The leading industry in the economy of our country is metallurgy. A lot of metal is needed for its successful development. This article will focus on non-ferrous heavy and light metals and their uses.
Classification of non-ferrous metals
Depending on their physical properties and purpose, they are divided into the following groups:
- Light non-ferrous metals. The list of this group is long: it includes calcium, strontium, cesium, potassium, and lithium. But in the metallurgical industry, aluminum, titanium and magnesium are most often used.
- Heavy metals are very popular. These are well-known zinc and tin, copper and lead, as well as nickel.
- Noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, rhodium. Gold and silver are widely used in jewelry making.
- Rare earth metals - selenium and zirconium, germanium and lanthanum, neodymium, terbium, samarium and others.
- Refractory metals are vanadium and tungsten, tantalum and molybdenum, chromium and manganese.
- Small metals such as bismuth, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, mercury.
- Alloys - brass and bronze.
Light metals
They are widespread in nature. These metals are of low density. They are highly reactive. They are strong connections. The metallurgy of these metals began to develop in the nineteenth century. They are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts, electrothermy and metallothermy. Light non-ferrous metals, the list of which has many items, are used for the production of alloys.
Aluminum
Refers to light metals... It has a silvery color and a melting point of about seven hundred degrees. In industrial conditions, it is used in alloys. It is used wherever metal is needed. Aluminum has low density and high strength. This metal is easily cut, sawn, welded, drilled, brazed and bent.
Forms alloys with metals of various properties, such as copper, nickel, magnesium, silicon. They are very durable, do not rust in adverse weather conditions. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity.
Magnesium
It belongs to the group of light non-ferrous metals. It has a silvery white color and a film oxide coating. Low density, well processed. The metal is resistant to combustible substances: gasoline, kerosene, mineral oils, but is susceptible to dissolution in acids. Magnesium is not magnetic. Possesses low elastic and casting properties, corrodes.
Titanium
It is a light metal. It is not magnetic. It has a silvery color with a bluish tint. Possesses high strength and corrosion resistance. But titanium has low electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. Loses mechanical properties at a temperature of 400 degrees, becomes brittle at 540 degrees.
The mechanical properties of titanium increase in alloys with molybdenum, manganese, aluminum, chromium and others. Depending on the alloying metal, alloys have different strengths, among them there are high-strength ones. Such alloys are used in aircraft construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. They are used to produce rocketry, household appliances and much more.
Heavy metals
Heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is very wide, are obtained from sulfide and oxidized polymetallic ores. Depending on their types, the methods of obtaining metals differ in the method and complexity of production, in the process of which valuable components of raw materials must be completely extracted.
Metals of this group are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Metals obtained by any method are called rough. They undergo a refining procedure. Only then can they be used for industrial purposes.
Copper
Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is presented above, is not used by all in the industry. In this case, we are talking about a common heavy metal - copper. It has high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and plasticity.
Copper alloys are widely used in such industries as mechanical engineering, and all due to the fact that this heavy metal is well alloyed with others.
Zinc
He also represents non-ferrous metals. The list of names is long. However, not all heavy non-ferrous metals, including zinc, are used in industry. This metal is brittle. But if you heat it up to one hundred and fifty degrees, it will be forged without any problems and easily rolled. Zinc has high anticorrosive properties, but it is destructible when exposed to alkali and acid.
Lead
A list of non-ferrous metals would be incomplete without lead. It is gray in color with a hint of blue. The melting point is three hundred twenty seven degrees. It is heavy and soft. It is well forged with a hammer, but does not harden. Various forms are poured from it. Resistant to acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, nitric.
Brass
These are alloys of copper and zinc with the addition of manganese, lead, aluminum and other metals. The cost of brass is less than that of copper, and the strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are higher. Brass has good casting properties. Parts are produced from it by stamping, rolling, drawing, rolling. Shells for shells and much more are made of this metal.
Use of non-ferrous metals
Colored are called not only the metals themselves, but also their alloys. The exception is the so-called "ferrous metal": iron and, accordingly, its alloys. In European countries, nonferrous metals are called nonferrous. Non-ferrous metals, the list of which is rather big, have found wide application in various industries all over the world, including in Russia, where they are the main specialization. Produced and mined in all regions of the country. Light and heavy non-ferrous metals, the list of which is represented by a wide variety of names, make up an industry called "Metallurgy". This concept includes mining, ore dressing, smelting of both metals and their alloys.
Currently, the non-ferrous metallurgy industry is widespread. The quality of non-ferrous metals is very high, they are durable and practical, they are used in the construction industry: they are used to decorate buildings and structures. They are used to produce profile metal, wire, strips, strips, foil, sheets, rods of various shapes.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FGAOU VPO "NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
Institute of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Science
Message
on discipline: "Economic Geography of Russia"
on the topic of:
"Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia"
Performed:
4th year student,
Groups 102 (1),
Directions "Geography"
Dorogokup Anastasia
Stavropol, 2013
1. The importance of the industry in the national economy.
2. Composition of the industry.
4. Factors of placement.
5. Geography.
6. Features modern development branches and development prospects.
Non-ferrous metallurgy .
1.The importance of the industry in the national economy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the Russian economy, it is distinguished by high material consumption and capital intensity of production. The non-ferrous metallurgy market is 90% associated with the machine-building industry. In addition, production based on the processing of secondary resources, for example, sulfuric acid production, the production of cement and block products, the production of nitrogen fertilizers, and so on, is widely introduced as part of the enterprises of this industry.
Non-ferrous metallurgy occupies the leading fourth place (after fuel, mechanical engineering and food) in the structure of Russian industry, its share is 10.1%. It is one of the most export-oriented industries. It has the richest raw material base. The Norilsk deposit alone contains 35.8% of the world's nickel reserves, 14.5% of cobalt, about 10% of copper and 40% of the reserves of platinum group metals.
2.Composition of the industry.
Non-ferrous metals give off sweat to groups:
Heavy metals - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel.
Light metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, etc.
Ligating or refractory metals - tungsten, molybdenum.
Precious metals - gold, silver, platinum.
Rare or scattered metals - zirconium, gallium, germanium, indium.
Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia unites a number of specialized industries, which can be grouped according to two main characteristics: according to the stages of extraction and processing of raw materials into finished products and depending on the main type of product. On the first basis, the mining industry can be distinguished, including the beneficiation of mined ores, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary production - repair and engineering.
According to the second criterion, the following subsectors are distinguished:
1)Aluminum. Extraction of bauxite and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminum, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and building materials
The aluminum industry uses higher quality raw materials than other non-ferrous metallurgy industries. Raw materials are represented by bauxites, which are mined in the North-West (Boksi-togorsk) and the Urals (Severouralsk), as well as nephelines - in the Northern region, on the Kola Peninsula (Kirovsk), in Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk). A new bauxite mining center is being formed in the Northern Region (Severoonezhskoye field).
The technological process in the aluminum industry consists of two main stages: the production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum. Geographically, these stages can be located together, as, for example, in the Northwest or the Urals. However, for the most part, even within the same economic region, they are fragmented, because they are subject to the influence of different factors of location. Alumina production centers are located in the Northwest (Boksitogorsk - Tikhvin bauxites, Volkhov and Pikalevo - Khibiny nephelines), in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky - North Ural bauxites) and in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk - Kiyashaltyr nephelines).
The first place in the production of alumina is occupied by the Urals (more than 2/5 of the total output), followed by Eastern Siberia (over 1/3) and North-West (over 1/5). But domestic production provides only half of the existing needs. The rest of the alumina is imported from neighboring countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Ukraine), as well as from Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela and other countries. About 1/5 of the alumina demand of aluminum smelters is covered by the Nikolaev Alumina Plant (Ukraine), the largest in the CIS. Its capacity is 1.2 million tons of alumina per year.
Due to the significant electrical intensity, the production of aluminum metal, regardless of the quality of the feedstock, is almost always confined to sources of cheap electricity, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role. Here, the use of imported alumina (about 2 tons per 1 ton of aluminum) turns out to be economically more profitable in comparison with the transfer of electricity or an equivalent amount of fuel to the regions where cheap alumina is produced.
The aluminum industry stands out among other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy by the largest scale of production
2)Copper. Extraction and processing of ore, production of blister and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials.
The main type of ore currently used in Russia for the production of copper is copper pyrite, which are represented mainly in the Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blyavinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye and other deposits).
The main area of copper production is the Urals, which is characterized by the prevalence of metallurgical processing over mining and processing. Therefore, they are forced to use imported (mostly Kazakh) concentrates.
The widespread utilization of waste for chemical purposes is characteristic. At the copper smelters of Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad and Revda, sulfurous gases serve raw material for the production of sulfuric acid. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates. Ore reserves amount to 1.2 billion tons with an average copper grade of 1.5%. Consequently, the Udokan deposit contains 18--20 million tons of copper.
3)Lead-zinc. Extraction and processing of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials.
The lead-zinc industry is characterized by more complex structural and territorial features in comparison with the copper industry. In general, it is confined to the areas of distribution of polymetallic ores - the North Caucasus (Sadon), Kuzbass (Salair), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk deposits) and the Far East Primorye (Dalnegorsk). However, due to the fact that lead and zinc concentrates have a rather high content of useful components, and, consequently, transportability (as opposed to copper concentrates), beneficiation and metallurgical processing are often separated from each other.
A characteristic feature of the lead-zinc industry is the territorial disunity of beneficiation and metallurgical processing. Another important feature of the industry is that, despite the complex composition of raw materials, not all lead and zinc are obtained simultaneously in pure form. The lead-zinc industry utilizes industrial waste.
4)Nickel-cobalt. Extraction and concentration of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral and other building materials.
The nickel-cobalt industry is most closely related to the sources of raw materials, which is due to the low content of intermediate products (matte and matte) obtained in the process of processing the original ores.
In Russia, two types of ores are exploited: sulfide (copper-nickel), which are known on the Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), and oxidized - in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh). The Norilsk region is especially rich in sulfide ores. New sources of raw materials have been identified here (Talnakhskoye and Oktyabrskoye deposits), which makes it possible to further expand the metallurgical processing of nickel.
The Norilsk region is the largest center for the integrated use of copper-nickel ores. The plant operating here, which combines all stages of the technological process - from raw materials to finished products, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum (together with platinoids), copper and some rare metals. By utilizing waste, sulfuric acid, soda and other chemical products are obtained.
5)Tungsten-molybdenum. Mining and processing of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and middlings.
6)Tin. Extraction and processing of ore and tin production.
The tin mining industry, in contrast to the nickel-cobalt industry, is represented by territorially separated stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not related to the sources of raw materials. It is focused on the areas of consumption of finished products or is located on the route of concentrates (Novosibirsk). This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, the extraction of raw materials is often dispersed over small deposits, and on the other hand, the enrichment products are highly transportable.
The main resources of tin are located in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Sherlovogorsk, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny, Ese-Haysky and other mining and processing plants operate here. The construction of the first stage of the Deputatsky GOK (Yakutia) is nearing completion.
7)Precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold-bearing ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, recycling of precious metals.
The gold mining industry is one of the oldest in Russia. In 1993, 132.1 tons of gold were produced, which makes our country fifth in the world after South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia. Currently, the share of Russian gold in world production is about 8%. In terms of explored reserves, which are estimated at no less than 5 thousand tons, Russia is significantly inferior only to South Africa, but surpasses Australia and Canada and is on a par with the United States. Domestic deposits are represented by placer, primary (ore) and complex (gold in combination with copper, polymetals, etc.). The main reserves are concentrated in primary deposits, then there are complex and, finally, placer deposits.
Meanwhile, alluvial deposits have always been developed most intensively: their development required less money and time in comparison with the indigenous ones. Now they account for about 3/4 of the total production.
Placer gold reserves have significantly decreased by now. In the future, we should expect an increase in the role of primary deposits, which is associated, in particular, with the attraction of foreign capital. One example is the creation of the Russian-Australian JSC "Lenzoloto" at the famous Bodaibo mines.
The bulk of domestic gold is mined in the Far East (2/3 of the total) and in Eastern Siberia (over 1/4). In the Far East, 2/3 of all production is concentrated in the mines of Yakutia (30.7 tons) and the Magadan region. (28.2 t). In Eastern Siberia, production is also concentrated by 2/3 in the Irkutsk region. (11.7 tons) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory (10.8 tons). The rest of the gold comes from the Urals (5%), where mines appeared much earlier than in other regions of Russia, Western Siberia and the North of the European part.
Also, non-ferrous metallurgy includes diamond mining industry. Diamonds are one of the most important income items for domestic exports. The country receives about $ 1.5 billion annually from their sale. Diamonds are mined in more than 20 countries around the world. Some of them are independent exporters of diamonds, others, including Russia, enter the world market through the South African De Beers cartel. World production of diamonds is 100 million carats (about 20 tons per year), of which at least half is technical. In value terms, their share is only 2%. De Beers produces 50% of gem-quality diamonds, and Russia accounts for 25% of their world production.
Currently, almost all domestic diamonds are mined in Yakutia. In two diamondiferous regions of the river basin. There are several mines in Vilyui, including such well-known ones as Yubileiny and Udachny (85% of the total production volume). In the eastern regions of the country, diamonds were also found in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region).
The northwestern part of the Russian platform is very promising. The so-called Zimneberezhnoe kimberlite field (near Arkhangelsk) with several kimberlite pipes and veins was discovered here. According to De Beers experts, the reserves of one of the discovered deposits - named after Lomonosov - amount to at least 250 million carats. The content of gem-quality diamonds in the Pomor pipes is much higher (2-3 carats per 1 ton of rock) than in the mines of Yakutia, and the quality of the Arkhangelsk diamonds is much higher than the South African ones. The Leningrad Region is also potentially diamondiferous. (between Tikhvin and Lodeynoye Pole) and Karelia.
3. Technical and economic indicators of the industry development.
The production of non-ferrous metals in Russia is one of the most important industries for the national economy. This is perhaps the only area where the country determines the situation on the world market: Russia controls up to 20% of the world production of aluminum, 40% - nickel, a significant part - platinoids and copper. In the total industrial production of Russia, non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for 8.9%, and the total turnover of the industry exceeds $ 11 billion per year.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a strictly export-oriented industry. Up to 70% of non-ferrous metals produced in the country leave the country: export of aluminum is 48% of export volumes, nickel - 20%, copper - 12% in value terms. The rest is mostly represented by precious metals produced by Norilsk Nickel.
The industry, which employs about 2% of the country's working-age population, is developing very dynamically. However, so far the efficiency of the industry is determined not by its high manufacturability, but by the low cost of resources, including energy, and the huge reserves of minerals on the territory of Russia. That is why non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most prosperous and at the same time most problematic sectors of the economy: it is the first to react to any changes in the macroeconomic situation in the country.
In recent years, in non-ferrous metallurgy on the basis of the industries inherited from the USSR, the world's largest companies producing nickel and palladium, as well as aluminum - MMC Norilsk Nickel and Rusal, respectively, have been created.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important industries in Russia. Currently, the share of metallurgy in Russia's GDP is about 5%, and in industrial production - 18.3%, including non-ferrous metallurgy 2.8% and 10.2%, respectively. Moreover, competitiveness Russian enterprises in a number of non-ferrous metallurgy subsectors it is at the level of world leaders, for example, MMC Norilsk Nickel takes the first place in the production of nickel, the united company Russian Aluminum - the first place in the production of alumina and aluminum, VSMPO-Avisma - the first place for the production of titanium. The balance of export-import of non-ferrous metallurgy products in Russia is steadily positive and in Lately shows an upward trend. Non-ferrous metallurgy is the second in terms of attracted foreign investment among the sectors of the Russian economy.
4. Factors of placement.
Raw materials (industrial ores are considered to contain copper, nickel, lead, about 1%, tin less than 1%);
Fuel and energy (when placing the production of light metals);
For each branch of non-ferrous metallurgy, the location factor is individual, for example: the aluminum industry - the production of alumina, being material-intensive, gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the production of metal aluminum, being energy-intensive, is focused on the sources of mass and cheap electrical energy; the copper industry, due to the relatively low content of concentrates, is confined (excluding the refining of the crude metal) to the regions with raw material resources; the nickel-cobalt industry is most closely associated with sources of raw materials; the tin industry is focused on the areas of consumption of finished products or is located on the route of concentrates.
5. Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy.
Copper industry - Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blyavinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye and other deposits), Eastern Siberia (Norilsk), Northern region (Monchegorsk).
Nickel-cobalt industry - Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh), Norilsk region (Talnakh and Oktyabrskoe deposits).
Lead-zinc industry - Vladikavkaz, Belovo, Dalnegorsk, Chelyabinsk.
Tin industry - Eastern Siberia, the Far East.
Aluminum industry - Ural (Krasnoturyinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky), North-Western region (Boksitogorsk, Pikalevo), Eastern Siberia (Achinsk).
Gold mining industry - the Far East, Eastern Siberia.
The diamond mining industry is the Republic of Sakha.
6. Features of modern development and prospects.
In recent years, there has been a decrease in the capacity of the domestic market, a complication of the situation in the external market, a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic non-ferrous metallurgy products, caused by the outstripping growth in prices for products of natural monopolies and insufficient investment in the renewal of means of production.
The prospects for the development of the metallurgical industry are primarily associated with the expansion of demand for its products in the domestic market. The revival of the domestic market may be caused by the need to renew fixed assets and the growth of production and investment in metal-consuming industries - mechanical engineering, construction, the fuel and energy complex. The growth in demand for non-ferrous metals is also associated with an increase in demand for fourth-stage products: aluminum, copper, titanium, and brass rolled products.
Despite the expected growth in demand on the domestic market, non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia will remain an export-oriented industry in the next decade. Currently, Russian enterprises are being squeezed out of the markets for metal products with high added value. Pressure from third countries (primarily China, India, Brazil) is increasing in the markets for low-value-added metal products. In the long term, in order to maintain high export volumes of Russian metal products and deeper integration into world economy it is necessary to achieve a significant increase in the competitiveness of domestic products.
The main directions of the development of metallurgy are associated with the production of advanced types of products, the improvement of the technological structure of production, an increase in labor productivity, and institutional changes.
The production of progressive types of products is associated with innovation and investment activities at all levels. This allows us to update our production potential, to ensure the release of new and old types of products with reduced consumption of raw materials, energy and compliance with environmental protection standards.
On the basis of innovations, the production structure of the metallurgical complex should also be improved. In non-ferrous metallurgy, hydrometallurgical processes should also be more widely used as more ecological, allowing the processing of low-quality products and increasing the complexity of the use of raw materials. The reduction and modernization of inefficient industries should lead to an increase in labor productivity, which is currently significantly lower than at foreign enterprises... Shifts in the structure of production should be accompanied by changes in the organizational sphere - institutional transformations. The main focus is on the creation of vertically integrated structures. Meanwhile, the industry should also retain highly specialized enterprises, in particular, those producing high-tech products for special purposes.
List of used literature
1. Yurkova T.I. "Economics of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy", Krasnoyarsk, 2004.
2. Arbatov A. Mineral and raw materials complex of Russia in the transition period // Economic Issues. - 2007.
3. Klotsvog F., Kournikova I. Resource potential of the subjects of the Federation and its use // The Economist. - 2007.
4. Sokolov V.M. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Siberia in market conditions // Region: economics and sociology. - 2006.
Nonferrous metallurgy in Russia produces a variety of physical and chemical properties construction materials. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel - cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.
According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and processing of raw materials, metallurgical redistribution and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in heavy non-ferrous metal ores requires their obligatory enrichment. Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially separated. The enriched ore is smelted in special furnaces and turns into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.)
Non-ferrous metallurgy due to its export orientation in recent years has experienced less decline in production, since industries working for the domestic market. Here it is higher in comparison with other branches of heavy industry wage... But the cost of production is largely due to changes in electricity tariffs, since production is highly energy intensive.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has its own specifics.
1. The industry is highly concentrated in production. Enterprises - monopolists make up 12% of the total number of enterprises.
2. This is an environmentally harmful production. In terms of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other industries that include the mining industry.
3.in non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises the most heavy expenses related to fuel consumption and transportation... Moreover, in recent years, due to the rise in prices for resources and transport, a tight monetary policy of the state, huge taxes, the share of fuel and energy costs has increased from 16 to 40%, and the share of transportation costs has increased from 6 to 20%.
Due to the variety of raw materials used and the wide use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into extraction and processing of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The originality of the resource base lies in the extremely low content of recoverable metal in the original ore.
Due to the fact that in non-ferrous metallurgy it is necessary to extract much more than in ferrous metallurgy, rocks per unit of finished product, and due to the significant capital intensity of the mining and enrichment process carried out in mining areas, considerable importance is attached to the open-pit mining of ore deposits non-ferrous metals (more than 2/3 of all deposits). Obtaining expensive concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and directly metallurgical processing.
The peculiarity of the technological process for the production of non-ferrous metals is that the metallurgical redistribution is an energy-intensive process that sometimes requires up to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products, therefore it is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel, which also becomes one of the reasons for the territorial separation of stages production.
Non-ferrous metal ores have a multicomponent composition. For example, polymetallic ores, in addition to lead and zinc, contain copper, cadmium, selenium, bismuth, gold, silver, etc. Moreover, many "satellites" in value significantly exceed the main components and sometimes do not form independent deposits. Consequently, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the importance of the integrated use of raw materials and industrial combination within the industry is of great importance.
Most of the deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are distinguished by complex mining and geological conditions of development, harsh natural and geographical conditions of the regions of their location. The quality of ores (except for copper and nickel) is characterized by lower indicators in comparison with foreign counterparts.
The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous.
Aluminum industry produces light non-ferrous metal. As a raw material, it uses bauxite, the deposits of which are located in the North-West, North, Urals, Eastern Siberia, as well as nephelines, the deposits of which are located in the North, in Western Siberia... Every year, 3 million tons of alumina and bauxite are imported for the aluminum industry, which indicates a shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials. At the same time, Russia has huge reserves of nephelines, but the production of alumina from them is associated with high energy costs.
The technological process of aluminum production consists of the following main stages: extraction and processing of raw materials, production of intermediate alumina, production of metallic aluminum. Each stage of the process is influenced by various placement factors. Extraction and beneficiation of raw materials, as well as the production of alumina as material-intensive processes gravitate towards the sources of raw materials. In the manufacture of aluminum metal, a large amount of mass and cheap energy is consumed, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role.
The production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum may coincide geographically. Most of the alumina is produced in the European part of the country: in Boksitogorsk, based on Tikhvin bauxites, in Volkhva and Pikaleven, the Khabinsky nephelines, in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, North Ural bauxites are used.
Copper industry- one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in our country. Its development began in the 18th century in the Urals. Copper has long been one of the most consumed non-ferrous metals. Modern technology the copper industry is based on three stages: mining and processing of ores, smelting of blister copper, smelting of refined copper. Due to the low metal content in the ore, the copper industry remained mainly in the mining areas, i.e. in the Ural economic region. Here the ores of the Gaysky and Blyavinsky, Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky, Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileiny deposits are being developed. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry. In the Urals, metallurgical redistribution significantly exceeds production and enrichment. Since their resources are not enough, imported concentrates (from Kazakhstan, from the Kola Peninsula) with a metal content of 30-40% are used here. There are about 10 copper smelters and refineries here. Blister copper is produced at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk and other enterprises. Copper refining takes place at the specialized Verkhnepyshminsky and Kyshtymsky plants.
In other regions of the country, there are also copper production enterprises: in the Northern Region (Monchegorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk Combine). In the north of the Chita region, exploration has been completed and preparations are underway for the start of industrial development of the world's third largest in terms of explored reserves of the Udokan copper ore deposit. A number of enterprises for the refining and rolling of copper arose outside the regions for producing blister copper (Moscow), here the secondary use of copper (copper scrap) has become of great importance.
Lead-zinc industry is based on the use of polymetallic ores of different composition. The peculiarity of their processing lies in the extraction, enrichment, separation of ore minerals, obtaining different methods metals, refining. Lead and zinc are widely used in various fields human activity... Zinc, possessing anticorrosive properties, is used for galvanizing iron sheets, telegraph wires, pipes for various purposes, and is part of some pharmaceuticals. Lead is necessary for the manufacture of acid-resistant equipment, various pipes and vessels for the chemical industry, etc., in addition, lead absorbs X-ray and nuclear radiation well.
The territorial organization of the lead-zinc industry differs from the copper industry in that it is not always and not everywhere that lead and zinc are obtained simultaneously in pure form, i.e. the industry is characterized by a territorial gap between individual stages of the technological process. This becomes possible when obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60-70%, which makes it profitable to transport them over long distances. To obtain metallic lead, a relatively small amount of fuel is required compared to zinc processing. However, in general, the lead-zinc industry gravitates towards the deposits of polymetallic ores, which are located in the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. In the Urals, zinc is contained in copper ores. A complete metallurgical redistribution is presented in Vladikavkaz, in Chelyabinsk, zinc metal is produced from imported concentrates, and zinc concentrates are produced in Sredneuralsk; in Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrate is obtained and zinc is smelted; in Nerchinsk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. The deficit of lead consumed in Russia is covered by supplies from Kazakhstan.
Nickel-cobalt industry is closely related to sources of raw materials due to the low content of metals in ores (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt in sulfide ores), the complexity of their processing, high fuel consumption, multistage process and the need for complex use of raw materials. In the territory Russian Federation ores of two types are being developed: sulfide copper-nickel ores - Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nickel (Kola Peninsula), Talnakhskoye deposit (Norilsk); oxidized nickel ores - Rezhskoe, Ufaleiskoe, Orskoe (Ural).
Titanium-magnesium industry is a relatively new branch of non-ferrous metallurgy. Magnesium raw materials are widespread in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, and Western Siberia. The production of titanium and magnesium has a high electrical capacity. Whereas magnesium production plants originally appeared at sources of raw materials, titanium production facilities were built in places of cheap energy, they operate on imported raw materials and concentrates. In the future, it is planned to create a titanium-magnesium industry as part of the Timan-Pechersk TPK.
Tin industry differs in the territorial disunity of the stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not associated with ore deposits, but focuses on areas of consumption or is located along the route of concentrates. Ore deposits are represented in the Chita region, but they are especially widespread in the Far East (Kavalerovo, Kuldur, Yagodnoe, etc.). Highly transportable concentrates are produced here and sent to metal tin production sites.
Non-ferrous metals and their alloys are processed in the areas of consumption. The processing of secondary raw materials also takes place here.
The regions with the most favorable situation in non-ferrous metallurgy include the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Chelyabinsk Region, where the production of non-ferrous metals (especially copper, zinc and nickel) increased by 13%, and the Murmansk Region (an increase of 7%), where non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for about 2/5 of industrial products.
- ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAR EASTERN REGION.
The Far Eastern economic region is one of the largest regions of the country. It stretches from north to south for a huge distance, is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans and has the largest coastline. The area of the district is 6,215.9 thousand km 2, or 36.4% of the territory of Russia.
The Far Eastern Region includes the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, regions - Magadan, Kamchatka with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Sakhalin, Amur, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.
In addition to the mainland territory, the Far Eastern economic region includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander islands. The southern mainland, adjacent to the Sea of Japan, is called Primorye.
Economically, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its remoteness from the central and most inhabited regions, as well as due to the severity of natural and climatic conditions.
Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products when they are delivered from other economic regions. Transport communication is provided mainly along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM highway (only in the south of the region).
The coastal position of the Far East provides favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region. Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Oblast have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.
In the territorial division of labor of the Russian Federation, the region is distinguished by non-ferrous metallurgy - the extraction and processing of non-ferrous and precious metals: copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, gold, platinum, silver, as well as diamonds and other precious stones.
In addition to nonferrous metallurgy, the sectors of market specialization for the Far East are the fishing industry, the fur industry, forestry with all its branches, shipbuilding and ship repair, reindeer husbandry, and beef cattle breeding.
The role of the Far Eastern region is great in external economic relations with the countries of the world, especially with the countries of the Pacific region.
Natural conditions and resources
The northern parts of the territory of the vast and largest in the Russian Federation in terms of area of the Far Eastern region (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, on Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable), the climate is temperate, monsoon.
The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental and harsh. Windless, clear, frosty weather is typical in winter (Siberian anticyclone). Summers are hot and dry, but short. The lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere (minus 72 degrees) was observed in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia).
Natural zones change from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. The high-altitude zonation is pronounced in the mountains. Along the middle reaches of the Amur, there are forest-steppe with fertile meadow soils.
The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous - mountains of medium height predominate (ridges: Stanovoy, Verkhoyansk, etc.).
Together with the depressions of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the region is included in the system of young folded formations. This, the only territory of active volcanism in Russia, is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 m) is the highest point in the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.
The largest rivers of the region are Lena and Amur with tributaries, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana. Many rivers have rich hydropower resources, but especially the Amur and its tributaries.
There are many forests in the Far East. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so harvesting is difficult. There are many fur animals in the taiga - this is one of the natural resources of the region.
The area is very rich in minerals. Deposits of coal (Lensky, South Yakutsk basins), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, diamonds (Yakutia) have been discovered.
The use of the resources of the World Ocean is associated with the coastal position of the region.
Population
Population - 7.3 million people. The population is extremely unevenly distributed. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, impassable roads, and harsh natural conditions. The Far East still lacks labor resources... The southern regions of Primorye and the territory along the highways are more densely populated railways... The northern part of the region is especially sparsely populated. The average population density is 1.3 people per 1 km 2. The highest density, over 13 people, is noted in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Sakhalin and Amur Regions, the minimum in the Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs - 0.1-0.2 people per 1 km 2.
The population of the Far East is multinational. Most are Russians. In addition to them, there are about a dozen representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North in the region. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak the languages of the Paleo-Asian group (Chukchi-Kamchatka language family). In the Amur basin and on Sakhalin Island, there are peoples who speak the languages of the Altai family, its Tungus-Manchurian language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege). The indigenous population of Yakutia is the Yakuts (belong to the peoples of the Altai language family, its Turkic language group). Other peoples also live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukagirs.
All the indigenous peoples inhabiting the Far East from time immemorial were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer herding.
The Far East region is one of the most “urban” in Russia. The share of townspeople is 76%. Large cities: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. Rural settlements are located in hearths, mostly along river valleys.
Farm
The Far East economy specializes in the production of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, timber and pulp and paper industries, fur trade, shipbuilding and ship repair.
The metallurgical complex (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy) is represented by the mining industry - the extraction of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold and their processing. Tin deposits have been developed in Yakutia and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. There is a tin plant (Khrustalny, Primorsky Territory) and a tin mining and processing plant in the Khabarovsk Territory, and plants near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Dalnegorsk. New deposits of lead-zinc ores are being developed. In Yakutia, mining and processing plants have been built, and in recent years, diamond processing enterprises (Mirny is the city of diamond miners). The oldest branches of the economy include gold mining (in the basins of the Zeya, Bureya, Selemdzhi rivers, in the Aldan highlands, Sikhote-Alin).
In Komsamolsk - on - Amur there are metallurgical plants (converting metallurgy) that smelt steel. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK assumed the development of local iron ore deposits with the aim of further developing the region's ferrous metallurgy.
Fuel industry. Of the fuel resources in the Far East, stone and brown coal as well as Sakhalin oil. Coal The Yuzhno-Yakutsk field (which was approached by the railroad from BAM to Neryungri - the so-called Small BAM) is the main export item of Yakutia. Oil and natural gas production is developing on Sakhalin (used for the needs of the Far East itself). Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of the Vilyui in Yakutia, and they are also used only for local needs so far.
Oil is produced in the northeast of Sakhalin and from there it is supplied through two pipelines to the refineries of Komsamolsk - on - Amur and Khabarovsk. But the volume of oil production is small and does not meet the needs of the region. Oil and gas bearing Sakhalin is connected with the mainland and a gas pipeline (Okha - Komsomolsk - on the Amur).
The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the Far East (valuable broad-leaved tree species are cut down). The main logging bases are concentrated on the territory adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the Ussuri, Zeya, Bureya rivers, and are also located on Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of the Lena basin. Most of all goes to processing and export. Sawmill centers - Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk - on the Amur, etc.
Wood processing is carried out at a match factory in Blogovieschensk, plywood production is concentrated in Vladivostok, a pulp and paper mill (cardboard production) operates in Amersk (Khabarovsk Territory). The pulp and paper industry is developed in the south of Sakhalin (the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern zone of Russia).
The region's mechanical engineering previously produced ships, diesel engines, overhead cranes, machine tools, instruments, and others. Electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tool construction are well developed. Currently, the region is experiencing a very difficult economic situation, many enterprises do not work. Large industrial centers of the region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk - on - Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk - on - Amur. agricultural engineering was represented by a plant in Birobidzhan.
One of the most important industries in the region is the fishing industry. The region ranks first among the regions of Russia for the production of products in this industry. Only here is the extraction of valuable salmon fish, saury, crabs.
Main centers fishing industry are located in Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. These are: Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Nevelsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka, Okhotsk and others. Other seafood is mined - seaweed, scallops. On a small scale, sea animals (fur seals) are hunted.
Agro-industrial complex. The climatic conditions of most of the region severely limit the possibility of farming due to the lack of summer heat. Agriculture developed mainly in the south of the region (monsoon climate), where soybeans, rice, vegetables, and potatoes are grown. Livestock does not meet the needs of the region. In the south of the region, cattle are raised, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. Hunting and fur farming are of great importance in the taiga. The Far Eastern seas are the richest base for the fishing industry.
Fuel and energy complex. The main electric power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a single power system. The power centers of the northern territories operate in isolation, meeting local needs.
GRES and CHPP prevail. The largest is the Zeya HPP (over 1 million kW). Of great importance are: Bilibinskaya nuclear power plant (in the northeast), hydroelectric power plants on the Amur tributaries, on Vilyuya and Kolyma, Neryungrinskaya state district power station (on the coals of Yakutia), thermal stations near Yakutsk (running on local natural gas). The Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant (using the internal energy of the Earth) operates in Kamchatka.
Transport. All types of transport are of great importance for the Far East. Rail transport is important for the southern part of the region and on Sakhalin Island (which is also connected to the continent by a sea ferry).
Here, in the Far East, at Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the Baikal-Amur Mainline ends (its eastern section was built earlier: from Komsamolsk-on-Amur to the port of Vanino), which duplicates the Trans-Siberian Mainline passing south (to Vladivostok). Even before the completion of the construction of the BAM, a line was put into operation - the so-called Small BAM. They intend to continue it to Yakutsk.
Automobile transport provides transportation in the northeast between the ports of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and industrial centers in the interior of the continent (in Yakutia, Magadan Region). but there are very few roads, often seasonal roads - winter roads.
River transport is also important, especially in the south of the region (the Amur and its tributaries are navigable). The development of the Far North is associated with the further development of the Northern Sea Route. Ports have been created near the mouths of large northern rivers, serving ships passing through the northern and eastern seas of Russia.
Air transport carries out Passenger Transportation and delivery of goods, incl. in remote areas and on islands.
Foreign economic relations of Russia are carried out through the seaports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Bibliography
1. Rodionova IA, Bunakova TM Economic geography: study guide. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2004
2. Regional economy. Main course: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,
3. M. V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005.
4. Economic geography of Russia: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,
5. M. V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA - M; REA, 2006.
6. Economic and social geography of Russia: textbook / ed. A. T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2002.
7. Economic geography of Russia: textbook. manual / ed. T. G. Morozova. - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2001.
1. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia ………………………………………………
2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern region ...
Bibliography……………………………………………………………
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law
Department: general economic disciplines
Test
Discipline: Economic Geography and Regional Studies
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a heavy industry that produces structural materials. It includes mining, enrichment of metals, redistribution of non-ferrous, production of alloys, rolled products, processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. The former USSR produced 7 million tons of non-ferrous metals.
The development of NTP requires an increase in the production of strong, ductile, corrosion-resistant, lightweight structural materials (alloys based on aluminum and titanium). They are widely used in the aviation, rocket, space technology, shipbuilding, and equipment for the chemical industry.
Copper widely used in mechanical engineering and electrometallurgy, both in pure form and in the form of alloys - with tin (bronze), with aluminum (duralumin), with zinc (brass), with nickel (cupronickel).
Lead used in the production of batteries, cables, nuclear industry.
Zinc and nickel used in ferrous metallurgy.
Tin used in the production of tinplate and bearings.
Noble metals are highly ductile, and platinum is refractory. Therefore, they are widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and technology. It is impossible to make films and photographic films without silver salts. By physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be conditionally divided into 4 groups.
Classification of non-ferrous metals:
The main
heavy- copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel
lungs- aluminum, titanium, magnesium
small- arsenic, mercury, antimony, cobalt
Alloying - molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, silicon
Noble- gold, silver, platinum
Rare and scattered- gallium, selenium, tellurium, uranium, zirconium, germanium
Branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:
lead-zinc metallurgy heavy metals
nickel-cobalt
pewteraluminum
titanium-magnesium metallurgy of light metals
Non-ferrous metals have excellent physical properties: electrical conductivity, malleability, fusibility, ability to form alloys, heat capacity.
By stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into:
Extraction and processing of ore raw materials (GOK - mining and processing plants). GOKs are based at sources of raw materials, since the production of one ton of non-ferrous metal requires an average of 100 tons of ore.
Conversion metallurgy. Concentrated ores are transferred to the redistribution. The raw materials are based on the production of copper and zinc. Energy sources - industries associated with aluminum, zinc, titanium, magnesium. For the consumer - production related to tin.
Processing, rolling, production of alloys. Enterprises are based at the consumer.
Russia possesses many types of non-ferrous metals. 70% of non-ferrous metal ores are mined open way.
Specificity non-ferrous metal ores consists of:
a) in their complex composition (multicomponent)
b) in a low content of useful components in the ore - only a few%, sometimes a share of%:
copper - 1-5%
zinc - 4-6%
lead - 1.5%
tin - 0.01-0.7%
To obtain 1 ton of copper concentrate, 100 tons of ore are used, 1 ton of nickel concentrate - 200 tons, tin concentrate - 300 tons.
All ores are preliminarily enriched at GOKs and in metallurgical processing. Concentrates are produced there:
copper - 75%
zinc - 42-62%
tin - 40-70%
Due to the significant consumption of materials, non-ferrous metallurgy is guided by raw material bases. Since the ores of non-ferrous and rare metals have a multicomponent composition, then practical significance has an integrated use of raw materials. Integrated use of raw materials and disposal of industrial waste connects non-ferrous metallurgy with other industries. On this basis, whole industrial complexes, for example, Ural. Of particular interest is the combination of non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry. When sulfur dioxide is used in industry, zinc and copper are produced.
Placement factors:
raw- copper, nickel, lead
fuel and energy- titanium, magnesium, aluminum
consumer- tin
Metallurgy of heavy metals (copper, nickel, zinc, tin, lead).
Heavy metal ores are characterized by a low metal content per unit of ore.
Copper industry.
The copper industry is confined to the regions of raw materials due to the low content in the concentrate, except for the refining of the crude metal. The main types of ores:
copper pyrite- focused on the Urals. Krasno Uralsk (Sverdlovsk region), Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Gai (very high metal content - 4%), Sibay, Baimak.
copper-nickel. Talnakhskoe (north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory). Norilsk Combine is based on it
cuprous sandstones. A promising field is Udokanskoye in the Chita region north of the city of Gary.
Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials (copper is obtained from them in the form of matte).
Copper production splits into 2 cycles:
blister copper (matte) production
refined copper production (purification by electrolysis)
Copper smelters are located at:
Urals: Krasno Uralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, Karabash.
Electrolytic plants:
Kyshtym, Verkhnyaya Pyshma.
The utilization of industrial waste for chemical purposes is widely developed in the Urals: Krasno Uralsk, Revda. After roasting zinc and copper, sulphurous gases are obtained. On the basis of sulfurous gases, sulfuric acid is obtained, with the help of which phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of imported apatites of the Kola Peninsula.
Copper together with nickel is produced in Norilsk on the basis of the Tanakhskoye deposit.
Kazakhstan. Dzhezkazgan, Kounrad, Sayak (Dzhezkazgan region), Bozshakul (in Pavlodar region).
Copper smelters - Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan. Irtyshsky in Glubokoe (East Kazakhstan region) uses polymetallic and copper-nickel ores.
Uzbekistan. Almalyk - copper smelter + deposit.
Nickel-cobalt industry (nickel production).
It is closely related to the sources of raw materials due to the low metal content in the ore. In Russia - two types of ores:
sulfide(copper-nickel) - Kola Peninsula (Nickel), Norilsk
oxidized ore in the Urals
Enterprises:
Ural - Rezh (north of Yekaterinburg), Verkhny Ufaley (north of Chelyabinsk), Orsk
Norilsk
Monchegorsk, "Severonikel" (the ores of the Sobelevskoye deposit are used) - Murmansk region
Lead-zinc industry.
She uses polymetallic ores. In general, it is confined to the ore. Lead-zinc concentrates have a high content of the useful component (up to 62%), and, therefore, are transportable, therefore enrichment and metallurgical processing are separated from each other, in contrast to the copper industry. Thus, zinc production in Chelyabinsk is based on imported concentrates from Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The lead-zinc industry is distinguished by the disposal of waste for chemical purposes. Sulfuric acid is obtained by electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution, which can also be produced from sulfurous gases obtained during the roasting of zinc concentrates. Place of Birth:
Sadonskoe (North Ossetia)
Salair ( Kemerovo region)
Nerchinsk deposits (Chita region)
Dalnegorskoe (Primorsky Territory)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc at the local deposit "Sadonskoye" enterprise in Vladikavkaz
Zinc production from imported concentrates - Chelyabinsk (cheap electricity - GRES), Belovo (based on the Salair deposit). Long-distance transportation is possible due to the high zinc content in the concentrate - up to 62%. Raw materials are imported from the Nerchinsky deposit
Lead metal production - Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Territory)
Kazakhstan.Place of Birth:
Zaryanovskoe ( B-K area)
Leninogorskoe (V-K region)
Tekeli (Taldy-Kurgan region)
Achisay (Chimkent region)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc - Leninogorsk (VK region), Ust-Kamenogorsk (VK region)
Lead production - Chimkent
Ukraine. Zinc production from imported Sadonsky concentrates - Konstantinovka. Donbass - electricity
Kyrgyzstan. Aktuz - mining and processing of polymetallic ores
Tajikistan. Kansai - mining and processing of ores
Tin mining industry.
Place of Birth:
Sherlovskaya mountain (Chita region)
Khabcheranga (Chita region)
ESE-Khaya - in the basin of the river. Lena (Republic of Sakha)
Obluchiya (Jewish Autonomous Region)
Solnechny (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
Kavalerovo (Khrustalnoe) - Primorsky Territory
The tin mining industry is fragmented according to the stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not related to the sources of raw materials. It focuses on areas of consumption of finished products: Moscow, Podolsk, Kolchugino (north of the Vladimir region), St. Petersburg or located on the route of concentrates: Novosibirsk. This is due to the fact that the extraction of raw materials is scattered over small deposits, and concentrates are highly transportable (concentrate content is up to 70%).
Metallurgy of light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium).
Aluminum industry.
Aluminum production splits into two cycles:
obtaining alumina (aluminum oxide). At the same time, soda and cement are obtained, that is, the chemical industry is combined with the production of building materials. Alumina production, being a material-intensive production, gravitates towards raw materials.
Plan
Introduction 2 pp.
1.The structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and industry features 3-5 pp.
2.Location of non-ferrous metallurgy 5-8 p.
3. Economic and geographical features of the location of production 8-13 pp.
Conclusion p. 13
References 14 pp.
Introduction
The location of production is influenced by a combination of many factors. Their number and ratio, in relation to the conditions of a particular time and place, may be different. Factors of location of production are dynamic. A change in their composition and character occurs in connection with a change in factors. Their number and ratio depend on the characteristics of the economic system of society and the nature of the social system as a whole, the gradual development of scientific and technological progress, the economic and geographical conditions of a particular territory, and many others.
In the course of locating production across the territory of Russia, it is also important to take into account the evolution of ideas about social production inherent in the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It can no longer be identified exclusively with the sphere of material or material production. More and more specific gravity in the economies of most countries, the sphere of intangible production, or, as it is sometimes called, the service sector, is beginning to acquire. It should with full right be included in social production, since it is important for society to produce not only means for life, but also to carry out the production of life itself in all its forms. That is why such spheres as health care, education, information services, and others are becoming more and more important in the composition of social production. Objects representing the named and other spheres of social production are also subject to placement in a geographic space with all the laws inherent in this process.
1.The structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and industry features
The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, that is, a set of related industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is distinguished by high material and capital intensity of production.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex industry. It carries out mining operations for the extraction of minerals; their beneficiation, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates; production of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing products, soda-containing products, mineral fertilizers, cement, etc .; processing of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals and their alloys into products and semi-finished products (pipes, rolled products, hard alloys); processing of scrap and waste of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals; production of carbon products (carbon and graphite electrodes, etc.); repair production for industry-specific equipment; ensuring the development of the social sphere in remote and uninhabited areas.
The mining industry can be distinguished, including the beneficiation of mined ores, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary production - repair and engineering. Further, 14 industrial subsectors are distinguished, which include enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership:
Aluminum. Extraction of bauxite and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminum, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and building materials;
Copper. Extraction and beneficiation of ore, production of blister and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials;
Lead-zinc. Extraction and beneficiation of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials;
Nickel-cobalt. Extraction and beneficiation of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral wool and other building materials;
Titanium-magnesium. Extraction and beneficiation of titanium raw materials, production of titanium, magnesium and their derivatives;
Tungsten-molybdenum. Mining and beneficiation of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and middlings;
Tin. Mining and beneficiation of ore and tin production;
Antimony-mercury. Extraction and beneficiation of antimony and mercury ores, production of antimony, mercury and their compounds;
Rare metals and semiconductor materials. Extraction and beneficiation of ores of rare metals and semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds and products made from them;
Precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold-bearing ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, secondary processing of precious metals;
Processing of non-ferrous metals. Production of all types of rolled products and pipes from non-ferrous metals and alloys;
Secondary non-ferrous metals. Collection and primary processing of scrap and waste and smelting of secondary non-ferrous metals;
Electrode. Manufacture of carbon and graphite electrode products;
Hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals. Production hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals, non-grind plates and rolled products from heat-resistant and hard alloys.
Non-ferrous metallurgy as a branch of industry has a number of features that, of course, affect the efficiency of its functioning:
Non-ferrous metallurgy is the most material-intensive industry. It processes polymetallic raw materials, which are poor in the content of useful components and have a complex material composition. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises often process ores with a valuable component of 0.3-2.1% (ores of the main heavy non-ferrous metals) and from hundredths to 0.5% (ores of rare and alloying metals). Only aluminum production is based on richer raw materials: the richest bauxites contain 40-45% alumina. However, the share of such raw materials is constantly decreasing. More than 300 tons of ore are consumed for the production of 1 ton of tin; 1 ton of nickel - 200 tons of ore; 1 ton of copper - 100 tons of ore.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a fuel and electricity-intensive industry. The most fuel-intensive are the production of copper, nickel, cobalt, and lead. Aluminum production requires 18,000-20,000 kW / h, while nickel electric smelting requires over 30,000 kW / h of electricity. (For comparison - electricity consumption for smelting 1 ton of steel is 500 kW / h).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by high labor costs.
Ores processed at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are usually polymetallic. Therefore, one of the main features of non-ferrous metallurgy is the complexity of processing raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a multistage technological process. The full cycle involves the extraction of ore, its beneficiation, metallurgical processing, metal processing.
The efficiency of production activities in non-ferrous metallurgy depends on the natural raw material factor.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a high environmental hazard of production.
The features of non-ferrous metallurgy also include high capital intensity, capital intensity, long duration of the construction and assembly cycle.
2.Location of non-ferrous metallurgy
This branch of industry includes the extraction and processing of non-ferrous, noble and rare metal ores, metal smelting, refining, production of alloys and rolled products.
Russia is a country with a powerful non-ferrous metallurgy. The main distinguishing feature of the industry in our country is its development based on the use of our own large and varied resources. Russia occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of reserves of the most important types of non-ferrous metals. All branches of non-ferrous metallurgy have been created. About one million tons of non-ferrous metals are exported annually.
Unlike ferrous metallurgy, the cost of non-ferrous metallurgy products is very high, which affects the location of the industry. The high cost of non-ferrous metals and products made from them allows them to be obtained far beyond the main consumer regions with a developed machine-building industry. Transportation costs increase the cost of non-ferrous metallurgy products for consumers to a much lesser extent than for the transportation of ferrous metals.
The location of the production of non-ferrous metals is greatly influenced by technical progress in the industry. As a result of using the latest beneficiation methods, it is possible to obtain concentrates with a metal content of 40-60% and more. So, copper ores have a copper content of not more than 5%; its content in the concentrate rises to 35%. In lead-zinc ores there is no more than 6% lead, in concentrate - up to 78%, etc. Therefore, the extraction and processing of ores, which accounts for at least 3/4 of all costs for the production of non-ferrous metals, increasingly turn into an independent production process. Its importance increases with the involvement of poorer ores in the production. A large volume of work related to the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores and their beneficiation, the capital intensity of these processes, as a result of which an expensive concentrate is obtained, allows its further metallurgical redistribution outside the regions of the intermediate product development.
The possibility of a territorial gap in the processes of obtaining concentrates and smelting the non-ferrous metals themselves is also due to the high energy intensity of obtaining many of them. The production of nickel, alumina from nepheline, crude copper, zinc by the distillation method requires a large consumption of process fuel (sometimes up to 50 tons of standard fuel per 1 ton of finished product). Refining of these metals and the smelting of most of the remaining non-ferrous metals are associated with the consumption of electrical energy (from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished product). Therefore, it is not always profitable to create energy-intensive production of non-ferrous metals smelting in regions and centers of ore mining and concentrates. A comparatively low-energy production of zinc can also be created in the places of concentrate production, and its refining and smelting of most other non-ferrous metals - in regions of cheap energy and fuel.
A feature of non-ferrous metal ores is their complex composition, which can be different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit in different areas of ore extraction. Polymetallic ores, in addition to the main components - lead and zinc, also contain other non-ferrous metals (copper), noble (gold, silver), rare and scattered (selenium, cadmium, bismuth, etc.). The same is true for copper, nickel and other ores. The content of a number of components is sometimes small, which makes it profitable for further processing on site of only one of the main components, and others at specialized enterprises in other regions. The extraction of noble, rare and trace metals is carried out, as a rule, in the process of refining non-ferrous metals at specialized factories, which are often located outside the regions of not only ore mining, but also metal smelting.
In some cases, it is economically efficient to combine the processes of mining and enrichment of ores, smelting of a number of associated metals and their refining at one point. This leads to intra-industry combination in non-ferrous metallurgy. A number of enterprises (mining and metallurgical plants) have been organized according to this principle.
Of great importance in non-ferrous metallurgy and its inter-industry combination with the chemical industry. The basis for it is most often the use of sulfur compounds of non-ferrous metals, during the roasting process of which a significant amount of sulfur compounds is released. This determines the profile of enterprises (Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant), which, in addition to metal, produce sulfuric acid and sulfur. The surplus of cheap sulfuric acid at non-ferrous metallurgy plants makes it profitable to create there, on the basis of imported raw materials (apatite concentrate or phosphorites), the production of phosphorus fertilizers (Krasnouralsk and Sredneuralsk copper smelters, Volkhov aluminum, etc.). one
A number of non-ferrous metallurgy plants that use ores containing potassium (carnallite, etc.) to obtain metallic magnesium (Bereznikovsky titanium-magnesium combinates, Kalush and Solikamsky magnesium plants) give potassium chloride, a highly concentrated fertilizer, as waste. Increasingly, during the processing of such ores, waste chlorine is also utilized along the way - one of the most important types of raw materials for various branches of the chemical industry. In the process of nepheline processing, soda products are obtained in the waste - soda ash and potash, alunites - sulfuric acid, potash fertilizers, etc. 2
The possibility and necessity of complex processing of non-ferrous metal ores, organization of intra-industry and inter-industry combination lead to a large increase in the size of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The very processes of mining and dressing of ore, as well as the smelting of some metals are water-intensive. Even more water-intensive are the chemical industries organized at such plants. Meanwhile, most non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in water-deficient regions (North Caucasus, Ural). This greatly affects the size and composition of the industry.
