Motivation in business: the four main incentives for an entrepreneur. Motives for the activity of competitive Russian entrepreneurs Researchers of Russian entrepreneurship identify the main motives for participation

There are several areas of study of motivation in the psychology of management, psychology of entrepreneurship, psychology of management. Historically, the first direction can be considered the section of scientific management, which is devoted to stimulating workers to increased productivity and proposed by Frederick Taylor. The second direction is to a certain extent close to Taylorism and is associated with the tradition of the behavioral approach. The third direction is much more based on ideas about the nature of motives, needs and values of a person.

Based on the goals and objectives of the study, the third area of research into the problem of motivation in management psychology is of greatest interest, which allows one to study the content side of the motivation of any successful labor activity... Based on the conceptual framework of the study, we will analyze the data contained in the literature on motives that are significant for organizational activities.

Summarizing the ideas about entrepreneurial activity of the classics and modern specialists, it is possible to identify common features for both entrepreneurial and organizational activities. Entrepreneurial activity is:

Creative activity, which is based on a new commercial idea, an idea in the field of business and services;

Seeking out such opportunities for making a profit, which have not yet been noticed by other business entities;

Creation, construction of your own enterprise, with the help of which you can realize your idea;

Constant search and implementation of new, focus on innovative development organizations, the use of inventions or various opportunities for the release of new goods, the discovery of new sources of raw materials, sales markets, the reorganization of production, etc.

So, based on the presented comparative characteristics, we can conclude that entrepreneurial activity is a kind of organizational activity. Consequently, the motivational analysis of entrepreneurial activity will reveal some motives that are significant for organizational activity.

In the writings of the classics economic theory in accordance with the concept of an economic person, the dominant motive of entrepreneurship was considered one material motive - the desire for profit or the motivation for achieving success. Further studies of the motives of entrepreneurial activity showed that the motivational sphere of the entrepreneur's personality is much more complicated and is not limited only to the pursuit of profit.

Striving for success;

Striving for innovation;

Risk readiness;

Striving for self-determination, independence;

Striving for superiority (power motive);

Need for activity (procedural motive);

The desire to build partnerships on an equal footing (the motive of affiliation);

A person's tendency to manipulate other people in interpersonal relationships(Machiavellianism);

Achievement motivation.

Based on the obtained data, in order to clarify the structure of the motivational sphere of the motives of the activities of competitive entrepreneurs, empirical studies were presented. The empirical study involved 49 people aged 27 to 39 years. 2 groups of subjects were formed. From the point of view of the competitiveness of commercial organizations, all subjects, based on the analysis of the questionnaire and the results of the conversation, were divided into two groups. The first group included 29 entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs have been in business for over 5 years, they have created commercial organizations which, to varying degrees of success, operate on the market.

From the analysis of the questionnaire data, the results of the conversation, it follows that these entrepreneurs, despite difficulties, sometimes failures, continue to do business, while last years their organizations are functioning successfully. This group of subjects was conventionally named "competitive".

The second group included 19 people. They created commercial organizations that failed. Subsequently, these subjects gave up doing business. Initially, their refusal was due to financial reasons, and later they did not want to do business, because they believe that their qualities do not correspond to this type of activity. Currently, they are hired top managers, that is, they manage commercial organizations. We conditionally designated this group as “uncompetitive”.

Based on the literature data, taking into account the validity, reliability and standardization, the following methods were selected:

Diagnostics of motivation for success and avoidance of Ehlers failures;

Schubert risk readiness diagnostics method;

Scale of Machiavellianism;

Methodology for studying affiliation.

The analysis of the results of the study allowed us to conclude that competitive entrepreneurs do not differ from non-competitive entrepreneurs in terms of the level of development of motivation for success, motivation for avoiding failures and propensity to take risks. This can be explained by the fact that these motivational characteristics are professionally significant not only for entrepreneurs, but also for top managers, whose functions are performed by non-competitive entrepreneurs.

The absence of significant differences in indicators of motivations for achieving success and risk propensity between the compared groups indicates that these motivational characteristics are common professionally. important qualities both for entrepreneurs and for top managers, which is in good agreement with the literature data.

To check the scarce data presented in the literature on the importance of affiliation motivation for the success of entrepreneurial activity, using the Mehrabian questionnaire for diagnosing affiliation, we conducted studies of this motivational characteristic in two groups of subjects.

The analysis of the data obtained indicates that there was no significant difference in the indicators of the methodology for diagnosing affiliation in the two compared groups of subjects. The research results can be explained by the nature of the activities of both entrepreneurs and top managers. For entrepreneurs and managers, professionally important qualities are well-developed communicative personality traits. The “MAK-scale” was used to assess the level of development.

It was found that the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs differs from the level of development of this quality among non-competitive entrepreneurs. At the same time, the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs is below average values. This fact can be explained on the basis of the identified features of organizational leadership, in particular, from its purpose.

Considering the purpose of the entrepreneur as a subject of organizational activity, which is focused on creating long-term successful companies, it can be noted that a talented leader has a need to establish an identity with a belief system that provides a meaning to a person's life. If the manager motivates, trains and stimulates the staff, ritualizes, reinforces the stereotypes of behavior, then the entrepreneur has a deeper influence on people, because he not only and not so much does what is the responsibility of the manager, but contributes to the personal growth of the members of the organization, filling their lives with meaning.

The leader of the organization, creating the philosophy of long-term successful organizations, interacting with people in the organization, should consider them not as an object of management, but as a subject of activity. It follows from this that the organizational leader should be guided in the construction of subject-subject relations at the highest level of regulation of activity - the value-semantic sphere of the personality of subordinates. Machiavellianism is a characteristic of the personality of a manipulator who, proceeding from disbelief in the possibility of the existence of trusting relationships between people, strives to influence the motivational sphere of communication partners, so that with the help of false distracting maneuvers to achieve their hidden goals, so that the partner, without realizing it, changes their original goals. Consequently, since the influence on the value-semantic sphere of the individual presupposes mutual trust and acceptance of a person, Machiavellianism acts as a personal motivational factor that hinders the successful organizational activity of the leader of the organization.

Apparently, this can explain the data obtained in our study on the low level of development of Machiavellianism in successful leaders of the organization in comparison with managers. So, the conducted studies of the motives of organizational activity using psychodiagnostic techniques allowed us to come to the following conclusions:

1. It has been established that neither the motivation for success, nor the motivation for avoiding failures, nor the inclination to take risks, nor affiliation are specific motivational qualities characteristic of the activities of competitive entrepreneurs. These motivational characteristics are, apparently, common motives that determine the success of both entrepreneurial and managerial activities.

2. The success of competitive entrepreneurs is not determined by individual independent motives, but by their structure, in particular a combination of developed motivation for achieving success, the need for affiliation, the desire for reasonable risk and a low degree of motivation to avoid failure and the desire to manipulate. This combination of motives to the greatest extent allows to unite around talented people who create the concept of long-term successful organizations, and to implement this concept, focusing on success in conditions of risk and uncertainty, and, in the end, increases the level of competitiveness of commercial organizations.

3. Based on their concepts of E. Shostrom, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, the combination of motives revealed in the process of empirical research that is characteristic of successful organizational activity allows for further constructive study of the personality of talented leaders of the organization to formulate the initial conceptual assumption that, rather in all, the combination of motives that we have established is only one of the manifestations of personality as a self-determining, self-developing system.

Literature

1. Belov V. V. Organizational giftedness. SPb., 2008.

2. Zavyalova EK, Posokhova ST Psychology of entrepreneurship. SPb., 2004.

3. Brief psychological dictionary / comp. L. A. Karpenko; under total. ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. M., 1985.

4. Maslow A. Self-actualization // Psychology of personality. Texts / ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Puzyreya. M., 1982.

5. Chirikova AE Leaders of Russian entrepreneurship: mentality, meanings, values. M., 1997.

6. Shekshnya S. V. Leadership in modern business... M., 2003.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIOLOGY

Department of Economic Theory

COURSE WORK

on the topic: "Motivation for entrepreneurial activity"

Performed by a student of group Сл - 063

Mazurak I. Ye.

Scientific adviser:

Kurbatova M.V., Doctor of Economics D., prof.

Kemerovo 2010

Introduction

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity

1.2 Features of entrepreneurial activity

Chapter 2. The structure of business motivation

2.1 Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial motivation

2.2 Business motives and their types

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is essential element any market economy, since it provides economic growth, the production of an increasing mass of various goods designed to satisfy quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively changing needs of society, its various strata and individuals. This is the driving force behind the development of a modern market economy, so it is important to understand the various aspects of entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon.

The main driver of the development and renewal of economic life at the present stage is the initiative and creativity of entrepreneurs who carry out this or that activity. Based on this, research and analysis of the motivation of a modern entrepreneur in particular and entrepreneurial activity in general is of particular relevance.

The market management system, which is more and more established in Russia, is based on an entrepreneurial type economic system with preservation of regulatory functions in the hands of the state. Currently, the entrepreneurial type of the economic system has put the entrepreneur among the most significant subjects of the economic process.

Entrepreneurship is the main pillar of the country's market economy. That is why government bodies are trying to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, so that as a result, tax payments of these enterprises become a contribution to the state budget, and GDP growth in the country's economy can be felt.

From an economic point of view, it is assumed that an economic action is motivated by economic interest.

The defining feature of sociology is its focus on the entrepreneur's motivation for one or another economic activity... With this approach, the motivation of entrepreneurs turns into a sociological problem.

Object work is an entrepreneurial activity.

Subject is the motivation of entrepreneurs in their economic activity.

Objective consists in the theoretical and methodological analysis of the motivation of entrepreneurial activity.

To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks:

1. Give a definition of entrepreneurship and business;

2. Consider the structure of entrepreneurial activity;

3. Describe the theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurship motivation, the main motives for entrepreneurial activity;

4. Identify the assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

In this work, we will try to reveal the essence and content of the concept of entrepreneurship, highlight the features of entrepreneurial business, entrepreneurial structures. And define general position cases of entrepreneurial activity in Russia.

The work is based on the scientific works of V. V. Radaev, S. M. Khalin, I. K. Shevchenko.

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity: concept, structure

1.1 Entrepreneurship and business

Initially, the problem of entrepreneurship was posed by political economy as a problem of explaining the sources of economic growth and the nature of profit (the term "entrepreneurship" was introduced by R. Cantillon in the 18th century). The definition of the entrepreneur as the owner of capital prevails in the works of the classics of political economy - F. Quesnay, A. Smith. At the same time, with J. Turgot, and later with German historians (W. Roscher, B. Hildebrand), he not only manages his capital, but also combines the functions of an owner with personal productive labor.

Over time, the entrepreneur is less and less identified with the capitalist. J. B. Say and J.S. Mill see the entrepreneur as an organizer of production that is not burdened with property rights. The functional distinction between the owner and the entrepreneur is carried out by K. Marx. Neoclassicists - A. Marshall, L. Walras, K. Menger, F. Wieser define the entrepreneur as a manager, and since then neutrality in relation to the ownership of property has become a common element of most theories of entrepreneurship - classical (J. Schumpeter) and modern (A. . Cole, P. Drucker).

Entrepreneurship is the sphere of professional activity of a special group of people - entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is an independent economic agent acting at his own peril and risk and under his own responsibility, including material responsibility. He must have the rights to use functioning capital, say, a "bundle" of four rights:

1) the right of ownership, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;

2) the right to use, that is, the right to use the useful properties of goods for oneself;

3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;

4) the right to income, that is, the right to enjoy the results from the use of benefits.

To be able to use specified rights, he must pay the full owner for the transfer of these rights in his favor (for example, in the form of rent). In addition, a certain amount of working capital will also be required (for example, the cost of raw materials, materials, labor, etc.). When starting an entrepreneurial activity (or modifying the previous activity), an entrepreneur must solve the eternal problems of a market economy: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce?

The most typical and capacious definition of entrepreneurship is given in the work of American scientists R. Hizrich and M. Peters: “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value; a process that consumes time and effort, involving the assumption of financial, moral and social responsibility; a process that brings monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved. "

Outstanding foreign scientists-economists, F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who dedicated Scientific research these problems: A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev, etc.

Great theoretical and practical significance has the point of view of P. Drucker on the essence of the concepts of "entrepreneurial economy", "entrepreneurial society", "entrepreneurial management". He explores the problems of the formation of an entrepreneurial environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs, the conditions for them to carry out their business.

P. Drucker believes that entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories, according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. New ideas are precisely the semantic basis of the term "entrepreneurship"; therefore, the entrepreneurial task is "creative destruction". Entrepreneurs, emphasizes P. Drucker, are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. And further - an enterprise is entrepreneurial not because it is new, and not because it is small (small), although rapidly developing, but because its activity is based on the awareness of the fact that the manufactured products have individual characteristics, demand on them it has grown to such an extent that a "market niche" has formed, and the new technology makes it possible to transform complex operations into a scientific process.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject making a choice between the contractual relations of the free market and the organization of the firm in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that is different from the price mechanism and the mechanism state regulation, but in some ways is alternative to both of them.

The entrepreneur, according to Sombart, should be a triune, possessing the qualities:

Conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);

Organizer (the ability to correctly assess people, make them work, coordinating their actions);

Merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, arouse their interest in their products, inspire confidence).

J. Schumpeter believes that the development of entrepreneurship requires two components: a) organizational and economic innovation; b) economic freedom. He is an advocate of free enterprise.

J. Schumpeter opposes himself to the neoclassicists, deriving from the process of capital circulation the fundamental need for a special entrepreneurial function, which consists in the implementation of organizational and economic innovation. Entrepreneurs, according to Schumpeter, do not form a special profession or a separate class. It is precisely about the function carried out periodically by different entities. In every economic sphere, it appears and disappears, being replaced by more routine actions. At the same time, the entrepreneur does not necessarily invent "new combinations" himself. He implements them in practice, often imitating someone else's economic experience.

For a successful entry natural person into the image of an entrepreneur, the latter must, first of all, realize the motives that induce him to open his own business and, thereby, become an independent subject of entrepreneurial business.

The motive should be understood as the totality of people's motives for certain actions. Entrepreneurial motives are formed when there is a need to be entrepreneurial. A conscious, meaningful, learned need becomes a behavioral motive. Therefore, the entrepreneurial actions of people and their choice of an entrepreneurial profession are based not only on their vocation, but also on their desire.

Motive(attitude) of entrepreneurial action - a state of predisposition, readiness, inclination of an entrepreneur to act in one way or another. Predisposition is the internal attitude of an entrepreneur towards various objects and situations, including other people, concerning him. business sphere... Motives (attitudes) give the situation a personal entrepreneurial meaning.

Receiving income, making a profit is the main motive, but it is not an end in itself and is not final. Not all entrepreneurial activity is carried out for the sake of personal consumption, on the contrary, it is opposed to all kinds of hedonism. Since entrepreneurship is inherently not only strategic, but creative activity with high degree autonomy in decision making. In other words, the entrepreneur is carried away by the very process of striving for independence and self-realization. And, money (as income) is a success criterion that demonstrates how well the initially conceived entrepreneurial project is implemented. Also, this money acts as a means of ensuring social recognition from society and increasing the business reputation of an entrepreneur.

Thus, you can depict the diagram:

The concepts of "motive for entrepreneurial activity" and "entrepreneurial attitude", although they are close in meaning, do not completely coincide. The motive is more mobile, more prone to emotions. On the contrary, the attitude is more stable.

The following groups of motives can be distinguished that induce people to entrepreneurial activity:

1.economic motives;

2. social motives;

3. psychological motives;

4. physical motives;

5. humanistic motives.

Economic motives: the desire to extract economic benefits through the achievement of victory success, or survival success, or both at the same time. Economic benefit consists in providing yourself and your loved ones with the means of existence, sufficient, at least, to maintain life and reproduce your work force, as a maximum - to strengthen personal competitive potential and provide personal competitive advantages over other entrepreneurs.

The economic motives of entrepreneurial activity outwardly appear as:

· Property motives that induce people to preserve or expand the list of objects of ownership, disposal, use, to maintain, strengthen the vertical of business power and increase their administrative resources;

Labor motives that motivate people to achieve success in professional work, growth of personal professional competitiveness, strengthening of personal competitive advantages and overcoming personal competitive disadvantages;

· Financial motives that induce people to receive financial income, or to increase it as a result of successful transactions.

People are pushed to entrepreneurial activity not only by economic motives, but also by others. Thus, the social motives of entrepreneurial behavior include:

· Initiation of forms of social communication (social communications) as a way to implement, maintain and enhance their own social energy;

· Achievement of success in society on legal grounds, maintenance of legal adequacy, subordination of the "case" to the applicable rules of law in combination with the initiation of the improvement of these norms;

· Public presentation of personal competitive advantages and achievements;

· Formation and strengthening of a positive reputation in the eyes of the environment;

· Acquisition of social knowledge, skills, skills, including the use of someone else's experience in their own activities and learning from other people's mistakes;

· Gaining social, including legal comfort.

Social motives of entrepreneurial behavior reflect the social principle in the nature of people, the need for social communication, the desire for social adequacy, public recognition. Social communication is always initiated by certain people who independently take steps to create the necessary forms of such communication. Therefore, the social motivation for entrepreneurial behavior is contained in the constant evolution of social communications.

Psychological motives of entrepreneurial activity reflect the need of many people for effective self-realization, development of personal qualities, self-awareness, self-affirmation in business relations, optimization of interpersonal contacts and the formation of psychological stability. Through entrepreneurial behavior, people form mechanisms of emotional interaction with other people, develop such qualities as perseverance, self-confidence, attention, will, accuracy, openness, patience, consistency in actions, etc.

And, finally, at the heart of the humanistic motivation of people to entrepreneurial activity are their needs, which have an ethical, aesthetic, ideological (conceptual, general philosophical) character. The humanistic motives of entrepreneurship consist in the desire of people for ethical, aesthetic, ideological self-realization, the acquisition of appropriate forms of adequacy on the basis of following the established ideas and established orders, initiating changes to establish new orders and the formation of new ideas. These motives reflect the needs of people in active behavior, domination, development, gaining comfort in ethical, aesthetic, and ideological areas.

It is necessary to distinguish among the motives of entrepreneurial behavior motives-motives, that is, true, real motives, and motives of judgment, that is, those that are proclaimed by the entrepreneur, are openly recognized by him. The latter can be called entrepreneurial motivations.

There are several main milestones in the structure of the motivation of a Russian entrepreneur:

1. Acute or obsessive desire to stand out, to prove oneself, to show oneself and one's abilities.

2. Striving for independence, reluctance to work for an "uncle" who allegedly profits from mere mortals.

3. Seeking to satisfy their leadership needs.

4. Desperate struggle for self-expression, self-realization and so on.

People are involved in professional entrepreneurship, not only responding to the need to be entrepreneurial, but also to the need, the inability to find a job for hire, the desire to certainly be entrepreneurs, the desire for professional development.

Every legally free person has the right to choose between professional entrepreneurship and professional wage labor. After all, you can work as an entrepreneur, or you can be a teacher, you can run an entrepreneurial business, or, on the contrary, you can industriously work as a metallurgist, designer or metro builder.

The choice of the entrepreneurial profession by people is complemented by the choice of the subject of entrepreneurship - the subject area or subject areas of the economy, a specific sector or a set of market sectors. A professional entrepreneur must appear before his environment as a specialist in his field. He becomes such, carrying out professional actions in those subject areas of business that he considered necessary to master. He acts as a specialist entrepreneur conducting business in any one specific market sector, or as a versatile entrepreneur who prefers to diversify his business.

A motivated choice between wage labor and entrepreneurial business in favor of entrepreneurship automatically includes the definition of the geography and subject composition of markets, which a new subject of professional entrepreneurship decides to invade or in which it is going to gain a foothold.

Study of motives, attitudes, value orientations of behavior of various categories and groups of entrepreneurs, for example, by order of the entrepreneurial structures themselves, or interested government agencies, allows you to determine the prevailing tendencies in the attitude of entrepreneurs to their activities, which is very important for the entire population of the region, the country. By creating a system of incentives on the basis of such knowledge of the motives of business activity, it is possible to regulate relations in the field of entrepreneurship, both on the part of entrepreneurs themselves and on the part of the relevant state structures - representative and executive authorities, which is very important today.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship / BUSINESS MOTIVATION / INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE MOTIVATION / STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEUR'S MOTIVATION / MOTIVATION CORE/ ENTREPRENEURSHIP / MOTIVATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY / INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE MOTIVATION / STRUCTURE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION/ CORE OF MOTIVATION

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, the author of the scientific work - Galina Borisovna Kosharnaya

Relevance and goals. One of the central problems in the study entrepreneurship it's a motivation problem. It is considered that entrepreneurship in essence, it is mainly interested only in making a profit. However, sociological studies show that with age there is a decrease in the importance of this motive in entrepreneurial activity and an increase in the motives for independence and self-expression. The purpose of this article is to identify the motivation of modern Russian entrepreneurs... Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved based on an analysis of the state and development trends entrepreneurship... The data of the author's survey of entrepreneurs of the Volga region and databases of other studies were used. Results. Research results show that motivational core of a post-Soviet entrepreneur, as well as a Western one, are the needs of the highest level, and above all the needs for independence and success. Material well-being is the main motivating factor for an entrepreneur, as a rule, at the initial stage of his activity. As the entrepreneur's income grows, he needs money in order to get more freedom in his further entrepreneurial activity. Conclusions. Among post-Soviet Russian entrepreneurs, people with business and creative motivation prevail. This is primarily due to the desire of entrepreneurs for independence, self-sufficiency, and meets their life orientations.

MOTIVATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEURS

Background. One of the central issues in the study of entrepreneurship a motivation problem. It is believed that entrepreneurship in its essence is interested primarily only to make a profit. However, sociological studies show that with age there is a decrease in importance of this motive in business and an increase in motives of independence and self-expression. The purpose of this article is to identify the motivation of contemporary Russian businessmen. Materials and methods. The research tasks were implemented on the basis of the analysis of the state and business trends. The article presents the data of the author's survey of entrepreneurs in Volga region and of other research data bases. Results. The study results show that the motivational core of a post-Soviet entrepreneur, as well as a western one, constitutes the highest level of need and, above all, the need for independence and success. Material well-being is the main motivating factor for a entrepreneur, as a rule, at the initial stage of his / her activity. As for entrepreneurs ’income, money is needed to get more freedom in their future business activities. Conclusions. The post-Soviet sphere of Russian entrepreneurs is predominated by people with business and creative motivation. This is primarily due to the desire of businessmen for independence, self-reliance, it is in their life orientation.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Motivation of modern Russian entrepreneurs"

UDC 316.334.23

G. B. Kosharnaya

MOTIVATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEURS1

Annotation.

Relevance and goals. One of the central problems in entrepreneurship research is the problem of motivation. It is believed that entrepreneurship, by its very nature, is mainly interested only in making a profit. However, sociological studies show that with age there is a decrease in the importance of this motive in entrepreneurial activity and an increase in the motives for independence and self-expression. The purpose of this article is to identify the motivation of modern Russian entrepreneurs.

Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved on the basis of an analysis of the state and trends in the development of entrepreneurship. The data of the author's survey of entrepreneurs of the Volga region and databases of other studies were used.

Results. The results of the study show that the motivational core of the post-Soviet entrepreneur, as well as of the Western one, is the needs of the highest level, and above all the needs for independence and for achieving success. Material well-being is the main motivating factor for an entrepreneur, as a rule, at the initial stage of his activity. As the entrepreneur's income grows, he needs money in order to get more freedom in his further entrepreneurial activity.

Conclusions. Among post-Soviet Russian entrepreneurs, people with business and creative motivation prevail. This is primarily due to the desire of entrepreneurs for independence, self-sufficiency, and meets their life orientations.

Key words: entrepreneurship, motivation for entrepreneurial activity, innovative and creative motivation, structure of entrepreneur's motivation, motivational core.

G. B. Kosharnaya MOTIVATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEURS

Background. One of the central issues in the study of entrepreneurship - a motivation problem. It is believed that entrepreneurship in its essence is interested primarily only to make a profit. However, sociological studies show that with age there is a decrease in importance of this motive in business and an increase in motives of independence and self-expression. The purpose of this article is to identify the motivation of contemporary Russian businessmen.

1 The article was prepared with the financial support of a grant from the Russian Foundation for Humanities "Consolidation of various social strata and groups of polyethnic regions of the Volga region on the basis of general cultural norms and common value priorities in the conditions of modern Russia", project No. 15-03-00382 a.

Materials and methods. The research tasks were implemented on the basis of the analysis of the state and business trends. The article presents the data of the author "s survey of entrepreneurs in Volga region and of other research data bases.

Results. The study results show that the motivational core of a post-Soviet entrepreneur, as well as a western one, constitutes the highest level of need and, above all, the need for independence and success. Material well-being is the main motivating factor for a entrepreneur, as a rule, at the initial stage of his / her activity. As for entrepreneurs "income, money is needed to get more freedom in their future business activities.

Conclusions. The post-Soviet sphere of Russian entrepreneurs is predominated by people with business and creative motivation. This is primarily due to the desire of businessmen for independence, self-reliance, it is in their life orientation.

Key words: entrepreneurship, motivation of entrepreneurial activity, innovative and creative motivation, structure of entrepreneurial motivation, core of motivation.

The central problem in studying the personality of an entrepreneur is motivation, i.e. the process of the formation of incentive principles, reasons and goals of its activities. However, it should be noted that the question of the motives of entrepreneurial activity is extremely difficult for analysis, since the motives are not always clearly understood by a person, but they are necessarily experienced by him as something significant, valuable, i.e. motives are closely related to the values and value attitudes of the individual.

V modern sociology and psychology is a generally accepted understanding of motivation as a set of internal driving forces that induce a person to act. Motivational structure characterizes the ratio of motives that determine human behavior. It is formed under the influence of various factors, both genetic and social. As the results of sociological surveys show, the motivational structure significantly depends on the level of well-being, traditions, age, social status and other factors.

The motivational mechanism of entrepreneurs in its form differs little from the similar mechanism of motivation of other workers, therefore, in the study of entrepreneurial motivation, there are the same problems as in the study of labor motivation in general. One of the most widespread concepts of work motivation is the concept of the American psychologist and sociologist A. Maslow (1908-1970). Maslow's merit, in comparison with other researchers, was that he created a hierarchical theory of needs, commonly known as the Maslow pyramid. Based on his numerous studies, Maslow came to the conclusion that employee motivation arises as a result of the need to satisfy a series of needs, arranged hierarchically in a pyramid from “lower”, material, to “higher”, spiritual. In ascending order, these are:

1) physiological needs (the need for food, clothing, housing, rest, etc.);

2) existential needs (confidence in the future, stability of living conditions);

3) social needs (the need for friendly relations, belonging to a group, the desire for contacts with peers, the need for caring for others and attention to oneself);

4) prestigious needs (the need for respect, career advancement, status, prestige, recognition);

5) spiritual needs (the need for self-realization through creativity).

The first two groups of needs Maslow called primary (congenital), the next three - secondary (socially acquired). When A. Maslow published his work in 1943, in American sociology there were many classifications of motives for work on various grounds. The merit of Maslow was that he tried to explain their interaction. It was extremely important to conclude that the needs of each new level become relevant to the employee only after the needs of the previous level are satisfied. All needs, with the exception of physiological (food, clothing), are never fully satisfied. Incomplete satisfaction of social and spiritual needs leads to the fact that they are stronger motivators than physiological needs. If a person does not meet the needs of a lower level, the needs of a higher level, A. Maslow believed, may not arise. Rarely will a person strive for creative self-expression in work if he is hungry or undressed, although in some cases this happens. But A. Maslow himself believed that the need for self-expression is available to only a few. Nevertheless, where the staff is given the opportunity to creatively realize themselves in the results of their labor, they give their best at work, deliberately sacrificing the needs of the lowest level.

With regard to entrepreneurial activity, based on the concept of Maslow's hierarchy of motives, three main types of motivation can be distinguished: material or consumer; social; innovative and creative.

It is the last type of motivation that prevails among a civilized entrepreneur, since these motives indicate that a person has an interest in the business itself: its process, conditions of implementation, content, results, as well as the possibility of self-realization in it. Let us recall that according to the concept of the modern entrepreneurial researcher J. Schumpeter, the activity of an entrepreneur is undoubtedly related to creative types of labor and consists in the search for or organization by its subject of new original combinations of production factors in order to increase its efficiency. A prerequisite for entrepreneurship is freedom of action, i.e. no restrictions of any kind. Of course, the desire to satisfy material needs is certainly inherent in entrepreneurs, however, M. Weber believed that consumer-hedonistic motives had no place in the motivational structure of the entrepreneur's personality. A real entrepreneur is alien to ostentatious luxury and wastefulness, his lifestyle is characterized by an ascetic orientation.

Social or status motives are motives of public recognition, asserting oneself in a group, increasing one's social status, acquiring power. To a reasonable extent, the presence of these motives among entrepreneurs J. Schumpeter considered necessary.

A study conducted in 2015 within the framework of the above RHNF grant among the population of the Volga region (a sub-sample of entrepreneurs

lei was 208 people) also confirmed that they have a high level of achievement motivation. In the presented fig. 1 point 1 defines material, or consumer, motivation; items 5, 6 - status; 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 - innovative and creative. Almost half of the respondents noted “independence, freedom” and “to see concrete, tangible results of their work” as the main motives for their activities.

1. To live securely, in abundance 2. The ability to take initiative 3. Have an interesting job

4. Independence, freedom

5. To have power, to occupy a high position

in society

6. Ability to build an organization for yourself

7. Bring benefits to society, contribute to the development of the country's economy 8. See specific tangible results of your work

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Rice. 1. Motives and values of entrepreneurs (as a percentage of respondents, n = 208)

Note. Since the respondents could have chosen more than one answer, the total answer is over 100%.

The results of our research show that the main type of motivation among entrepreneurs, regardless of the type of activity and the amount of capital, is innovative and creative. Previously, similar data were obtained in other studies.

Contrary to the widespread opinion about businessmen as people striving first of all for high material prosperity, this motive was present only in about every second person. Here it should be borne in mind that this motive is embedded in the economic essence of entrepreneurship, its main function is to obtain super-profits (entrepreneurial income) on the basis of innovations and economic risk, without which there can be no entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, sociological studies show that with age there is a decrease in the importance of this motive in entrepreneurial activity and an increase in the motives of independence and self-expression. If entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 35 are most attracted by high earnings (67%), then with increasing age there is a shift in priorities towards independence (73%). Cash income for such entrepreneurs does not act as an end in itself, but as a symbol of success, freedom, and expanding opportunities for creative expression. At the same time, there is a connection between the level of income and the value

motivation for obtaining high profits: with an increase in income, the value of material motives decreases.

So, among entrepreneurs, people with innovative and creative motivation prevail. This is primarily due to the desire of entrepreneurs for independence, self-sufficiency, meets their life orientations. This type of motivation is equally inherent in male and female entrepreneurs, it encourages them to take various financial, social and psychological risks and work, regardless of time, in order to succeed in a new business.

An important starting point for an entrepreneur is the decision to start your own business, which includes a willingness to change your lifestyle. This decision may be based on various motives: sometimes it does not suit previous job, in other cases, it attracts the creation of something new, especially if there is an interesting idea.

Very often, the greatest incentive to abandon the old way of life is given by a change in circumstances. American statistics show that the number of newly registered firms in the period of mass layoffs increases by 10-12%. In our study, 23% of the respondents reported that they were forced to leave for business. According to other sources, this figure is between 18 and 30%. For some of the respondents, this departure was associated with a coincidence of circumstances, mostly favorable. However, the majority of respondents (56%) in our study stated that their departure was associated with a desire to gain independence in order to realize their ideas, a desire for self-realization in business (Fig. 2).

I am a forced care

Coincidence

■ Striving for freedom, self-expression

In foreign concepts of labor motivation, there are three main types of motives that regulate the relationship of the individual to the social environment - the need for communication (affiliation), achievement, power.

The role of affiliation, as noted by the famous American psychologist H. Heckausen, is such communication with other people, which brings satisfaction and mutually enriches both parties. The asymmetry in the distribution of roles or the desire to turn a partner into a way to satisfy their needs creates harm to affiliation as such or completely destroy it. The motive of power is defined as a need, a desire to control the social environment, to influence the behavior of other people and to subjugate them.

As a result of studies of the influence of the dominance of a particular motive on the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, it was found that economic success is facilitated by the presence of a high level of achievement motive and a low level of affiliation in an entrepreneur, while the level of power motive is insignificant.

Almost all researchers emphasize that for the successful activity of an entrepreneur, a clearly expressed motive of achievement and its negative correlation with the motive of affiliation (communication) are necessary. The latter can be explained by the fact that, since the basic features of an entrepreneur are individualism, the desire for freedom and independence, he either does not have a need for communication, or he implements it in the family, in interpersonal, and not in business relationships.

Thus, sociological studies show that the motivational core of an entrepreneur is formed on the basis of the needs of the highest level; at the same time, they name mainly the needs for independence and in achieving success. A person who decides to become an entrepreneur most often explains this by the desire to gain control over his destiny, to minimize the forces of external influence. The desire for independence is also associated with the reluctance of the entrepreneur to work under someone else's leadership.

An American researcher D. McClelland made a significant contribution to the problem of motivating entrepreneurship, who identified three basic needs that determine a person's motivation for activity: participation, achievement and dominance. These needs, according to McClelland, are acquired, i.e. they develop through learning, life experiences and circumstances.

The need for complicity, according to D. McClelland, manifests itself in sociability, the desire to establish friendly relations with others. A person with such a need can be characterized as a pronounced collectivist, which contradicts the essential personality trait of an entrepreneur - individualism. Therefore, the severity of this need in the structure of the motivation of a successful entrepreneur is low. The main focus of the need to rule is the desire to control the actions of other people, to influence their behavior, to take responsibility for their actions and deeds. And, finally, the need to achieve is manifested in the desire of a person to achieve the goals before him more effectively than he did before.

All three of these needs are not mutually exclusive and are not hierarchically arranged like Maslow's. The influence of these needs on human behavior depends on their combination. As a result of his research, McClell-

Land concluded that people with a pronounced achievement motivation have the following characteristics:

Achievement situation as an attracting factor;

Confidence in a successful outcome;

Willingness to accept responsibility and decisiveness in uncertain situations;

Great persistence in pursuit of a goal;

Getting increased pleasure from interesting tasks;

The desire to do difficult, but really doable work; lack of enthusiasm for super difficult or simple tasks;

Striving for reasonable risk;

Average, realistic level of claims;

Great persistence when facing obstacles;

Raising the level of claims after success.

Thus, people with a high motivation for achievement independently set goals for themselves, while they choose moderately complex, realistically achievable goals and objectives and persistently strive to achieve the intended goal. It is important for them to constantly get concrete, tangible results, although it should be noted that the results are not always the best and the highest.

D. McClelland's main conclusion was that entrepreneurs have a high achievement motivation coefficient, which includes setting realistic goals and achieving these goals on their own. And although, according to D. McClelland, this need is formed in many in childhood, to some extent it is possible to develop it in adults. Motivational training courses conducted by D. McClelland himself and his colleagues in a number of underdeveloped countries had a significant effect in increasing the entrepreneurial activity of small and medium-sized businessmen.

Summing up, it should be emphasized that the motivational sphere of domestic entrepreneurship is just being formed. Nevertheless, the research results show that the motivational core of the post-Soviet entrepreneur, as well as the Western one, is the needs of the highest level, and above all the needs for independence and success. The decision to start a business, often fraught with risk, is associated with a desire for independence, a desire for independent control over their own destiny. Material well-being is the main motivating factor for an entrepreneur, as a rule, at the initial stage of his activity. As the entrepreneur's income grows, the money is used by him in order to get more freedom in his further entrepreneurial activities.

Bibliography

1. Maslow, A. Motivation and personality / A. Maslow. - 2nd ed. - SPb., 2011.

2. Schumpeter, J. Theory of economic development (study of entrepreneurial profit, capital, credit, interest and the market cycle): [trans. from English] / J. Schumpeter. - M.: Progress, 1982.

3. Weber, M. Selected Works: [trans. with it.] / M. Weber; comp., total. ed. and after. Yu. N. Davydova. - M.: Progress, 1990.

4. Golenkova, Z. T. Russian entrepreneur: some aspects of modern life / Z. T. Golenkova, E. D. Igitkhanyan // Sociological research. - 2006. - № 11.

5. Dylnova, ZM About the study of the problems of the formation of domestic entrepreneurship / ZM Dylnova // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New episode. Series: Sociology. Political science. - 2012. - T. 12, No. 2.

6. Chepurenko, A. Yu. Small business in a social context / A. Yu. Chepurenko. - M.: Nauka, 2004.

7. Kosharnaya, G.B. Life style of entrepreneurs in modern Russian society/ GB Kosharnaya, EA Kiselev // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2013. - No. 1.

8. Chepurenko, A. Yu. Sociology of entrepreneurship / A. Yu. Chepurenko. - M., 2007.

9. Vasyanin, MS Values of the entrepreneurial layer of modern Russia / MS Vasyanin // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2012. - No. 2.

10. Heckausen, H. Motivation and activity / H. Heckausen. - M., 1986 .-- T. 1, 2.

11. McCleland, D. Human motivation / D. McCleland. - SPb. : Peter, 2007.

12. Heckausen, H. Psychology of achievement motivation / H. Heckausen. - SPb., 2001.

1. Maslou A. Motivatsiya i lichnost. 2nd ed. Saint-Petersburg, 2011.

2. Shumpeter Y. Teoriya ekonomicheskogo razvitiya (issledovanie predprinimatel "skoy pribyli, kapitala, kredita, protsenta i tsikla kon" yunktury): per. s angl. ... Moscow: Progress, 1982.

3. Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya: per. s nem. ... Moscow: Progress, 1990.

4. Golenkova Z. T., Igitkhanyan E. D. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2006, no. eleven.

5. Dyl "nova Z. M. Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: Sotsiolo-giya. Politologiya. 2012, vol. 12, no. 2.

6. Chepurenko A. Yu. Maloe predprinimatel "stvo v sotsial" nom kontekste. Moscow: Nauka, 2004.

7. Kosharnaya G. B., Kiselev E. A. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Obshchestvennye nauki. 2013, no. one.

8. Chepurenko A. Yu. Sotsiologiya predprinimatel "stva. Moscow, 2007.

9. Vasyanin M. S. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Obshchestvennye nauki. 2012, no. 2.

10. Khekkauzen Kh. Motivatsiya i deyatel "nost". Moscow, 1986, vol. 12.

11. MakKleland D. Motivatsiya cheloveka. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2007.

12. Khekkauzen Kh. Psikhologiya motivatsii dostizheniya. Saint-Petersburg, 2001.

Galina Borisovna Kosharnaya

Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Sociology and Personnel Management, Penza State University

(Russia, Penza, Krasnaya st., 40) E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 316.334.23 Kosharnaya, G.B.

Motivation of modern Russian entrepreneurs / G.B. Kosharnaya // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social Sciences. - 2015. - No. 4 (36). - S. 146-154.

Kosharnaya Galina Borisovna Doctor of sociological sciences, professor, head of sub-department of sociology and human resource management, Penza State University (40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Course work

on the topic: "Motivation for entrepreneurial activity"

Introduction

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity

2.1 Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial motivation

Conclusion

Bibliography

entrepreneurial motive

Introduction

Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is an essential element of any market economy, since it provides economic growth, the production of an increasing mass of various goods designed to satisfy quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively changing needs of society, its various strata and individuals. This is the driving force behind the development of a modern market economy, so it is important to understand the various aspects of entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon.

The market system of management, which is becoming more and more established in Russia, is based on an entrepreneurial type of economic system with the state retaining regulatory functions. Currently, the entrepreneurial type of the economic system has put the entrepreneur among the most significant subjects of the economic process.

From an economic point of view, it is assumed that an economic action is motivated by economic interest.

The defining feature of sociology is its focus on the entrepreneur's motivation for a particular economic activity. With this approach, the motivation of entrepreneurs turns into a sociological problem.

The object of work is entrepreneurial activity.

The subject is the motivation of entrepreneurs in their economic activities.

The aim of the work is to provide theoretical and methodological analysis of the motivation for entrepreneurial activity.

To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks:

Define entrepreneurial activity and business;

Consider the structure of entrepreneurial activity;

Describe the theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurship motivation, the main motives for entrepreneurial activity;

Identify the assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

In this work, we will try to reveal the essence and content of the concept of entrepreneurship, highlight the features of entrepreneurial business, entrepreneurial structures. And to determine the general state of affairs of entrepreneurial activity in Russia.

The work is based on the scientific works of V. V. Radaev, S. M. Khalin, I. K. Shevchenko.

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity: concept, structure

1.1 Entrepreneurship and business

1) the right of ownership, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;

2) the right to use, that is, the right to use the useful properties of goods for oneself;

3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;

4) the right to income, that is, the right to enjoy the results from the use of benefits.

To be able to use these rights, he must pay the full owner for the transfer of these rights in his favor (for example, in the form of rent). In addition, a certain amount of working capital will also be required (for example, the cost of raw materials, materials, labor, etc.). When starting an entrepreneurial activity (or modifying the previous activity), an entrepreneur must solve the eternal problems of a market economy: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce?

Outstanding foreign scientists-economists: F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who devoted scientific research to these problems: A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev, etc.

P. Drucker's point of view on the essence of the concepts "entrepreneurial economy", "entrepreneurial society", "entrepreneurial management" is of great theoretical and practical importance. He explores the problems of the formation of an entrepreneurial environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs, the conditions for them to carry out their business.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject making a choice between the contractual relations of the free market and the organization of the firm in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that differs from the price mechanism and the mechanism of state regulation, and in some ways is alternative to both of them.

The entrepreneur, according to Sombart, should be a triune, possessing the qualities:

* conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);

* organizer (the ability to correctly assess people, make them work, coordinating their actions);

* a merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, arouse their interest in their products, inspire confidence).

J. Schumpeter believes that the development of entrepreneurship requires two components: a) organizational and economic innovation; b) economic freedom. He is an advocate of free enterprise.

Based on the assumptions of J. Schumpeter, it is possible to give a general definition of entrepreneurship - it is the implementation of organizational innovation in order to generate profit (other additional income). Entrepreneurship is thus constituted by three essential elements:

* organizational action;

* initiation of changes;

* cash income as a goal and criterion of success.

Ultimately in all scientific definitions entrepreneurship by Western scientists is a behavior (process) in which initiative, organization and reorganization of the socio-economic mechanism is required in order to be able to profitably use the available resources and a specific situation and take responsibility for possible failure, that is, willingness to take risks. The definition, as you can see, combines economic, social, personal and managerial approaches.

In Western countries, from a scientific and practical point of view, modern entrepreneurship is characterized as a special innovative, anti-bureaucratic type of business, which is based on the search for new opportunities, an orientation towards innovation, the ability to attract and use resources from a variety of sources to solve the assigned tasks.

Entrepreneurship in our country is in its infancy along with the development of a market economy. For the development of entrepreneurship in our country, it is essential, according to Russian researchers, to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship.

The progressive development of entrepreneurship is aimed at producing goods (performing work, providing services), bringing them to specific consumers (households, other entrepreneurs, the state) at the lowest cost and is one of the defining conditions for economic growth, increasing GDP and national income, increasing the efficiency of social production.

Entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon reflects the commodity nature of relations between economic entities based on the operation of the economic laws of a market economy (supply and demand, cost, competition, etc.) and all instruments of commodity production and circulation (price, money, finance, credit, etc.) ...

Entrepreneurship, as a social phenomenon, reflects the capabilities of every capable individual to be the owner of the business, to show with the greatest return their individual abilities and creativity. It manifests itself in the formation of a new layer of people - entrepreneurial, gravitating towards independent economic and economic activities, capable of creating their own business, overcoming the resistance of the environment and achieving their goals. At the same time, it contributes to an increase in the number of employees who, in turn, are economically and socially interested in the sustainability of entrepreneurial activity.

Development of entrepreneurship, assuming the effective use of material, financial and labor resources, at the same time, it also requires state regulation in the direction of creating certain favorable conditions for this.

Entrepreneurship develops successfully in the presence of certain conditions and factors, in the aggregate, ensuring the formation of a certain business environment. The latter should be understood as an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow an entrepreneur to achieve success in the implementation of his goals, in the implementation of entrepreneurial projects and contracts with obtaining sufficient profit (income).

To a certain extent, entrepreneurship also reflects the political situation in the country. On the one hand, the conditions and factors of its development depend on the political situation in the country (favorable or unfavorable), and on the other hand, business associations, unions, unions themselves influence the formation of the political situation in the country, taking part in political activities the state.

Entrepreneurship is, in fact, a type of management based on the innovative behavior of enterprise owners, on the ability to find and use ideas, to translate them into specific entrepreneurial projects. This, as a rule, is a risky business, and therefore should be carefully justified, relying on knowledge of the sales market and competitors, while not neglecting your own intuition and, of course, the support of government agencies.

Thus, entrepreneurship in a generalized sense reflects a set of relations (economic, social, organizational, personal, etc.) associated with the organization of entrepreneurship of their business, with the production of goods (works, services) and obtaining the desired results in the form of profit (income).

Behind the concept of "entrepreneurship" stands "business", enterprise, production of a product (useful thing) or service (non-material product). Entrepreneurial activity is often called business.

The term "business" translated from English "business" means business, occupation, trade, commerce. A businessman is business man striving to make its business profitable. In the legislation, the word "business" is not used, but the term "entrepreneurship" is widely used.

Business is a broader concept than entrepreneurial activity, since business refers to the performance of any single one-time commercial transactions, in any field of activity, aimed at generating income (profit).

Entrepreneurship also reflects the system of relations that entrepreneurs have as business entities with each other (financial, economic, social), as well as with consumers of their products (works, services), suppliers of all factors of production (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, electricity etc.), with banks and other market entities, with hired workers (employees) and, finally, with the state represented by the relevant executive authorities and local self-government.

The concept of "entrepreneurship" in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Entrepreneur: "Entrepreneurship" (entrepreneurial activity) is an independent, proactive activity of citizens aimed at making profit or personal income and carried out on their own behalf, at their own risk and under their property responsibility or on behalf of and under property responsibility of a legal entity (enterprise) ".

An entrepreneur can carry out any types of economic activity not prohibited by law, including commercial intermediation, trade-purchasing, consulting and other activities, as well as operations with securities. "

One of the key concepts in civil and business law is the concept of entrepreneurial activity, which has a general meaning for individual entrepreneurs (individuals) and collective entrepreneurs (legal entities). Currently, the normative definition of this concept is contained in par. 3 p. 1 art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that individuals and commercial organizations, as a general rule, participate in entrepreneurial activities on equal legal terms.

Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity, carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematic profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

The above definition contains a number of features that make it possible to distinguish entrepreneurship from other types of activities of citizens and legal entities. In the legal literature, the systems of these signs are grouped in different ways, depending on the different bases of the classification. At the same time, in accordance with the logic of presentation this definition in para. 3 p. 1 art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, four features can be sequentially distinguished, which serve as initial arguments for resolving the issue of attributing specific activities to entrepreneurial. At the same time, only those activities that are characterized by all the characteristics indicated below in aggregate can be recognized as legal entrepreneurial activity.

The first sign is the independence of entrepreneurial activity.

The second sign is closely related to the first - the entrepreneur acts at his own risk.

The third sign is that the purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to systematically profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services.

The fourth sign of legal entrepreneurial activity characterizes its participants.

The fifth sign is innovation. Entrepreneurial activity should be understood not as any activity associated with the production and sale of goods and services, but only associated with the obligatory involvement of an innovative, search element in the economic process, which can consist in various points - the search and development of a new market, the production of new goods by changing the profile of an existing production or foundation of a new enterprise; introduction of new methods of organizing production, quality control of products, new equipment and technologies; finding and using new sources of material and financial resources.

1.2 Features of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurial activity is carried out by physical and legal entities.

Individuals are individual entrepreneurs whose legal status is governed by the relevant laws.

Entrepreneurial activity carried out by individuals refers to individual (private) entrepreneurial activity.

Business activities carried out by legal entities are collective entrepreneurship.

Legal entities in entrepreneurial activity - all types of enterprises: business partnerships(full and limited) business companies (joint-stock OJSC, CJSC, LLC, ODO); production cooperatives and unitary enterprises.

In modern Russia, business entities and persons intending to become entrepreneurs can count on protection from the state.

In most countries of the world, entrepreneurship is a powerful engine of economic and social development... Without entrepreneurs, people's needs cannot be fully met. In addition, entrepreneurship performs managerial, organizational, market functions; forms the elements of creativity in the socio - economic life of society. Through entrepreneurship, innovations in trade, management, information technologies are implemented.

The transition to market relations poses many complex tasks for society, among which the development of entrepreneurship takes an important place.

Currently, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of a complex of conditions for entrepreneurial activity, to create a favorable business climate. An indispensable condition for the development of entrepreneurship is private property.

The privatization process, which began in Russia in the late 1980s, contributes to the revival of private property as the basis of entrepreneurship. It should also revive competition, give freedom of action to entrepreneurs and leaders - managers of enterprises of various forms of ownership.

For the development of entrepreneurship, other conditions are also needed. They include the stability of the state economic and social policy, a preferential tax regime, a developed infrastructure for supporting entrepreneurship, the existence of an effective system for protecting intellectual property, and the formation of flexible market mechanisms to increase the business activity of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should be able to freely enter foreign market... It is necessary to create an accessible credit system for entrepreneurs, provide an opportunity to purchase the necessary means of production, raw materials and components.

Entrepreneurship ensures the development of new promising industries, contributes to the washing out of outdated ones.

Entrepreneurship creates mechanisms for coordination, formulating a development strategy through the market and competition, links between business entities.

Thus, entrepreneurship as a business entity and a special, creative type of economic behavior is an integral property of all factors for achieving economic success.

An entrepreneur, in order to achieve success in the competition, must take into account the risk factor, carefully analyze its causes and possible consequences. Here, of course, prudence is important, the ability to compare probable losses and benefits, which requires a certain amount of knowledge in the field of general economic theory, specific economics; methods of application quantitative methods analysis. Entrepreneurial intuition based on past experience and insight cannot be discounted as well.

Since risk is a probabilistic category, it can be measured. In practice, a statistical and expert method for measuring risk is used.

The statistical method consists in the fact that on the basis of statistical data on the losses that have taken place in similar types of entrepreneurial activity, the so-called frequency of occurrence of a certain level of losses is determined, and according to it, the probability of a certain level of losses is predicted.

The expert method consists in the fact that by processing the opinion of a group of attracted experts from among entrepreneurs or specialists about the probability of certain levels of losses, the frequency of assessments of certain losses is determined, which is the quotient of dividing the number of experts who speak out for a particular amount of losses by the total number of experts.

Calculations of entrepreneurial risk do not yet give an answer to the question of how an entrepreneur should act, since they only give an idea of the possible risk in case of certain options for his actions, extreme cases of which may be obtaining a minimum profit in the absence of risk and a maximum one if it is very high. ...

The choice of the course of action must be carried out by the entrepreneur himself, that is, he must decide for himself what risk he is willing to take in order to achieve an acceptable profit value for him. Such a choice is associated with the business qualities of an entrepreneur, the basis of which is formed by his personal characteristics, which are the result of a combination of innate properties, natural predispositions, previous training and accumulated professional experience.

The listed most important features of entrepreneurship are interconnected and act simultaneously.

To be entrepreneurial, an enterprise must have certain properties. An entrepreneur is characterized by the fact that he tries to create something new and different from the existing one, changes and transforms value attitudes.

The characteristic feature of entrepreneurship lies in its belonging to relatively short-term, tactical modes of action. So, for example, if a long-term project sets as its main goal making a profit, is associated with risk and responsibility, is not based on trivial ideas, it is legitimate to consider it entrepreneurial.

Entrepreneurial activity is a set of sequentially or in parallel carried out transactions, each of which is limited to a relatively short, well-defined time interval. The deal is the main brick from which the business building is being built.

Entrepreneurship is always about innovation. J. Schumpeter and A. Marshall drew attention to this aspect of economic activity. If J. Schumpeter showed the identity of entrepreneurship and innovation, then A. Marshall argued that the real role of entrepreneurs in the life of society lies in the fact that with their innovation they not only create a new order, but also accelerate processes that are already constructively ripening in society. It seems more correct to assess the entrepreneur given by J. Schumpeter as a figure who decisively breaks down the previous forms of production and organization of social life, who is a revolutionary in the economy, the initiator of the social and political revolution. According to J. Schumpeter, the entrepreneur constantly carries out "creative destruction", being the main figure in the economic development of society.

From all of the above, we can conclude that entrepreneurship and innovation in modern society are an interconnected whole.

Types of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurial activity is very diverse. Since any business to one degree or another is associated with the main phases of the production cycle - the production of goods and services, the exchange and distribution of goods, their consumption - the following types of entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished:

industrial entrepreneurship,

commercial,

financial.

In addition, in recent decades, in all economically developed countries of the world, such an independent type of entrepreneurship as consulting (consulting) has been singled out and isolated.

At the same time, each of the named types of entrepreneurship is divided into a number of subspecies.

Manufacturing entrepreneurship can be called the leading type of entrepreneurship. Here, the production of products, goods, works is carried out, services are rendered, certain spiritual values are created. However, it was this area of activity that underwent the greatest negative changes during the transition to a market economy: economic ties collapsed, material and technical support was disrupted, sales of products fell sharply, financial position enterprises.

The greatest development in the first years of transition to the market in Russia was received by commercial entrepreneurship. It is characterized by operations and transactions for the purchase and sale of services. Here you can get a quicker return. This area, largely limited earlier, began to develop rapidly, mainly as private individual entrepreneurship. Many energetic, initiative people directed their efforts here. Often among them there are those who were previously referred to as the so-called "shadow" economy. If the production activity provides, as a rule, 10-12% of the profitability of the enterprise, firm, then the commercial one - 20-30%, and often even higher.

A special type of entrepreneurial activity is financial. The sphere of his activity is circulation, exchange of values. Financial activity penetrates both industrial and commercial, but it can also be independent: banking, insurance, etc.

A financial transaction does not imply such a high rate of return as previous types of entrepreneurial activity: this value can be 5-10%.

In recent years, such a promising form as consulting entrepreneurship has been increasingly developing in Russia. It has many directions and, comparing the level of its development in our country with other developed countries, we can conclude that consulting will have to develop rapidly in the coming years.

Being relatively independent, the types of entrepreneurial activities are mutually intertwined, complement each other. At the same time, priority should be given to industrial entrepreneurship, which determines all types of entrepreneurial activity and the most complex.

The functions of entrepreneurship are understood as the implementation of activities for the production and exchange between the entrepreneur and other subjects (elements) of the economic environment.

The essence of entrepreneurial activity (labor of entrepreneurs) as a social phenomenon is expressed in its main function - the creation of special economic benefits (values) in the form of effective dynamic structures that allow satisfying the various needs of people and society as a whole.

Functions include:

1) Manufacturing - the transformation of raw materials and other supplies into a type of product that is suitable for sale to the company's customers.

2) Material and technical support - the purchase of raw materials, machinery, equipment and other supplies necessary for economic activity.

3) Personnel - selection and recruitment in accordance with the needs of the business.

4) Keeping finance and accounting.

5) Marketing.

6) Research and design work - activities for the development and implementation of new technological processes or new products to improve entrepreneurship.

7) Public relations (public relations) - the implementation and management of relations between the enterprise and public structures or the media.

Thus, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at achieving commercial success: making a profit or entrepreneurial income.

Most of the entrepreneurial income is directed not to personal consumption, but is invested in the further development of the most promising areas of economic activity. In addition, entrepreneurship is aimed at the best use of capital: property and other property, as well as financial, material and technical and labor resources.

Thus, having considered the main provisions of entrepreneurial activity, we can conclude that from the point of view of motivation, we can consider the personality of an entrepreneur in two forms: firstly, as the owner of property and other resources, trying to extract maximum income from their activities, and secondly , as a manager in relation to employees who work for him on the terms of the contract. We will proceed from these two positions in the future.

The needs of the individual largely determine the success of doing business or entrepreneurship. On the one hand, the very manifestation of interest in business, work in it is the individual's response to the satisfaction of his social needs (to achieve success, to succeed, to engage in socially significant business, etc.).

But on the other hand, only knowledge of the real needs of customers, the ability to predict their development will allow this business to take place.

Chapter 2. The structure of business motivation

2.1 Theoretical foundations of motivation for entrepreneurial activity entrepreneurship business motivation

The sources of any production are resources and factors of production. Production resources are the totality of those natural, social and spiritual forces that can be used in the process of creating goods, services and other values. In economic theory, resources are usually divided into four groups: natural, material, labor and financial.

In modern conditions, labor as a factor of production often becomes decisive, since it is able to bring income to the owner of production. But we are not talking about any kind of work, but about professional, efficient, organized and motivated work.

Already in the 30s of the twentieth century, in the years of transition from extensive methods of capitalist management to intensive, it became necessary to search for new forms of motivation, characterized by a more pronounced sociological and psychological content. The purpose of this search was to eliminate the depersonalized relationships in production inherent in management theories and bureaucratic models, and replace them with the concept of collaboration between workers and entrepreneurs.

Procedural theories of motivation investigate the selected type of human behavior in the process of achieving the goals set for him.

Consider the motivation of an entrepreneur, based on two procedural theories: the preferences and expectations of V. Vroom and the justice of S. Adams.

The first theory is based on the proposition that the presence of an active need is not the only and necessary condition for motivating a person to achieve a certain goal. A person should also hope that the type of behavior chosen by him will really lead to the satisfaction or acquisition of the desired good. For an entrepreneur, the desired benefit is the successful operation of his company and the maximization of profits.

Expectations - an assessment by a given person of the likelihood of a certain event. For example, most people expect that graduating from college will get them better jobs, or that if they work hard, they can have a career. Analyzing the motivation of labor activity, the theory of expectation identifies three important relationships: labor costs - results; results - reward and valence (satisfaction with this reward). Expectations in relation to the first bundle (3-P) are the ratio between the effort expended and the results obtained. Expectations in relation to results-rewards (R-B) are expectations of a certain reward or incentive in response to the achieved results of work, i.e. what is most valuable to the entrepreneur at the moment The third factor - valence (the value of the encouragement or reward) - is the perceived degree of relative satisfaction or dissatisfaction arising from the receipt of a certain reward. Since different people have different needs and wants for reward, the specific reward offered in response to the results achieved may not be of any value to them.

Equity theory also provides an explanation of how people allocate and direct their efforts to achieve their goals, both workers and entrepreneurs.

All of the above when considering this theory is true for employees working in the entrepreneur's firm. As for the personality of the entrepreneur himself, his motivation is somewhat different. As we have already said, the reward for him is either internal from the results of entrepreneurial labor, or the maximum possible profit. In a competitive market economy, similar entrepreneurs producing substitute goods can receive higher profits for the same volume of products sold due to conditions that depend on supply and demand.

Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the motivation of the entrepreneur in his activities is of the same great importance as the motivation of the employee in the labor process and even more significant, since the entrepreneurial initiative is the engine of progress and contributes to the development and establishment of perfect market forms of management.

In this regard, the study of motivating factors and the formation of a clear motivational mechanism in the activities of an entrepreneur require detailed and in-depth research and acceptance by society.

None of the existing motivational theories can comprehensively explain all the needs and motives of human behavior in the process of his activity.

The theoretical issues of humanizing business and manufacturing were first reflected in the teachings of the Mayo School of Human Relations and in the so-called “industrial democracy” - a form of complicity that gives workers at all levels of the organization the right to participate in decisions that affect their interests. In recent decades, the processes of movement towards a socially oriented market economy have been expressed in the concept of “human resource development”. This concept formed the basis of the theory of human capital, according to which investing in education and improving the quality of the workforce is just as natural as investing in equipment and technology.

The formation of a market economy in Russia is impossible without increasing the role of the human factor. Of particular importance in the current conditions are the issues of working with personnel, which constitute the human factor in the development of social production.

2.2 Business motives and their types

For the successful entry of an individual into the image of an entrepreneur, the latter must, first of all, realize the motives that induce him to open his own business and, thereby, become an independent subject of entrepreneurial business.

The motive (attitude) of entrepreneurial action is a state of predisposition, readiness, inclination of an entrepreneur to act in one way or another. Predisposition is the internal attitude of an entrepreneur in relation to various objects and situations, including other people, concerning his business sphere. Motives (attitudes) give the situation a personal entrepreneurial meaning.

Receiving income, making a profit is the main motive, but it is not an end in itself and is not final. Not all entrepreneurial activity is carried out for the sake of personal consumption, on the contrary, it is opposed to all kinds of hedonism. Since entrepreneurship is inherently not only strategic, but creative activity with a high degree of autonomy in decision-making. In other words, the entrepreneur is carried away by the very process of striving for independence and self-realization. And, money (as income) is a success criterion that demonstrates how well the initially conceived entrepreneurial project is implemented. Also, this money acts as a means of ensuring social recognition from society and increasing the business reputation of an entrepreneur.

Thus, you can depict the diagram:

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

The following groups of motives can be distinguished that induce people to entrepreneurial activity:

economic motives;

social motives;

psychological motives;

physical motives;

humanistic motives.

Economic motives: the desire to extract economic benefits through the achievement of victory success, or survival success, or both at the same time. The economic benefit consists in providing oneself and one's loved ones with a means of subsistence, sufficient, at least, to maintain life and reproduce their workforce, at the most, to strengthen their personal competitive potential and ensure personal competitive advantages over other entrepreneurs.

The economic motives of entrepreneurial activity outwardly appear as:

property motives that induce people to preserve or expand the list of objects of ownership, disposal, use, to maintain, strengthen the vertical of business power and increase their administrative resources;

labor motives that induce people to achieve success in professional work, increase personal professional competitiveness, enhance personal competitive advantages and overcome personal competitive disadvantages;

financial motives that induce people to receive financial income, or to increase it as a result of successful transactions.

People are pushed to entrepreneurial activity not only by economic motives, but also by others. Thus, the social motives of entrepreneurial behavior include:

initiation of forms of social communication (social communications) as a way of implementing, maintaining and strengthening one's own social energy;

achieving success in society on a legal basis, maintaining legal adequacy, subordinating the "case" to the applicable rules of law in combination with the initiation of the improvement of these rules;

public presentation of personal competitive advantages and achievements;

formation and strengthening of a positive reputation in the eyes of the environment;

the acquisition of social knowledge, abilities, skills, including the use of someone else's experience in their own activities and learning from other people's mistakes;

gaining social, including legal comfort.

There are several main milestones in the structure of the motivation of a Russian entrepreneur:

An acute or obsessive desire to stand out, to prove oneself, to show oneself and one's abilities.

Striving for independence, reluctance to work for an "uncle" who supposedly profits from mere mortals.

The pursuit of satisfying their leadership needs.

Desperate struggle for self-expression, self-realization and so on.

A motivated choice between hired labor and entrepreneurial business in favor of entrepreneurship automatically includes the determination of the geography and subject composition of markets that a new subject of professional entrepreneurship decides to invade or where it is going to gain a foothold.

The study of motives, attitudes, value orientations of behavior of various categories and groups of entrepreneurs, for example, by order of the business structures themselves, or interested state bodies, allows us to determine the prevailing tendencies in the attitudes of entrepreneurs towards their activities, which is very important for the entire population of the region and country. By creating a system of incentives on the basis of such knowledge of the motives of business activity, it is possible to regulate relations in the field of entrepreneurship, both on the part of entrepreneurs themselves and on the part of the relevant state structures - representative and executive authorities, which is very important today.

Conclusion

The analysis of theoretical material on a general problem, which reveals the motivation of modern entrepreneurship, showed that the motivational sphere of the entrepreneur's personality is complex and multifaceted.

Consideration of the problem showed that success-oriented entrepreneurs prefer moderate risk that justifies the expectation. Those who are afraid of failure prefer a low or, conversely, too high level of risk. The higher the motivation of the entrepreneur to succeed - to achieve the goal, the lower the willingness to take risks. In general, the study showed that the motivation of entrepreneurs to achieve success outweighs the motivation to avoid failure, although not significantly.

The features of the motivation of modern entrepreneurship include the following components:

first, the willingness of entrepreneurs to take risks. In the course of considering this problem, it was revealed that although he prefers situations of "challenge", he is more inclined to moderate risk; rather, he weighs the risk and takes action to reduce it or control the results;

secondly, the freedom of choice of entrepreneurs and their desire for independence. Freedom of choice presupposes, first of all, the ability to work creatively, despite the circumstances and objective reasons;

thirdly, volitional qualities. Among the most important volitional qualities inherent in modern entrepreneurship, we single out initiative, independence, independence, decisiveness, perseverance and self-control;

fourth, the presence of entrepreneurial tension. Entrepreneurial tension as a personality trait can increase or decrease depending on the expected result of the activity, and it is nothing more than a manifestation of anxiety.

The term paper is divided into two sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical issues of entrepreneurial activity. The first subsection describes the concepts of "entrepreneur", "entrepreneurial activity" and "business". The second subsection describes the essence (structure) of entrepreneurship: features, types and functions.

The second section describes and analyzes the structure of entrepreneurial motivation. The first subsection is devoted to the theoretical and methodological foundations of motivation in modern entrepreneurship. The second subsection is devoted to the description of the motives of entrepreneurial activity and their types. In the last, third subsection, the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is assessed.

Bibliography

1. Radaev, V.V. Economic sociology: textbook. / V.V. Radaev. - M .: GU-HSE, 2005 .-- 603 p.

2. Dictionary of Economics [Electronic resource]: - Access mode: http://abc.informbureau.com/html/yeiiiiexaneass_aassoaeuiinou.html.

3. Radaev, V. V. Once again on the subject of economic sociology / V. V. Radaev // Economic sociology - 2002. - Volume 3, No. 2. - P. 21-34.

4. Encyclopedia of Sociology [Electronic resource] / Comp. A. A. Gritsanov, V. L. Abushenko, G. M. Evelkin, G. N. Sokolova, O. V. Tereshchenko. - Minsk: Book House, 2003. - Access mode: http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/sociology/article/soc/soc-1317.html.

5. Sociological encyclopedic dictionary // ed. G.V. Osipova. - Publishing gr. INFA. M - NORM. M .: 1998. - 488 s

6. Encyclopedic Sociological Dictionary // ed. G.V. Osipova. - M .: ISPI RAN, 1995 .-- 939 p.

7. Plotnikova, O.A. Small business and its role in ensuring the development of the national economy of the Russian Federation Electronic resource / Mosk. humanizes. un-t. - Electron. educational - 2006. - Access mode: http://www.mosgu.ru/nauchnaya/publications / Plotnikova /

8. Schumpeter, J. Theory of economic development / J. Schumpeter. - M .: Progress, 1982 .-- 452 p.

9. Sociological encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1. // head of the scientific project, Doctor of Political Sciences G. Yu. Semigin. - M .: Mysl, 2003 .-- 694 p.

10. Sociological encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. Vol. 2. // head of the scientific project, Doctor of Political Sciences G. Yu. Semigin. - M .: Mysl, 2003 .-- 863 p.

11. Khalin, S.M. Sociology of Entrepreneurship: (an attempt at a theoretical interpretation of the concept): Textbook. / S. M. Khalin. -Tyumen: Tyumen State University, 2004. - 82 p.

12. Druzhinin, VN Psychology of entrepreneurship [Electronic resource] / VN Druzhinin. - Access mode: http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/drujinina

13. Financial library [Electronic resource] / - Access mode: http://lib.mabico.ru/2141.html.

14. Shevchenko, I.K. Organization of entrepreneurial activity Electronic resource: Textbook. allowance. / I.K.Shevchenko. - Taganrog: Publishing house of TRTU. Access mode: http://www.aup.ru/books/m91/01.htm

15. Yerzhenina, EF Mechanism of development of economic motivation in entrepreneurship: Dis. ... Cand. econom. Sciences: 08.00.05: RSL OD, 61: 03-8 / 1922-4 / Yerzhenina Ekaterina Feliksovna. - SPb, 2002 - 188 p.

...

Motivation in business: the four main incentives for an entrepreneur. Motives for the activity of competitive Russian entrepreneurs Researchers of Russian entrepreneurship identify the main motives for participation

COURSE WORK

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, the author of the scientific work - Galina Borisovna Kosharnaya

Related Topics scientific works on sociological sciences, the author of the scientific work is Galina Borisovna Kosharnaya

MOTIVATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEURS

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Motivation of modern Russian entrepreneurs"

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents