves as much as possible against the negative consequences of their own technical breakthrough. Thus, a dangerous consequence of the development of new technologies can be the deepening of the gap between the developed countries and the rest of the world. The Internet is one of the key technologies, since it plays an essential role in the development of economic globalization and is capable of bringing significant economic benefits to its recipient users, not to mention the developers of Internet technologies. The Internet expands the possibilities for access to information, financial, production and labor resources, allows you to significantly optimize the conduct of global communications and logistics, and reduce costs; there is an opportunity to enter any geographic and global markets and niches.

Prerequisites for the development of electronic commerce

There are a number of prerequisites for the development of Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce). Among them: - technical equipment users (hardware and software); - preparedness of personnel to use these technical means; - availability of transmission networks and cost-effective access to them; - security of electronic messages and documents; - legal support for the electronic transmission and use of information and documents in electronic form.

The technical basis of e-commerce is: telephone, facsimile, telex, computer and computer networks, electronic means of payment. For the development of e-commerce, it is important not only the technical ability to use them, but also the commercial conditions for the acquisition of these funds and their operation. In 2002, the number of personal computers sold annually exceeded 50 million. For the first time, computers became the best-selling commodity in terms of the number of units in the world. These data indicate a rapidly progressing development of the technical basis of e-commerce. As for the economic side, for the period 1960-1990. the cost of a unit of information processed by a computer has dropped 99 times. Therefore, in developed countries, a computer, technically and economically accessible to the general population and entrepreneurs, turned out to be the material basis for the development of e-commerce.

It is especially important here that the operational cost of computer communications has dropped sharply along with the decline in telephone tariffs. Characteristically, the use of computers in electronic data interchange and e-commerce was constrained in those countries where there was a time-based payment for telephone use, since the telephone remains the main basis for the operation of online data transmission systems everywhere. In this regard, the introduction of per-hour telephone billing in Russia may seriously slow down the country's inclusion in the Internet and in e-commerce. An increase in duties on the import of computer parts and other electronic equipment may also negatively affect Russia's participation in e-commerce. The experience of India is interesting: the government, having introduced preferential customs and tax regimes on the import of electronic equipment and preferential tariffs for its use in the Internet, in a relatively short period of time brought the country into the ranks of the largest exporters in the line of e-commerce.

In world trade, since 1995, the WTO Declaration on Trade in Information Technology has been in effect. Countries that have acceded to this Declaration have eliminated customs duties on goods that constitute the material basis of information technology. This immediately gave a tangible impetus to the development of the technical base of e-commerce and improved its economic performance.

Access to transmission networks is the second most important pillar of e-commerce development. Transmission networks were originally developed as closed networks of specialized use. It is known that the prototype of the Internet was a communication system developed within the framework of the US military in the late 60s. Dedicated transmission networks retain their importance. For example, in the field of financial services and international settlements, the interbank computer communication system - SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication - SWIFT), created by large banks, is of great importance. It serves interbank financial transactions. Transactions in the amount of $ 3 trillion are carried out daily through this system. dollars. All major banks in the world, including Russian, use this network.

Another large network - WISe (Worldwide Insurance Electronic Commerce - WISe) united the largest insurance companies in the world. Local networks operate in a number of areas in the field of transport, insurance, finance and other areas. Local networks have one advantage - the closed nature of the network, which allows you to ensure the confidentiality and security of the transmitted information. But they cannot serve as a technical base open to all users of the system. Therefore, only the development of the Internet has radically changed the conditions and opportunities for e-commerce.

The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks with a common address space open to all users. Until the mid-90s, the Internet was mainly used for sending e-mail (i.e. messages from one user to another). This system was of a sufficiently complex nature and therefore was used by a limited number of institutions. In the mid-90s, a new service appeared on the Internet and began to be widely used, which was named " The World Wide Web"W.W.W. is a distributed database of hypertext documents contained in the Internet. Every computer with a permanent connection to the Internet can be used as a server and documents and materials can be placed on it and made available to the public. Ease of use W.W.W. led to the fact that mass users began to connect to the Internet, and the system itself began to be used for commercial purposes. The Internet gained the ability to provide information about goods and services, about sellers and buyers, about prices and other commercial conditions, and thus allowed the entire commercial chain of a transaction to be carried out electronically.

Main methods of payment for goods and services in e-commerce and mobile commerce

Payment for goods and services is the process of transferring a certain amount of money in the form of cash or relevant documents using specially provided technology.

For making payments in e-commerce, both traditional methods and various Internet systems, WAP technologies, and telebanking can be used.

Possible payment methods used in e-commerce can be divided into the following segments: - cash payment; - payment by credit cards; - telebanking and payments using WAP technology; - payment through the Internet banking system; - payment using Internet payment systems (see Table 5). Cash payment provides for cash payment to the courier, payment and receipt of previously ordered goods in the store, cash on delivery, telegraph and postal order, bank transfer.

Cash payment to a courier is one of the simplest, reliable and most convenient payment methods. Payment is made at the time of delivery of the goods by the courier, and this is a guarantee of receipt of the goods by the buyer and money by the seller. At the moment, the buyer has the opportunity to check the quality of the goods, return the defective goods, and get advice from the courier. A major disadvantage of this form of payment is, however, the significant costs of courier services, especially when selling outside the city.

Payment and receipt of a previously ordered product in a store does not differ in reliability from a simple purchase of an item in a store. Having placed an order in the online store, the buyer indicates in which of the real stores of the company he wants to receive it. After the expiration of the specified period, the buyer pays for the goods and receives the purchase.

Cash on delivery involves sending the goods by mail. The advantage of this method is the absence of geographic restrictions and the relative cheapness of delivery. The disadvantages include the impossibility of preliminary acquaintance with the goods and the unreliability of delivery, since the goods can be damaged during transportation. Payment by credit cards.

A plastic card is a personalized payment instrument that provides the person using the card with the opportunity to pay for goods and / or services without cash, as well as receive cash in branches (branches) of banks and ATMs (ATMs). The trade / service enterprises and bank branches accepting the card form a network of card service points or a receiving network.

The most widespread payment system in the USA and Canada is based on American Express cards. In the United States, there are over 60 thousand ATMs that serve these cards. In Europe, Visa and Master Card are more common. In particular, in Germany there are more than 29 thousand ATMs serving these cards, in France - more than 15 thousand, in Italy - more than 6 thousand. In Spain, more than 20 thousand ATMs accept Visa cards and about 14 thousand - Master Cards. Indicators of American Express in Europe are much more modest: in Germany and France - about 2 thousand ATMs, in Italy - less than a thousand. In Russia, the most common cards are Visa and Master Card.

More complex than a magnetic card is the so-called memory card, which does not have a magnetic stripe, but has a built-in microcircuit containing memory and a device for writing / reading information.

The most powerful type of "plastic money" known today is the smart card (smart card). Such cards contain a built-in microprocessor, can have operative (for use in the processing) and permanent (for storing unchanged data) memory, as well as a built-in security and data protection system. Smart cards are used in a wide variety of financial applications to ensure the safety, integrity and confidentiality of information. In particular, when making debit or credit transactions using smart cards, its owner can check whether the given bank (merchant terminal) actually exists. Smart card technologies are quite diverse, and the possibilities of using these cards largely depend on the chosen technology and software and hardware solutions.

One of the most common applications of smart cards is their use as "electronic wallets" that allow you to store a certain amount in your memory, which you can spend without any authorization. The need for the latter arises only when the virtual money has run out, and the card needs to be replenished with new money through terminals such as ATMs. The most functionally developed at the moment are electronic wallets manufactured by Mondex. These systems even allow you to lend or borrow money if the transaction is between two Mondex clients. After entering the appropriate password, such actions become available as checking the balance of money, transferring cash from one currency to another, and the like. In addition to Mondex technology, similar payment systems are being developed by such well-known corporations as Visa and Master Card.

Telebanking and payments using WAP technologies are remote control systems bank account using regular or mobile phones. To make a payment using a regular phone, the buyer dials a certain number, enters his code (the phone must be with tone dialing) or calls this code and then gives an order to which account and how much money to transfer from his account.

Analysis of the state of the e-commerce market in Russia

In recent years, the network economy in Russia has begun to develop especially rapidly. The reason for this is the arrival of the state in the field of electronic commerce. In January 2002, the program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)" was approved. Within the framework of this program, provisions were enshrined regarding procurement for state needs through electronic trading. According to one of the sections of the program, “a set of measures is envisaged to increase the openness of the state at the federal, regional and local levels, the main principles of which should be: openness of procedures and results of public procurement, sales, which provides for the mandatory publication (on the Internet) of messages on conditions and the results of tenders and competitions for the purchase of goods and services, the sale of state property, the provision of quotas and licenses for the development, extraction and export of natural resources, etc. " Relevant section target program"Electronic Russia (2002-2010)" provides for a number of measures for the earliest possible creation of a domestic system of electronic public procurement. It rightly states that "it is inappropriate to wait for someone else's development of advanced technologies, and then catch up and buy them." The program fixes the goals to be achieved through the introduction of such a system: - reducing the cost of public procurement of products; - increasing the transparency of public procurement of products and reducing abuse in spending budget funds; - intensification of competition when placing government orders; - acceleration of competitive bidding procedures; - gradual entry of Russia into the global world electronic commerce system. According to the authors of the program, the implementation of the system e-procurement requires its stage-by-stage integration into the existing system of state orders with the gradual displacement of non-electronic procurement methods by replacing individual procedures and operations with their electronic counterparts. The creation of an electronic commerce system for the procurement of products for federal state needs will save 20 to 40% of the funds of the respective budgets allocated for the preparation and conduct of tenders and the organization of purchases. The program provides for a four-stage creation of a system of electronic public procurement in the country (see Table 1). I would like to note that the implementation of the second and third stages of creating electronic public procurement systems in Russia is quite intensive. In 2003, the volume of electronic commerce in Russia amounted to only 28.11 billion rubles. But already in the first quarter of 2004 this figure reached 32.79 billion rubles, and by the end of the year it had grown to 57.23 billion rubles. Thus, the volume of electronic commerce in the country as a whole was only in the first quarter of 2004. It was 16.7% more than in the entire previous year. The “culprit” of such a rapid growth of the e-commerce market was the public procurement sector. The volume of purchases via the Internet by the end of the year reached 29.44 billion rubles. (2.1 billion dollars), which is more than seven times higher than the same indicator for 2003, when it was only 4.23 billion rubles. ($ 141 million). Government purchases on the Internet in 2005 remained almost unchanged compared to 2004 and amounted to $ 2.1 billion, since last year government purchases via the Internet were carried out by practically the same departments as in 2004. At the same time, 80% state purchases online fell on Rosatom. However, the activity of the state in electronic commerce is constantly increasing - the law "On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs" was recently adopted.

The basic principles when building e-commerce systems are as follows:

The principle of legality (legitimacy). This principle implies the legality and validity of an electronic business transaction. Transactions in the electronic commerce system must be carried out on the basis of the current national legislation, taking into account the relevant international legal norms.

The principle of globality... Electronic commerce systems should be created taking into account the needs of both the national market and the global one.

The principle of "online". This principle assumes that e-commerce systems should be created in compliance with the mode of continuous operation, i.e. real time mode.

The principle of consistency... Regulatory the legislative framework should not be contradictory and allow different interpretations of terms and concepts in this area.

The principle of reliability... Any information in the field of electronic commerce must be accurate and reliable.

The principle of standardization... When designing e-commerce systems, it is necessary to be guided by a system of uniform international standards, for example, ISO standard 10303 for computer representation and exchange of product data.

The principle of interactivity... Electronic commerce systems must be able to immediately respond to any requests (requests) from network clients.

The principle of anonymity... This principle assumes the anonymity of information in the electronic commerce system (for example, information about the owner's virtual account, electronic payment card number, etc.).

Non-discrimination principle... There should be no discrimination in access to the resources of e-commerce systems for enterprises of all sizes, organizational and legal forms, and for individuals.

Safety principle... In the electronic trading system, information about the participants in the transaction should not become the property of unauthorized persons.

The principle of user-friendliness of the interface. The possibilities of using network technologies and the necessary software provided by the electronic commerce system should be extremely simple, convenient and accessible to a wide range of potential users.

Models and organizational forms of business processes

Within the framework of the e-commerce systems presented above, the following models can be distinguished:

Electronic trading platforms, which can be organized in the form of Internet auctions, tenders and electronic exchanges.

Online Stores;

Internet trading;

Corporate portals

Online Auction- electronic trading system, in which the sale of goods takes place directly between people. This direction allows people experiencing certain restrictions to conclude transactions at any time convenient for them; as a result, overhead costs are reduced, which, in turn, saves the end consumer's funds.

The turnover of Internet auctions already almost exceeds the turnover of the rest of the Internet retail trade. One of the most popular online auctions (eBay) offers about 3.5 million types of goods for auction every day in over 2,900 different categories. And if until recently all the world's largest portals included online stores, now they are acquiring their own auctions with the same haste. On the other hand, the world's largest auction houses are also moving online, leveraging the expertise of the foremost e-commerce industry. For example, a joint project between Sotheby's and Amazon.com, or a similar project between the Lycos portal and the fourth largest auction house in the United States, Skinner. The popularity of auctions is so great that their varieties have already appeared. The rules for holding auctions are being formed.

All this has led to the fact that a number of analysts predict in the near future the transformation of a significant part of retail e-commerce in the form of Internet auctions.

E-Trading - electronic trading (Internet trading), having appeared a couple of years ago, it quickly gained popularity. The reason is simple - the Internet has provided clients with a convenient and prompt means of communicating with their broker. There is another reason for the success of Internet trading - the Internet has opened up the possibility of playing on American stock exchanges for almost any inhabitant of the Earth. Gradually, a circle of the largest online brokerage houses was formed in the USA, some of them arose on the wave of interest in Internet trading, some of them were historically established brokerage houses that offered additional services on time. For example, E-Trade today serves more than 4.5 million clients around the world with about $ 100 billion in assets.

Consulting... The demand for consulting services on the Internet is growing. By mid-2000, the market for consulting services in this area had reached $ 1.6 billion, with e-business accounting for half of all new consulting projects in 2000. It should be noted that in this market, the largest consulting companies increasingly have to compete with firms engaged in and developing information technology such as IBM and EDS.