The concept of innovation and innovation. The concept of "innovation", "innovation", "innovation" - the main properties In the form of a new or improved

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Topic 1. Innovations as an object of innovative management

1.1. Definition of innovation and innovation. Criteria for innovation.

In a competitive environment, it is necessary to constantly modernize products, expanding product lines, which will make it possible for a long time to achieve high profit indicators, to defend leadership positions in the market.

Some aspects of innovation management:

1. Innovation as an object of management singled out in a post-industrial society. At the previous stages of the development of society, innovations were not considered as one of the factors of competitive success, and, accordingly, were not singled out as a separate subject of research and management.

2.Interaction of strategy and innovation. Currently, the directions of strategic and innovative management are complementary and, therefore, they must be considered in a complex: the strategy is focused on innovation, and innovation is the basis of the results. strategic management.

Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of innovation. The key concepts are scientific and technological progress, innovation, innovation, innovation, which, as a rule, are identified. It is generally accepted that the concept of "innovation" is the Russian version of the English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "the introduction of innovations." In the theory of innovators, there are 3 fundamental terms: innovation (innovation), innovation, innovation. (rice)

Innovation(innovation) is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development and experimental work in any area of activity to improve its efficiency. Innovation is close to the concept of "invention", because represents a concrete result of the development of a new scientific idea, having the form of a sample, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase efficiency.

Innovations can be formalized in the form of: discoveries, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production process, organizational, production or other structure, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, document, marketing research results. Thus, innovation - this is new or updated product anyone's creative activities proposed consumers for further conversion and use.

The process of introducing an innovation to the market is commonly referred to as the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called an innovation lag.

Innovations act as an intermediate result of the research and production cycle and, as practical application turn into scientific and technical innovations - the end result. Mastering innovations is the implementation of a commercial (entrepreneurial) idea to meet the demand for specific types of products, technologies, services as goods. The presence of demand indicates their competitiveness, which is an important result of innovation.

Innovation(English "innovation") means innovation as a result of practical (or scientific and technical) development of innovation.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a combination of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment.

B. Santo: innovation is a socio-technical and economic process that, through the use of practical ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties. If an innovation is focused on economic benefits, then its appearance on the market can bring additional income.

J. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Analysis of different definitions of innovation leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes (1911):

1. The use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale).

2. Introduction of products with new properties.

3. Using new raw materials.

4. Changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support.

5. The emergence of new sales markets.

Later (1930), he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change in order to introduce and use new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.

Innovation- this is the end result of the introduction of an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific and technical or other type of effect, i.e. profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of production, financial, commercial, administrative and other nature.

In management, innovation is defined as the creation and presentation of goods or services that offer consumers benefits that buyers perceive as new or improved. Thus, consumers do not always need a new product, but solutions that offer new benefits.

Features of the definition of innovation:

Often the term “innovation” is used synonymously with the word “invention”. Technology professionals often use phrases such as "innovative development", which rather correspond to the terms: technology, business process, business idea.

There is a common misconception that innovations take place in the field of high technology. In reality, innovation is taking place in all areas, from bread baking to oil production. There are simply companies that prefer an innovative way of development, that is, they constantly reinforce their industry or market leadership with technical innovations. They allocate significant funds for R&D, maintain a large staff of specialists, and are not afraid to outsource the development of new products and processes. Innovation helps companies stay ahead of the competition, gain additional profit by reducing costs, increasing productivity, creating new products and new markets, etc.

The most fertile ground for innovation is competition. It is competition that makes us constantly improve, cut costs, and look for new markets. And innovation is a significant competitive advantage. And often it is innovation that is a chance for small companies to make a qualitative leap, leaving behind the larger market participants.

Innovation must have purpose. Having a goal can improve the quality of innovation - which means an increase in the number of effective new developments, and often without increasing investment. At the same time, the presence of a target does not guarantee increased sensitivity to market changes.

In any case, to be successful, you must first make a decision about where to go next. And what purpose to pursue at the same time.

Innovative activity synonym entrepreneurial activity... For the convenience of analysis, companies should be distinguished by volume: large - in which there are entire departments innovative development and small ones, in which the entrepreneur-innovator plays the main role. For success, it is necessary to expand the framework of perception. But if entrepreneurs have no problem with this, then large corporations that look at the market through the prism of their marketing departments' reports are often unable to innovate effectively if they do not define the goals of the development and research process. Having a goal also provides a kind of stability that allows innovators to remain open to ideas and opportunities for longer. In this regard, an innovator is identical to an entrepreneur.

It is necessary to evaluate the effect not only from the perspective of the seller, but also from the perspective of the consumer, as well as take into account the negative consequences of the development of innovations.

A new product becomes a successful innovation if it meets the following four criteria.

1.Importance ... The new product or service must provide benefits that are perceived to be significant by consumers.

2.Uniqueness ... The benefits of a new product must be perceived as unique. If consumers are confident that existing products have the same benefits as a new product, it is unlikely to receive a high rating.

3.Sustainability ... A new product may offer unique or significant benefits, but if it is easily replicable by competitors, its prospects for market penetration are dim. Patents are sometimes an obstacle in the way of competitors, but in most industries the most effective means ensuring the sustainability of innovation are the company's agility in the market and the supplier's strong brands. "

4.Liquidity ... The company must be able to sell the created product, and for this it must be reliable and efficient; must be sold at a price that consumers can afford to pay; To deliver and support a product, the company must develop an efficient distribution system.

With the help of the criteria, it is possible to explain the phenomenon of innovation, providing economic growth, as the end result of the implementation of the innovation process, expressed in a new commodity high technology products, demanded by the market, is protected as intellectual property or oriented to positive effect.

In line with international standards innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced in the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services .

Consequently, the properties of innovation from the position of the company are:

Scientific and technical novelty,

Manufacturing applicability,

Commercial feasibility (acts as a potential property, which requires some effort to achieve).

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. Let's pay attention to two points:

- "materialization" of innovation in new types of products, means and objects of labor, technology and organization of production;

- "commercialization", turning them into a source of income.

Sometimes innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages. The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are close, but not unambiguous. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations .

From the above, it follows that innovation should be considered continuously with the innovation process.

In Russian law, the term "innovation" appeared in the early 1980s. The definition of innovation is given in the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 N 832 "On the concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000" * (988). Innovation (innovation) is considered as the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.

There are various approaches to understanding the essence of innovation. Innovation is considered both as a result of scientific and technical activities, and as a process of creating and disseminating new equipment, technology, organizational forms etc. The concepts of innovation, innovation, innovation are used in different ways. They are often identified. Sometimes innovation is associated with the initial stage of the research and production cycle (invention, know-how, etc.), innovation - with the use of innovation at an intermediate stage, and innovation is seen as the spread of innovation at the final stage of the research and production cycle. The main characteristics of innovation are primarily novelty and commercialization. Innovation does not always take a commodity form. They can be created for internal use, but in this case, commercialization remains a potential property of innovation.

Currently, there is no uniform approach to the division of innovations into types. They are classified, for example, depending on the level of novelty of innovation: radical (introduction of discoveries, inventions, patents) and ordinary (know-how, rationalization proposals etc.) or depending on the field of application of innovation: managerial, organizational, social, industrial. The criteria for classifying innovations can be the scale of innovations, effectiveness, stage of the scientific and technical process, and the rate of implementation.

V general view all innovations fall into two main categories: technological and non-technological. Technological innovations include innovations affecting means, methods, production technologies that determine scientific and technological progress, non-technological innovations - organizational, managerial, social. Technological innovations, in turn, are subdivided into product and process innovations * (989).

Product innovation can be basic or improving. Basic product innovation is New Product, the functional characteristics of which, the materials and components used, significantly distinguish it from previously released products. An enhancing product innovation is an existing product that has been markedly improved in quality or value. Process innovation is associated with a technologically new or improved production method... In connection with the above-mentioned innovations, it should be noted the changes made to the methodology for determining the innovative activity of industrial enterprises. If earlier the whole complex of scientific and technological and organizational arrangements held at industrial enterprises, then since 2003 it has been recommended to refer to innovation events, as in official statistics, technological innovations - product and process innovations. Such changes were caused by the need to identify the most effective innovations introduced into production in order to significantly intensify production and improve the quality of products * (990).

The above-mentioned decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000" contains a definition of innovation. Innovation is understood as a process aimed at implementing the results of completed research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practice, as well as related additional scientific Research and development.

Distinguish between the concept of innovation in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, innovation is understood as the use of scientific and technical knowledge in order to transform various aspects of social life. In a narrow sense, this is an activity aimed at obtaining new scientific and technical knowledge and their implementation in the production sector in order to create a competitive product.

It should be noted that there is no unified approach to the definition of innovative activity in normative acts and scientific literature. Some authors believe that research activities do not always lead to results that should be implemented, and can hardly be considered innovative. In this case, innovative activity turns out to be an activity only for the creation of developments and their practical implementation, and the process of creating and identifying innovations (knowledge, technologies, etc.) remains outside the framework of it.

Another definition of innovation is associated with the understanding of it as a process of performing work or services for the creation, development in production and practical application of new or improved products, new or improved technological process. This broader definition of innovation activity is used more often, according to which scientific activity and scientific and technical activity are stages of the innovation process and their combination with "material" stages (production, trade and consumption) is considered as an innovation cycle.

The innovation process can be broken down into separate stages. Sometimes three phases of the innovation process for a new product are considered: development, adoption, and distribution. We can talk about four stages of this process: basic research, applied research, development and experimental development, commercialization of research and development results. Innovation activity is also considered as a mediating link between the scientific and production spheres proper. In this case, the innovation sphere from the scientific and industrial one is distinguished by the presence of a specific marketing function, specific methods of financing, lending and methods of legal regulation, a special system of motivation for subjects of innovative activity * (991).

The development of innovative processes is primarily due to socio-economic transformations. Innovative activities in modern Russia associated with the formation of a new, entrepreneurial culture... The concept of innovation as the main functional characteristics entrepreneurship was substantiated by J. Schumpeter. He wrote about an entrepreneur carrying out "the reorganization of economic life on the basis of greater private economic expediency" * (992). The purpose of innovation is to improve production efficiency, create a competitive product that can provide additional profit. Any innovative activity is entrepreneurial, since it is independent, it is associated with the entrepreneur's willingness to take on all the risk and responsibility for the implementation of a new project.

Sometimes innovative activity is considered as a type of activity that includes only elements of entrepreneurship. This is explained by the fact that the creation of new and original products and their implementation as elements of the first stages of the innovation process do not relate to entrepreneurial activity in the exact meaning of this concept because the decisive criterion for commercial success is the quality of new end products, technologies and machines. In addition, at the first stages of the innovation cycle, the activity, as a rule, is not profitable * (993).

In the mid-80s of the twentieth century. the term "national innovation system" appeared in Western economic literature. The national innovation system is considered as a set of interconnected organizations (structures), engaged in production and the commercialization of scientific knowledge and technology within national boundaries. At the same time, the national innovation system is a complex of legal, financial and social institutions that provide innovative processes and have strong national roots, traditions, political and cultural characteristics * (994).

The effectiveness of innovative development depends on the interaction between the participants in the innovation process. The role of the state, for example, is to promote innovative business, but the private sector also provides support to the state in its innovation policy, in particular, through contributions to innovation funds, assistance to scientific organizations. In order to promote new technologies in production, it is necessary to interact with state scientific organizations and universities with industrial enterprises.

The formation and state of the national innovation system is influenced by many factors. The current state of the national innovation system in Russia is called a crisis. It is caused by insufficient funding of science from the federal budget, lack of demand for scientific and technical developments on the part of the private sector, "brain drain", etc. An innovative system of a new type should be formed in Russia, which will be able to combine the efforts of the state, the scientific community and the private business sector of the economy to implement the country's transition to an innovative path of development.

The formation of a national innovation system provides for the construction of an innovation infrastructure, i.e. a complex of organizations providing services for the creation, development in production and practical application of a new or improved product, a new or improved technological process. They are in a certain connection, expressing the unity of the stages of innovation. These are investment and innovation funds, banks, business incubators, economic associations, financial groups related to scientific and technological innovations, etc. An obligatory element of the infrastructure of the innovation market is the so-called innovation intermediaries who are engaged in promoting innovations to the market. These include organizations involved in patenting, licensing, development commercialization, consulting and innovation marketing. Specialized firms - innovative intermediaries receive intermediary profits by optimizing the innovation process or its individual stages.

The most important area of creating innovation infrastructure in Russia is the formation of science and technology parks, innovation and technology centers and business incubators. The first domestic technopark was created in 1990 in Tomsk. Today, hundreds of small innovative firms operate as part of and with the support of innovation and technology centers and technology parks. The difference is that in the first case, assistance is provided to already formed small innovative firms, in the second case - to start-up small firms. There are two types of business incubators: they can be an integral part of a technopark, but they can also be an independent organization. Legally, business incubators are most often designed as non-profit organizations specializing in small business support. Currently, there are about 40 innovation and technology centers, 80 technology parks and about 60 business incubators in Russia. Science cities that have concentrated the scientific and technical potential of the defense sector and large universities are promising from the point of view of the formation of a technopark.

Innovation

In the world economic literature, innovation is interpreted as the transformation of a potential scientific and technological progress into a real one, embodied in new products and technologies.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature (see Table 1.1 for examples). For example, on the basis of content or internal structure, innovations are distinguished technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

For instance, B. Twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a combination of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products, technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation on the market can bring additional income. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Table 1.1 Definitions of "innovation"

Definition
Innovation is a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties.	Santo B. Innovation as a Means ..., 1990, p. 24.
An innovation (innovation) usually means an object introduced into production as a result of a study or a discovery made that is qualitatively different from its previous analogue.	Utkin E.A., Morozova N.I., Morozova G.I. Innovation management ..., 1996, p. 10.
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea in any area of human life, contributing to the satisfaction of existing needs in the market and bringing economic benefits.	Bezudny F.F., Smirnova G.A., Nechaeva O.D. The essence of the concept ..., 1998, p. eight.
Innovation is the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other fields of activity.	Suvorova A.L. Innovation management, 1999, p. 15.
Innovation is the result of the activity of updating, transforming the previous activity, leading to the replacement of some elements with others, or the addition of existing ones with new ones.	Kokurin D.I. Innovation activity, 2001, p. 10.
Innovation (innovation) is the result of practical or scientific and technical development of an innovation.	Avsyannikov N.M. Innovation management, 2002, p. 12.
An innovation means an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research or a discovery made that is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.	Medynsky V.G. Innovation management, 2002, p. 5.
Innovation is understood as the end result of scientific research or discovery, qualitatively different from the previous analogue and introduced into production. The concept of innovation applies to all innovations in organizational, production and other areas of activity, to any improvements that provide cost reduction.	Minnikhanov R.N., Alekseev V.V., Fayzrakhmanov D.I., Sagdiev M.A. Innovation management ..., 2003, p. thirteen.
Innovation is a process of development, development, exploitation and exhaustion of production, economic and social potential that underlies innovation.	Morozov Yu.P., Gavrilov A.I., Gorodkov A.G. Innovation management, 2003, p. 17.
Innovation as a result of the creative process in the form of created (or implemented) new use values, the use of which requires the persons or organizations using them to change the usual stereotypes of activities and skills. The concept of innovation applies to a new product or service, a method of their production, an innovation in organizational, financial, research and other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or creates conditions for such savings.	Zavlin P.N. The basics innovation management..., 2004, p. 6.
Innovation - a new or improved product (product, work, service), a method (technology) of its production or application, an innovation or improvement in the organization and (or) economics of production, and (or) sales of products, providing economic benefits, creating conditions for such benefits or improving the consumer properties of products (goods, works, services).	Kulagin A.S. A little about the term ..., 2004, p. 58.
An innovation is created new or improved technologies, types of products or services, as well as solutions of an industrial, administrative, financial, legal, commercial or other nature, resulting in their implementation and subsequent practical application of a positive effect for the economic entities that have involved them.	Stepanenko D.M. Classification of innovations ..., 2004, p. 77.
The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation or innovation, and can be used along with them.	Avrashkov L.Ya. Innovation management, 2005, p. 5.
Innovation is the end result of the introduction of an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific and technical or other type of effect.	Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation management, 2005, p. 15.
Innovations in relation to the agro-industrial complex are new technologies, new equipment, new varieties of plants, new breeds of animals, new fertilizers and means of protecting plants and animals, new methods of prevention and treatment of animals, new forms of organization, financing and crediting of production, new approaches to preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc.	Shaitan B.I. Innovations in the agro-industrial complex ..., 2005, p. 207.
Innovation is the involvement in the economic turnover of the results of intellectual activity, containing new, including scientific, knowledge in order to meet social needs and (or) make a profit.	Volynkina N.V. Legal essence ..., 2006, p. thirteen.
In accordance with international standards (Frascati Guide - a new version of the document adopted by the OECD in 1993 in the Italian city of Frascati), innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.	Science statistics ..., 1996, p. 30-31.
Innovation (innovation) - the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.	The concept of innovative ..., 1998.
Innovation - an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization and management, based on the use of the achievements of science and best practices, as well as the use of these innovations in a wide variety of areas and fields of activity.	Raizberg B.A. Lozovsky L.Sh. E.B. Starodubtseva Modern economic ..., 1999, p. 136.
Innovation: 1. Innovation, innovation. 2. A set of measures aimed at introducing new equipment, technologies, inventions into the economy, etc .; modernization.	Bolshoi sensible ..., 2003, p. 393.
Innovation is an innovation in the production and non-production areas, in the economic, social, legal relationship, science, culture, education, health care, in the public finance, in business finance, in the budgetary process, in banking, in the financial market, in insurance, etc.	Financial and credit ..., 2004, p. 367.
Innovation - getting great economic results through the introduction of innovations; the essence of the progressive development strategy of the organization of the state as opposed to the bureaucratic type of development.	Rumyantseva E.E. New Economic ..., 2005, p. 162.

Currently, in relation to technological innovation, the concepts established in International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics... International standards in statistics of science, technology and innovation - recommendations of international organizations in the field of statistics of science and innovation, ensuring their systematic description in a market economy.

In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

In this way:

innovation is a consequence of innovation;
the specific content of innovation is change;
the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

the use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase - sale);
introduction of products with new properties;
use of new raw materials;
changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support;
the emergence of new sales markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911. Later, in the 30s, he introduced the concept of "innovation", interpreting it as a change in order to introduce and use new species consumer goods, new production and transport means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

In a number of sources, innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

According to modern concepts three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility (the ability to meet market demand and bring profit to the manufacturer). The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.

Innovation process

The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations.

There are three logical forms of the innovation process:

simple intraorganizational (natural);
simple interorganizational (commodity);
extended.

Simple innovation process involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization, the innovation in this case does not directly take the form of a product.

At simple interorganizational innovation process an innovation acts as a subject of sale and purchase. This form of the innovation process means the separation of the function of the creator and manufacturer of the innovation from the function of its consumer.

Finally, extended innovation process manifests itself in the creation of more and more new manufacturers of innovation, violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which through mutual competition contributes to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured goods.

In the context of a commodity innovation process, at least two business entities: producer (creator) and consumer (user) of the innovation. If innovation is technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one business entity.

As the innovation process turns into a commodity process, two phases are distinguished:

1. Creation and distribution

Creation of innovation- sequential stages of scientific research, development work, organization pilot production and sales, the organization of commercial production (the beneficial effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such an implementation are being created).

Diffusion of innovation- this is the redistribution of the socially useful effect between the producers of the innovation, as well as between the producers and consumers (this is an information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to practically use this information, etc. )

2. Diffusion innovation

Diffusion innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system in time (in other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application).

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the corresponding socio-economic environment, an essential element of which is competing technologies.

Innovation management

Innovation management- a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovation processes, innovation activities, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their personnel.

Innovative activity (R&D and the implementation of their results in production) is one of the main areas of activity of any organization. The field of R&D is directly related to marketing, and this connection is two-way. R&D departments should rely in their activities on marketing research the needs and conditions of the market, and, therefore, they must work on the instructions of the marketing services. On the other hand, tracking trends in the scientific and technical process, forecasting and the actual development of new products require the R&D departments to set goals for marketing services to conduct an appropriate assessment of the market potential of new products.

The task of R&D is to create new products (or services) that will be the basis production activities organizations in the future. When conducting R&D, industrial culture, traditions, organization, infrastructure, technological level, human resources, etc. But perhaps the most important circumstance is that R&D, as an activity facing the future, is closely related and mutually determines the strategic management of a firm. Strategy becomes reality only as a result of the development of a specific product or process. R&D costs are an investment in the future of an organization, but at the same time they are associated with high uncertainty and risk.

All of the above allows us to conclude that in most cases, R&D management (forecasting, planning, project evaluation, organization and integrated management, monitoring the progress of R&D) is a strategically more important task than the actual execution of R&D (it is more important to determine the correct direction of movement than to focus on specific steps in this direction).

Thus, R&D and their management (innovation management) are closely related to the theory and practice of general management, marketing, production management, logistics, strategic management, financial management enterprises.

Experts identify the following main functions of innovation management:

constant adjustment of innovative goals and programs depending on market conditions and changes external environment;
focus on achieving the planned end result of the organization's innovative activities;
use of modern information base for multivariate calculations when making management decisions;
changes in the functions of strategic management and planning (from current to future);
the use of all the main factors of change and improvement of the innovative activity of the organization;
involvement in the management of the entire scientific, technical and production potential of the organization;
implementation of management based on anticipation of changes and adoption of flexible decisions;
ensuring the innovation process in each segment of the organization's work;
conducting a deep economic analysis of each management decision.

Innovation managers have to solve a whole complex management tasks:

defining the goals of strategic management of the development of the organization;
identification of priority tasks, determination of the priority and sequence of their solution;
change management in the organization;
preparation of a system of measures for the development and development of new types of products;
assessment of the necessary resources and the search for sources of their provision;
ensuring strict control over the implementation of tasks in the field of innovation;
ensuring the competitiveness of the organization in a highly competitive environment;
achieving maximum profit in specific business conditions;
advance preparation of necessary innovations;
perfection organizational structure organizations in accordance with changing requirements;
ensuring the effective work of each employee and the team as a whole;
the ability to take risks within reasonable limits and at the same time be able to minimize the impact risky situations on the financial position organizations.

The specificity of innovation as an object of management presupposes a special nature of the activity of an innovative manager. Besides general requirements(creative character, analytical skills, etc.), he must be a true professional, know the production and technological area of innovation; the state of the market for an innovative product, the investment market; organization of innovative activities for the development and development of new types of products and the provision of new types of services; financial and economic analysis of innovation, production and investment activities; fundamentals of labor relations and staff labor motivation; legal regulation and types state support innovative activity. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation and adoption of managerial decisions, as well as control at each stage of its passage. The ultimate goal of innovation management is to improve the efficiency of resource use and ensure the rational functioning of the subjects of innovation.