Municipal educational institution

Gymnasium number 80

Topic: "CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT THE SERVICE OF HUMAN"

Completed:

Sevastyanov Gleb Evgenievich

Class 1 1.

Scientific adviser:

Repina Tatiana Vasilievna

Chelyabinsk. 2010 year.

Introduction 3

1. AGGREGATE STATES OF SUBSTANCE 4

1.1 Liquid 4

1.2. Solid. 5

1.3. Gaseous. 7

1.4. Useful chemical discoveries for all of humanity. 8

2.CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT HUMAN SERVICE 11

CONCLUSION 13

References 14

ANNEXES

Every day we use in our life objects and products that were not born by nature, but made by man in chemical plants and factories. I noticed that every day I carry out chemical reactions myself: for example, when my mother cooks an egg for me for breakfast (when heated, the protein turns from a liquid state into a solid one - a raw egg becomes tough); when mom washes with detergents; when I, while gluing the plastic parts of the ship model, grease them with acetone and the surface of the part becomes sticky. Setting fire to wood in a stove, mixing sand and cement with water or extinguishing lime with water, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex, chemical reactions.

As soon as a person began to cook his own food, he, albeit unconsciously, became a chemist. The most complex chemical and biochemical processes... Cooking is a chemical process. In any living organism, various chemical reactions take place. The processes of thermal processing of food, animal and human respiration are based on chemical reactions. Man learned with the help of chemicals, selected in a certain proportion and in a certain way converted into drugs, to treat terrible diseases from which entire nations perished.

It took many years and even centuries for a person to use chemical processes: most of the chemical discoveries were made by artisans, perfumers, pharmacists and pharmacists. Some of these secrets have come down to us in ancient books, and some have been irretrievably lost.

Many, using chemicals, become victims of burns, explosions, etc. Knowing the conditions and features of the course of certain chemical reactions, this could have been avoided. You can, for example, dissolve limescale with a drop of lemon juice on the water tap, use ordinary potassium permanganate to clean the pan to a shine. But for this it is necessary, firstly, to know the properties of substances and, secondly, to be able to use these properties Understanding the essence of the chemical processes that we use every day, without thinking about it, will only benefit a person.

The purpose of my research - to understand the essence and variety of chemical reactions, to show the role of chemistry in Everyday life person.

To achieve this goal, I decided the following tasks:

1. Conduct a literature review on the topic.

2. Conduct experiments and record the results.

3. Analyze and fix the state of matter after the experiments: liquid, solid, gaseous.

4. To investigate the influence of the conducted chemical reactions on human life.

5. Assess the impact of the conducted chemical reactions on the environment.

The main methodwhich we will use: system analysis, observation.

Imagine for a moment that your eyes have become so keen that they can see individual atoms or molecules. Now, wherever you look, everywhere you will notice atoms or molecules that behave differently depending on the state of aggregation of matter. Taking a look at gas, you will see the chaotic movement of many particles (atoms, molecules): individual particles, continuously moving, collide with each other, bounce to the sides, again hit other particles - a fast, chaotic dance of atoms and molecules is tirelessly, continuously occurring. Particles move randomly and in liquids although here they are located closer together, each of them seeks to stay closer to its neighbors.

Story of particles in crystalline substance looks like a honeycomb or scaffolding: to the right and to the left, back and forth, up and down, their even, regular, endless rows stretch. But these particles do not stand still, but vibrate, as if shifting from one foot to the other, impatiently awaiting the command "Disperse!"

However, they cannot disperse, only if the crystal is heated so that it begins to melt. Under the warm rays of the spring sun, the ice heats up and melts; this is the destruction of the structure of particles in the ice crystal, the forces that hold the particles in place are weakened. The sun disappeared, froze again: snowflakes swirled in the air, froze like icicles.

Liquid

Ø Water.Humanity has long paid great attention to water, because it was well known that where there is no water, there is no life. In dry soil, grain can lie for many years and germinate only in the presence of moisture. Despite the fact that water is the most abundant substance, it is distributed very unevenly on Earth. On the African continent and in Asia there are vast areas devoid of water - deserts. The whole country - Algeria - lives on imported water. The water is transported by boat to some coastal areas and to the islands of Greece. Sometimes water there is more expensive than wine.

The surface of the globe is 3/4 covered with water - these are oceans, seas; lakes, glaciers. In fairly large quantities, water is found in the atmosphere, as well as in the earth's crust.

It is not very easy to imagine that humans are about 65% water. With age, the water content in the human body decreases. In a healthy adult body, a state of water balance or water balance is observed. It lies in the fact that the amount of water consumed by a person is equal to the amount of water excreted from the body. Water exchange is an important component of the general metabolism of living organisms, including humans. Water exchange includes the processes of absorption of water that enters the stomach during drinking and with food, its distribution in the body, excretion through the kidneys, urinary tract, lungs, skin and intestines.

A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days. The body's response to a lack of water is thirst. In this case, the sensation of thirst is explained by irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx due to a large decrease in humidity. There is another point of view on the mechanism of the formation of this sensation. In accordance with it, a signal about a decrease in the concentration of water in the blood is sent to the cells of the cerebral cortex by the nerve centers embedded in the blood vessels.

The main reserves of fresh water on Earth are concentrated in glaciers.

A crystal is a solid state of matter. It has a certain shape and a certain number of faces due to the arrangement of its atoms. All crystals of one substance have the same shape, although they may differ in size. There are hundreds of substances in nature that form crystals.

Mineral crystals are also formed during certain rock-forming processes. The vast amounts of hot and molten rocks deep underground are actually solutions of minerals. When the masses of these liquid or molten rocks are pushed to the surface of the earth, they begin to cool.

They cool very slowly. Minerals turn into crystals when they change from a hot liquid to a cold solid. For example, rock granite contains crystals of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. Millions of years ago, granite was a molten mass of minerals in a liquid state. Currently, there are masses of molten rocks in the earth's crust that slowly cool and form crystals of various types.

Crystals come in all kinds of shapes. All crystals known in the world can be divided into 32 types, which in turn can be grouped into six types. Crystals can be of different sizes. Some minerals form crystals that can only be seen with a microscope. Others form crystals weighing several hundred pounds.

Salt. Salt starvation can lead to the death of the body. The daily requirement for table salt of an adult is 10-15 g. In hot climates, the need for salt grows up to 25-30 g.

The human body quickly reacts to a violation of the salt balance with the appearance of muscle weakness, rapid fatigue, loss of appetite, and the emergence of insatiable thirst.

Table salt, although weak, has antiseptic properties. The development of putrefactive bacteria stops only when its content is 10-45 %. This property is widely used in the food industry and when preserving food products at home.

Evaporation sea ​​water at temperatures of 20–35 ° C, the least soluble salts are released first — calcium carbonates, magnesium carbonates, and calcium sulfate. Then more soluble salts precipitate - sodium and magnesium sulfates, sodium, potassium, magnesium chlorides, and after them potassium and magnesium sulfates. The order of crystallization of salts and the composition of the resulting precipitation may vary somewhat depending on temperature, evaporation rate, and other conditions.

In the earth's crust, layers of rock salt are quite common. Table salt is the most important raw material in the chemical industry. Soda, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, metallic sodium are obtained from it.

When studying the properties of soils, scientists found that, being soaked in sodium chloride, they do not allow water to pass through. This discovery was used in the construction of irrigation canals and reservoirs. If the bottom of the reservoir is covered with a layer of earth soaked inNaClthen no water leakage occurs. For this purpose, of course, technical salt is used. Builders use sodium chloride to eliminate the freezing of the earth in winter and turn it into solid stone. To do this, the areas of soil that are planned to be removed are sprinkled thickly in the fallNaCl... In this case, in severe frosts, these land plots remain soft.

Chemists are well aware that mixing finely crushed ice with table salt can produce an effective cooling mixture. For example, a mixture of composition 30 gNaClper 100 g of ice it is cooled to a temperature of -20 С 0 occurs because an aqueous solution of salt freezes at low temperatures. Consequently, ice, which has a temperature of about 0 ° C, will melt in such a solution, taking away heat from the environment. This property of a mixture of ice and table salt can also be successfully used by housewives.

Even at normal air pressure, many substances boil at very low temperatures. We usually call them gases. So, air consists mainly of two gases - nitrogen and oxygen. Their usual gaseous state is explained by the fact that they boil at temperatures well below zero: -196 ° C (nitrogen) and -183 ° C (oxygen). Therefore, even in the coldest corners of the Earth, temperatures are higher than their boiling points, and therefore, they remain gases. For gas, neither volume nor shape is constant. The gas expands or contracts to fill the volume or shape of the vessel it occupies. People use gas (propane) in kitchens, when they cook food, they heat it at home. Gas fields in Russia are concentrated mainly in the North of the country . Natural gas is found in the ground at a depth of 1000 meters to several kilometers. A superdeep well near the city of Novy Urengoy received gas inflow from a depth of more than 6,000 meters. In the bowels, gas is found in microscopic voids (pores). The pores are interconnected by microscopic channels - cracks, through these channels gas flows from the pores with high pressure into pores with lower pressure until it is in the well. Gas is extracted from the bowels of the earth using wells. There are 24 storage facilities in Russia natural gas... The length of the main gas pipelines in Russia is 155 thousand km.

Ø Matches .

Striking sparks when a stone hits a piece of pyriteFeS 2and setting fire to charred pieces of wood or plant fibers was a way of getting fire by man.

Since the methods of obtaining fire were imperfect and laborious, man had to constantly maintain a burning source of fire. To transfer fire in ancient Rome, wooden sticks dipped in a molten sulfur were used.

Devices for producing fire, based on chemical reactions, began to be made at the end Xviii v. At first, these were wood splinters, on the tip of which potassium chlorate (Berthollet's salt KS1Oz) and sulfur. The head was immersed in sulfuric acid, a flash occurred and the splinter ignited. The man was forced to store and handle unsafe sulfuric acid, which was extremely inconvenient. Nevertheless, this chemical "flint" can be considered as the progenitor of modern matches.

Early XIX v. the German chemist Debereiner invented a more perfect, but also more complex flint. He found that a jet of hydrogen directed at spongy platinum ignites in air.

In a modern lighter, fuel is ignited by a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of "flint" cut off by a gear wheel. "Flint" is a mixture of rare earth metals (lanthanides). In a finely divided state, this mixture is pyrophoric, that is, it ignites spontaneously in air, forming a spark.

There are several varieties of modern matches. According to their purpose, matches are distinguished that ignite under normal conditions, moisture-proof (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (ignited in the wind), etc.

Since the last century, mainly aspen and, less often, linden have been used as the main raw material for the manufacture of matchsticks. To do this, a tape is removed from a round churak peeled from bark with a special knife in a spiral, which is then chopped into match sticks. When a match is burned, it is necessary to get an incorruptible ember from the straw and keep the red-hot slag from the burnt head on it. The need for the latter is due to the desire to protect the consumer from clothing burns when hot slag gets in. The smoldering ember from the straw is naturally a fire hazard. To eliminate the smoldering of the straw and fix the slag from the head, the straw is impregnated with substances that form a film on its surface during combustion. Thanks to this film, the combustion of coal is stopped. It also fixes the slag from the head. Phosphoric acid and its salt are used as anti-decay agents. (NH 4) 2HPO 4.

Ø Paper and pencils .

Documents have survived indicating that in 105 A.D. e. The Minister of the Chinese Emperor organized the production of paper from plants with the addition of rags. About 800. This paper was widely used in China, as well as in the Middle East. Acquaintance with the paper of Europeans is associated with the crusades to the Middle East - to Syria, Palestine, North Africa, organized by Western European feudal lords and the Catholic Church (the first campaign took place in 1096-1099). During the early Middle Ages (before the beginning of the Crusades), papyrus was mainly used for writing in Europe. In Italy, it was used back in XII century

Writing was known in Egypt and Mesopotamia from the end IV and early III millennium BC e., that is, long before the invention of paper. As already noted, papyrus and parchment were the main predecessors of paper as a material on which writing was applied.

Papyrus plant (Cyperuspapyrus) grows in Egypt in a swampy area near the Nile River. The stem of the plant was cleaned of bark and bast, and thin strips were cut from the snow-white material. They were laid in layers along and across, and then the plant sap was squeezed out of them by mechanical pressure. This juice itself has the ability to glue the strips of papyrus. Later, glue made from raw hides or flour was used to fasten the strips. After drying in the sun, the resulting sheets were sanded with stone or leather. Papyrus for writing began to be made about 4000 years ago. It is believed that the name of the paper (papiera) comes from the word papyrus.

Parchment is unmade, but free from hair and treated with lime animal, sheep or goat skin. Just like papyrus, parchment is a strong and durable material. Although paper is less strong and durable, it is cheaper and therefore more readily available for general use.

To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a lead of various softness is obtained - the more graphite, the softer the lead. The mixture is stirred in a ball mill in the presence of water for 100 hours. The prepared mass is passed through filter presses and plates are obtained. They are dried, and then a rod is squeezed out of them on a syringe press, which is cut into pieces of a certain length. The rods are dried in special devices and the resulting curvature is corrected. Then they are fired at a temperature of 1000-1100 ° C in mine crucibles.

The composition of the lead for colored pencils includes kaolin, talc, stearin (it is known to a wide range of people as a material for making candles) and calcium stearate (calcium soap). Stearin and calcium stearate are plasticizers. Carboxymethyl cellulose is used as a binding material. This is the glue used for wallpapering. Here it is also pre-filled with water for swelling. In addition, appropriate dyes are introduced into the leads, as a rule, these are organic substances. This mixture is mixed (rolled on special machines) and obtained in the form of a thin foil. It is crushed and the resulting powder is stuffed into a pistol, from which the mixture is injected in the form of rods, which are cut into pieces of a certain length and then dried. To paint the surface of colored pencils, use the same pigments and varnishes that are usually used to paint children's toys. Preparation of wooden equipment and its processing is carried out in the same way as for graphite pencils.

I conducted experiments in order to understand the peculiarities of the course of chemical reactions. The results of the experiments and the features of their course, as well as the starting materials are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Summary table of results

1) Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 does not burn under normal conditions: if you bring a lighted match to a piece of sugar, it will melt, partially char, but not burn. If you put very little ash on a piece of sugar and turn the fire back on, the sugar will light up with a bluish-yellow flame with a slight crackle. I tried and made sure!

The essence of changes in the behavior of sugar is that ash containing alkali metal carbonates serves as a catalyst for the combustion of this substance. It is believed that the main role here is played by lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3. Sugar is burned to form carbon dioxide and water.

2) Sweet sugar can turn into a "black viper" if you put 3-4 tablespoons of dry sifted river sand in a plate and make a slide out of it with a depression at the top, saturate the sand ethyl alcohol, and then put a mixture of 1 tablespoon of powdered sugar and 1 teaspoon, well ground in a mortar, into the depression of the slide baking soda and set this mixture on fire. After 2-3 minutes, black balls appeared on the surface of the mixture, and a black liquid appeared at the base. When almost all of the alcohol had burned out, the mixture turned black, and a thick black snake wriggling out of the sand with a "collar" of dying alcohol slowly creeps out. In the flame of burning alcohol, the sugar melts and charred, and the carbon dioxide released from the soda swells and moves the burning mass. The residue after combustion is sodium carbonate mixed with the smallest particles of coal.

3) This experience was known to me for a long time, so my mother did when she baked cakes and cookies: she extinguished soda with vinegar. The neutralization reaction is very violent!

CONCLUSION

Conservation of nature is the task of our century. Human impact on environment took on rampant proportions. Even according to moderate models of global warming, small glaciers (and they constitute the vast majority) have no chance of recovery. Melting glaciers are one of the critical aspects climate change problems. This will jeopardize the quality of drinking water for nearly 2 billion people. In addition, the sea level will rise. So, according to forecasts provided by the UN, within the next 30 years, up to 80% of the Himalayan glaciers may melt.

The relevance of environmental issues at the present time is no longer in doubt. Within the framework of environmental issues chemical processes in the gas phase (chemistry of the atmosphere) and in aqueous solutions (chemistry of the hydrosphere), crystallization (chemistry of the lithosphere), as well as mutual transformations of compounds of some chemical elements with the transition from one state of aggregation to another (the circulation of elements in nature).

Despite the apparent diversity, almost all inorganic materials (other than metals) are oxygenic silicon compounds or calcium salts. This is not surprising when you consider that oxygen and silicon make up three quarters of the earth's crust, and calcium is the most abundant of the active metals. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the composition, structure, properties and areas of application of these substances, which are used not only in construction and in everyday life, but also in the creation of works of art.

The number of household chemicals is constantly increasing. Proper use of chemicals in household requires an understanding of their properties.

Conclusion: understanding the essence of the chemical processes that we encounter in everyday life brings only benefits to a person.

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3. Butt Yu.M., Duderov G.N., Matveev M.A.General technologysilicates. - M .: Gosstroyizdat, 1962.

4. Fast G.P. Match production technology. - M. – L .: Goslesbumizdat, 1961.

5.Kozmal F. Paper production in theory and practice. - M .: Forest industry, 1964.

6. Kukushkin Yu.N. Higher order compounds. - L .: Chemistry, 1991.

7.Kulsky L.A., Dal V.V.The problem of clean water. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1974.

8.Losev K.S. Water, - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989.

9 tedder J., Nehvatal A., Jubb A. Industrial organicchemistry. - M .: Mir, 1977.

10 Chalmers L. Chemicals in everyday life and industry - L .: Chemistry, 1969.

11. Internet news editions. (2010)

HOW CORRECTLY DESIGN AND PREPARE creative work at the NPK Kemerovo 2014 07.25.2014 * * * * * * * title page; content (table of contents); introduction; main part; conclusion; list of sources used; applications. 2 It is the first page and serves as a source of information necessary for processing and searching a document. 3 Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum No. 89" XX SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "First experience" (direction of work) chemistry Title of work (type of creative work) Author: Yegorov Egor, 10 "A" class Supervisor: Ivanova R.L., teacher Mathematics Kemerovo 2014 Types creative works * Research work * Abstract research work * Design and research work * Design work * Author's work * Includes an introduction, the name of all sections, subsections, paragraphs and a conclusion, indicating the numbers of the initial pages. The wording of the table of contents should accurately repeat the headings of chapters and subchapters, paragraphs in the text, be short and understandable. Pages should be arranged in the following order: Cover page (page 1) Table of contents (page 2) Introduction (justification of the chosen topic) Main part Conclusion (conclusions) List of used information resources Appendices (if any) 6 * Table of contents (work plan) is placed on page number 2, where all the headings of the work are indicated and the pages from which they begin are indicated * The plan can be simple or complex * The plan must contain points - introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliographic list * Each point of the plan has its own page * Sheet with the plan is not numbered, but is considered page №2 Research work: (design and research, abstract and research) I. Introduction 1. Relevance and research problem 2. Hypothesis. Target. Objectives 3. Object and subject of research. Novelty 4. Research methods and sources of information used II. Main part. Title of work 1. (Stages and progress of research ………). 2. ……………………………………… ..: a). ……………………. ; b). …………………… ..; v). …………………… ... III. Conclusion 1. Research results, their significance 2. Conclusions. Perspectives IV. List of used information resources V. Appendices Each type of work has its own plan Project work I. The main idea and concept of the project II. Relevance (you can indicate the problem, hypothesis - if any) III. Stages of project development, types of work at each stage (you can specify the purpose and objectives of the stages - if any) 1. 2. ……… .. ……… .. IV. Distribution of roles and positions in the project V. Resources VI. Project results VII. List of used information resources (if any) VIII. Appendices (if any) Work of authorship: 1. 2. The main idea of ​​this work Stages of work on the implementation of the creative idea: a). ……… ..; b). …………. 1. Results of work 2. Appendix (creative developments may be attached to the text: videos, drawings, sketches, working materials, etc.) Introduction The section should contain a statement of the problem within the framework of the selected topic and the rationale for choosing the problem and topic. The introduction gives a brief description of the topic under study, substantiates its relevance, the author's personal interest in its research, notes the practical significance and novelty of studying this issue, where it can be used. The goal and specific tasks to be solved are also named here. The hypothesis, object and subject of research are stated. The volume of the introduction is approximately 1/10 of the total volume of work. Introduction is a responsible part of the work, its kind of a visiting card. But it is better to write the full text of the introduction after the end of the work on the main part, when the results of the work will be clearly visible. 11 * Topic is the definition of the essence. In order to formulate a topic, it is necessary, first of all, to identify the problem, to determine the object and subject of research. * A problem is a formulation of a question that needs a solution, a study of what has not been studied. Problems (example) usually consist in identifying new or unknown persons, relatives, facts of their biographies, creating (restoring) the pedigree of one's own or another person, etc. * The object of research is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is selected for study. * The subject of research is within the boundaries of the object, is its side, aspect or point of view. The subject of research can be the study of the fate of a real person, a specific pedigree, genealogical tree kind. The purpose of the research is its final result, the solution of a scientific problem, which should ultimately come to (noun) The formulation of research objectives is necessary to specify the purpose of the research (verbs) Tasks can be aimed at analysis, generalization, identification, justification, development, assessment of individual aspects a common problem, the solution of which leads to a solution to the problem itself Sources of research - written (printed and handwritten: books, magazines, newspapers, memoirs, personal and public documents, etc.), - visual (photographs, drawings, posters, maps, etc.) ), - material (household items, handicrafts, family belongings, etc.), - oral (conversations, interviews, etc.), - technotronic (audiovisual, video-visual, multimedia or computer), - complex (items containing elements of sources of different types). Research methods are the ways, techniques, with the help of which the research is carried out. They consist in the possibility of applying old knowledge to obtain new knowledge. 1. Accumulation of scientific material: study of literature and sources; acquaintance with the history and theory of the issue, achievements in related fields; consultation; observation. 2. Comprehension of the collected material: comparison; measurement; analysis and synthesis; generalization; analogy; modeling. 3. Verification and clarification of facts: criticism; clarification of the conclusions made, correction; the discussion of the results; experiment, test in practice. * Language clichés used in the introduction: * Topic * The work (research, project, abstract) is devoted to the topic, problem, topical issue ... * The work (...) is devoted to the characterization of the problem ... * The topic of the work (...) is ... * In the work (...) ... it is considered (what?), It is said (about what?), An assessment is given, an analysis (what?), Is generalized (what?), A point of view is presented (on what?), Etc. verbs: 17 to study ... to reveal ... to establish ... etc. * Problem * The author's attention is focused on ... * The author brings forward ... * The main efforts of the author are aimed at ... * In his work, the author raises (touches upon, illuminates) the following problems ... ... dwells on the following problems, etc. 18 * Relevance of the topic (problem), which the work (research, project, abstract) is devoted to * This topic (problem) is of particular relevance, since ... * This topic (problem) is extremely relevant in last years(at the present stage) ... * This topic (problem) attracts the attention of many scientists (critics, teachers, etc.) * modern science the topic (which one?) acquires special acuteness ... 19 * Characteristics of the primary sources used by the author of the work (...) * The author draws on the following materials for the analysis ... * The research material was ... * The work (...) is based on research materials ... 20 Main part B this section the topic must be disclosed. In the main part, as a rule, divided into chapters, it is necessary to disclose all the points of the drawn up plan, to coherently present the accumulated and analyzed material. The essence of the problem, different points of view on it, the author's own position of the study are stated. It is important to ensure that the main idea put forward in the introduction permeates the entire work, and all the material is aimed at revealing the main tasks. Each section of the main body should open with a specific task and end with short conclusions. 21 * References and footnotes in the text of the abstract must be correctly formatted. When quoting, you should give precise instructions (links from where the quotation was extracted): the surname, initials of the author, place of publication, year of publication, volume number, page. * 22 Footnotes can be inline, subscript, and non-textual. Inline footnotes are an integral part of the main text. For example, "In a famous book ...". Footnotes are placed under the line at the bottom of the page, indicating the footnote number or some icon. Out-of-text footnotes are taken out for the text of the entire abstract or part of it, in this case, they should be numbered continuously (throughout the entire work). An abbreviated version of the footnote is acceptable, for example:. This means that the quote is taken from page 15 of the source, which is number 7 in the list of sources and literature. 23 * Conclusion The conclusion summarizes the results of the entire work, summarizes the conclusions containing clear answers to the questions posed in the research objectives, makes their own generalizations (sometimes taking into account different points of view on the stated problem), notes the new that was obtained as a result of work on this theme. The volume statement should not exceed the introduction. Should be avoided typical mistakes: passion for secondary material, avoiding the problem, categorical and variegated presentation, poor or too scientific language, inaccurate citation, lack of links to the source. 24 Language clichés used in the conclusion: The author comes to a conclusion, a conclusion that ... In conclusion, we can say ... Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that ... Analysis of the literature allowed us to identify the most reasonable point of view (which one?) the most conclusive is the opinion (whose?) On the basis of this data, we accept the point of view (which?), etc. 25 List of information resources The list of used information resources is shutting down. It records only those sources with which the author of the work (research, project, abstract) worked. The list is compiled in alphabetical order by the names of the authors or the titles of the books. If there are several works by the same author, their titles are arranged according to the years of publication. If individual pages from the book were used, they are indicated. Foreign sources (published in a foreign language) are listed at the end of the entire list. 26 The list of literature used for writing the work (...) is compiled according to the following rule: - The serial number of the literary source. - Surname, initials of the author. - The full title of the book (without quotes, except if the title is a quote). - Type of publication (Text, artwork, electronic edition, etc.). - Place (city) of publication. - Publishing house. - Year of publication - a number without the letter "g". - The number of pages (or other information about the volume of the publication, corresponding to its type). 27 An article from the collection is written as follows: - Serial number source. - Surname, initials of the author. - Article title [Type of publication] // Collection title: Subtitle / Editor. Compiled by. - Place (city) of publication. - The year of publishing. An article from a magazine or newspaper: - Serial number of the source. - Surname, initials of the author. - Article title [Type of publication] // Journal name. - Year of issue. - Issue number. - Article pages. 28 For example: Books: 1. Vorontsov, G.А. Fundamentals of librarianship and work with the book [Text]: Textbook. manual for teachers and students cf. specialist. uch. institutions. -M .: graduate School, 1977.83 p. 2. Lvov, Yu.A. Fundamentals of Economics and Business Organization [Text]. SPb .: GMP "Formika", 1992.383 p. 3. Organization and methodology of business meetings: textbook. [Text]. Kiev: MAUP, 1995. 4. From the encyclopedia: Gvozdetsky, N.А. Elbrus [Text] // TSB 3rd ed. --M :. 1978. Vol. 30. P.151. 29 Journal: 1. Alexandrova, Z. Legal regulation labor of civil servants [Text] // Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions Ukrainian SSR. 1989. No. 1. Pp. 16 - 19. 2. Semenov, Yu. Intransigence: Novel-Chronicle [Text] // Smena 1987. №20. Pp. 25–32; No. 21. P.24 - 32; No. 22. S. 24–31; No. 23. Pp. 24–31; No. 24. Pp. 24–32. 30 * Particular attention should be paid to the design of such information resources as Internet sources and electronic resources on CDs (electronic encyclopedias, electronic textbooks). 31 For example: 1. Web document: Smolnikova I.A. Working notes for those who implement information technology at school. Center "Informica". [Electronic resource] http://www.informika.ru/text/school/its.html 2. Teleconference: IN Rozina. [email protected] Questions for teachers who provide distance learning using computer telecommunications in Russia and the United States. January 7, 1999 - [email protected] GROUP emissia.offline, ART 629 (18 atdhfkz 1999). 3. Electronic resource on CD: Art encyclopedia of foreign classical art [Electronic resource]. - Electron. text, graph., Sound. Dan. and applied prog. (546 Mb). M .: Big Ros. encyclopedia. [et al.], 1996. 1 electron. wholesale disc (CD-ROM): sound, color, 12 cm + hands. user (1 sheet) + postcard (1 sheet). 32 Appendices Appendices to work allow you to raise its level to more fully reveal the topic. Applications may include: copies of documents (indicating "photocopied from ..." or "redrawn from ..."), graphs, tables, photographs, diagrams, diagrams, etc. Appendices are located at the end of the abstract. The application must have a title or an explanatory signature and the type of attached information - diagram, list, table, etc. The source is also reported from where the materials were taken, which served as the basis for the compilation of the appendix (the literary source must be included in the list of used literature). Each appendix starts with a new sheet, numbered so that it can be referred to in the text using parentheses, for example: (Appendix 5). The pages on which the appendices are given continue the general numbering of the text, but are not included in the total volume of work. 33 Organizing material in tabular form A table is used if it is necessary to organize digital or text material in the form of graphs (columns), or to highlight various parameters. Basic table elements A table can have a title. It is performed in lowercase letters (except for the first uppercase) and placed above the table. The title should fully reflect the content of the table. The headings of the table columns begin with uppercase letters, subheadings - with lowercase letters, if they form one sentence with the heading of the column. Subheadings that have independent meaning are capitalized. Do not use periods at the end of headings and subheadings. The main word of the heading is in the singular. The headings and subheadings of the graph are performed at one interval. 34 Design of illustrations Illustrations include graphs, diagrams, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc. Each type of illustration should have a title consisting of the following parts, placed under the illustration: 1. Conventional abbreviated name "Fig.". 2. Serial number within the work, denoted by Arabic numerals without a sign No. 3. The title of the illustration, reflecting its main content. For example, Fig. 3. Scheme of the management structure of OJSC "Berkut". If necessary, illustrations are provided with explanatory data (figure text). If only one illustration is given, then it is not numbered and the word "Fig." do not write. Typically, illustrations are placed after the first mention of them in the text. 35 * Requirements for the design of the work * Pages of the text and attachments of the abstract must comply with the A4 format (210x297). * The volume of work should not exceed 20 - 25 pages of printed text (without attachments). In the presence of attachments, the volume of the abstract can be expanded to 30 - 35 pages. * For text written on a computer - font size 1214, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing -1.5-2; size of margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top -20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. * The text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page to which they refer (1-spaced, in smaller print than the text). 36 * * * * All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is often placed at the top center of the page; on the title page and the page with the table of contents, the page number is not put. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, appendices) starts on a new page. The space between the title of the section (chapter and paragraph headings) and the following text should be equal to three spacing. The heading is located in the middle of the line, the full stop is not put at the end of the heading. Headings are not allowed to hyphenate. 37 Requirements for the text 1. The texts of works must be verified in terms of lexical and stylistic literacy. 2. It is necessary to check the historical dates and facts mentioned in the text in reference books and encyclopedias; surnames, first names and patronymics, dates of life of individuals; use complex scientific words and expressions correctly. 3. When using special terms and concepts, it is not necessary to provide a dictionary at the end of the work, but it is necessary to use professional vocabulary only if it is fully understood by the author of the work. 4. Applications to the work must be annotated. (captions under photographs, diagrams, maps, memoirs, interviews, reproductions, illustrations, etc.) 5. When quoting individual statements, different points of view, memories, recordings of conversations, etc. it is necessary to correctly and accurately draw up the footnotes to the source. 6.When using any other information carrier (video recording, audio cassette, letter, painting, copy, certificate, etc.), it is necessary to indicate where this primary source is stored (museum, archive with indication of the fund and other output data). 7. It is imperative to indicate a complete list of sources on the basis of which this work was done. 8. It is imperative to indicate the list of local history and scientific literature used in this work. At the same time, it is important to competently, according to the currently accepted bibliographic rules (GOSTs). * Criteria for evaluating the work Criteria for evaluating the work can be both general and specific. The general criteria include the following: compliance of the work with the topic, depth and completeness of the disclosure of the topic, the adequacy of the transmission of the original source, consistency, coherence, evidence, structural order (presence of an introduction, main part, conclusions, their optimal ratio), design (availability of a plan, a list of information sources, citation culture, footnotes, etc.); linguistic correctness. 40 Particular criteria Relate to specific structural parts of the work: introduction, main part, conclusion. 1. Criteria for evaluating the introduction: the presence of justification for the choice of the topic, its relevance; the presence of formulated problems, hypotheses, goals and objectives of the work, object and subject of research, novelty. Availability brief characteristics primary sources. 41 Criteria for evaluating the main part: structuring the material into sections, paragraphs, paragraphs; the presence of headings for parts of the text and their successful wording; the problematic nature and versatility in the presentation of the material, the selection of basic concepts and terms in the text, their interpretation, the presence of examples illustrating theoretical provisions. 42 3. Criteria for evaluating the conclusion: the presence of conclusions based on the results of the analysis, the expression of one's opinion on the problem. prospects for further work on topic 43 * 1. Vorontsov, G.А. Work on the abstract. [Text]. Rostov n / a: Publishing Center "Mart", 2012. 64 p. 2. GOST 7.9-77 "Abstract and Abstract" 3. Kalmykova, I.R. Abstract as a form of oral final 4. 5. 6. 7. attestation of students in grades 9 and 11 [Text]. // Education in modern school... 2011. No. 11. Pp. 57- 61. Interstate standard “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and compilation rules ”[Text]. 2008. Abstract (preparation, design and protection procedure) [Text]. // Practice of administrative work at school. 2012. No. 1. Rozina, I.N. Registration of bibliographic references to electronic information resources. Rostov State Pedagogical University. [Electronic resource]. http://bspu.ab.ru/Journal/vestnik/ARHIW/N1_1999/rosina.ht ml Shilova, O. N., Lebedeva, M.B. How to develop an effective educational and methodological package by means of information technologies... [Text]. M .: Intuit.ru, 2006.144 p. 44

Vorontsov, G.A. Work on the abstract. [Text]. Rostov n / a: Publishing Center "Mart", 2012. 64 p. GOST 7.9-77 "Abstract and Abstract" Kalmykova, I.R. Abstract as a form of oral final certification of students in grades 9 and 11 [Text]. // Education in the modern school. 2011. No. 11. Pp. 57- 61. Interstate standard “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of drawing up "[Text]. 2008. Abstract (preparation, design and protection procedure) [Text]. // Practice of administrative work at school. 2012. No. 1. Rozina, I.N. Registration of bibliographic references to electronic information resources. Rostov State Pedagogical University. [Electronic resource]. http://bspu.ab.ru/Journal/vestnik/ARHIW/N1_1999/rosina.html Shilova, O. N., Lebedeva, M.B. How to develop an effective educational and methodological package by means of information technology. [Text]. M .: Intuit.ru, 2006.144 p.

In this section, we will consider plan research work students and its main sections for the implementation of individual research activities at school, writing and design research project with the aim of developing search, research and creative skills of children.

We will also describe in detail the contents of each item. research project plan the student and will give important explanations and recommendations that will help to correctly and competently plan and formalize the research work.

We will try to give answers to the questions and a plan on how to write a research paper, we will give an example of writing and performing educational research work, as well as each section of a student's project. These recommendations will be important for teachers for the implementation of research and project activities at school.

Research work plan

An example and a sample of a student's research plan is also a plan for an individual research work, design research work, an individual project plan, carried out under the guidance of a teacher of a certain subject, a teacher additional education or a teacher in a preschool educational institution (kindergarten).

1. Title page of the research paper

3. Introduction of research work

In the Introduction of the research work, the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the object, the subject of research and the main problems are determined, the goal and content of the tasks set are formulated, and what is the novelty of the research (if any) is reported.

Also, the introduction defines research methods, substantiates the theoretical and practical significance (if there is a practical part) of the research work (project).

According to the plan, after the conclusion, it is customary to place in the text of an individual research work a list of references used in the study of the material of the theoretical part of the study, conducting search work on the Internet or in archives.

Each source included in the list of references should be reflected in the explanatory note. Works that were not actually used in the research project should not be included in this list.

8. Applications

The application of the research work and the project contains diagrams, graphs, diagrams, photographs, tables, maps. According to the plan, the application section is placed last in the work.

Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in the annexes. Each appendix must begin with a new sheet (page) with the word "Attachment" indicated in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading.

INTRODUCTION

Topic of work and justification for choosing a topic

The research work offered to the attention of the reader is devoted to ...
Have you ever wondered why ...? I drew attention to ... / thought about this question when ...
I've always wondered why ...
The desire to know ... appeared in my childhood. I was interested in …
The theme of our work: "...". I chose this particular topic for research because ...
In the future, I would like to connect my life with ... therefore I am already interested in ... and chose ... as the topic of my research.
I became interested ... after one day ...
When I ... I was amazed / I became interested ...

Relevance

... has become an integral part of our life today. We use ... without hesitation ...
The relevance of the topic of our work is determined by the fact that at present ...
In the modern world ... is of great importance, because ...
In recent years, we have often heard and used the word ...
Many are interested / carried away / think ...
Today the problem ... is one of the most pressing, because ...
The question ... in recent years has been in the focus of research attention ...
The topic is the subject of lively discussions ...
This is explained by the fact that ... affects our health / mood / success
The problem ... is attracting close attention of scientists and the public due to the fact that ...
V Lately appeared ... and people began to think more and more often about that ...
Probably, every person at least once in his life thought about that ...
... has always raised many questions from people ...
Today there are two opposite views on this problem ...
There are disputes today / there is no consensus on this issue ...

Novelty

Today there are works devoted to ... in general. However, we decided to study this topic on the example of our class / school and this is the novelty of our research.

Objective

The purpose of the work is to find out why ...
The main purpose of the work is to answer the question ... / prove that ...

Tasks

To achieve this goal, we need to solve the following tasks:
To achieve this goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
Work tasks:
The tasks of the work include:
Explore the literature on the topic
Find out the meaning of terms ...
Find examples ... in ... / collect material ... / study the composition ... / measure the level ...
Conduct a survey / experiment / observation
Compare / contrast / analyze the results obtained
Draw conclusions about ...

CHAPTERS

First chapter (theoretical)
Basic terms and concepts, history of the issue

Key concepts for our research are….
... called ...
On the official website ... we found following definition term ... "..."
Ivanov V.V. in the book ... defines the concept ... as ...
V.V. Petrov understands by the term ...
Sidorov S.S. considers ... how ...
Andreev A.A. in the book "..." gives the following definition ...
… - it …
The site ... offers the following definition of the concept ...
Ivanov's article "..." in the magazine "..." says that ...
It is generally accepted that ...
It is generally known ...
First, let's turn to the history of the issue ...
The history of the issue is covered in detail on the pages modern encyclopedias, for example ... and also on the site ... For the first time ....
From the book ... we learned that ...
According to Ivanov I.I. ... in the article ... "...", ...
According to V.V. Ivanov ...
Perhaps this is due ...
Moreover, …
Interesting that ...
It is widely believed that ...
It should be emphasized that ...

Chapter Two - Description of the Study

In order to find out ... we decided to conduct a survey ... among the students / parents in our class. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire / survey in in social networks... The survey involved ... students and ... parents.
The respondents were asked the following questions: ...
The research was carried out on the material ...
As a material for research, we took….
The source of examples was ...
The results of the survey are presented in Table 1.
In Figure 2, you can see ...
Figure 3 shows ...
In this case, we see ... / we are dealing with ...
At the same time, it should be noted ...
Attention is drawn to the fact that ...
The diagram shows ...

CONCLUSIONS, CONCLUSION

Chapter Conclusions

Based on the above, we can state ...
All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusions: ...
Thus, we see ...
Hence …
It's obvious that …
As you can see from everything said above ...
It follows from the above that ...
Summing up the above, the following should be noted ...
Summing up chapter 2 it is necessary to emphasize ...
Summing up the interim results, we can say that ...
As a result of our research, we found out that ...
In conclusion, it should be noted ...
The conducted research allowed us to draw the following conclusions ...
The main conclusion I drew: ...
In the course of the study, it was revealed / found that ...
Thus, we made sure ...
All of the above proves that ...
Based on the above, it is logical to assume that ...
All of the above convinces us that ...
The most plausible version seems to us ... because ...
The examples found and analyzed by us allow us to reveal the following pattern: ...

Conclusion
Prospects for further research

We see prospects for further research of the problem in a more detailed / detailed study ...
In the future it would be interesting ...
In our opinion, it would be interesting to study / research / consider ...
In addition to ... considered in this work, in our opinion it would be interesting to study ...
The work considers only one aspect of the problem. Research in this direction can be continued. It could be a study not only ... but also ...

Purpose of work

The research can be useful and interesting for students of schools who are interested in ..., as well as for everyone who is interested in ...
The results of our research could help children in ...
The work may be of interest to ...
The research results can be used by teachers when preparing lessons / contests / quizzes on the topic….
The work can be used for further research ...
With my work, I wanted to draw the attention of my classmates to the problem ...
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results formed the basis for the rules I developed ... / memo on ... for ...

What gave the work to the researcher himself

In the process of writing a work, I learned / learned / discovered / found out ...
The work helped me to understand / realize / solve the problem / take a new look ...
In the process of working on the research, I gained experience ... I think that the knowledge I have gained will allow me to avoid mistakes / help me correctly ...
The research results got me thinking ...
It caused me the most difficulties ...
The research radically changed my opinion / understanding of ...